Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gatin_eab_me_botfca.pdf: 941614 bytes, checksum: 312ace0586210286c6b2c4e307c70cba (MD5) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar e comparar os dispêndios energéticos e econômicos da implantação de eucalipto, região de Botucatu, no município de Itatinga, estado de São Paulo. Comparando-se os gastos energéticos com o econômico, pode haver divergência, segundo seu tipo, fonte e forma, pois a análise energética capta as relações estruturais da produção, e a econômica, situações conjunturais de mercado. Utilizaram-se dados de fontes primárias e secundárias. A construção do itinerário técnico e informações da implantação de eucalipto foram obtidos em pesquisas realizadas em campo, diretamente com os técnicos e responsáveis pela operação. De fontes secundárias foram coletados dados referentes aos salários dos diaristas e tratoristas e os valores de maquinários e implementos agrícolas. A implantação de eucalipto é um conjunto de operações com investimentos em máquinas, consumo de combustível e de lubrificante, insumos e mão-deobra, representando dispêndios energéticos e econômicos. Nesta análise a entrada energética foi classificada e quantificada conforme o seu tipo, energias diretas e energias indiretas, sendo a direta dividida em energia biológica e fóssil e a indireta em energia industrial. A análise econômica foi realizada separando as energias segundo seu tipo, fonte e forma, igualmente a análise energética. Pela análise energética o sistema quantificou um dispêndio de 21.831,76 MJ . ha-1, sendo que os fertilizantes químicos foram os que tiveram maior participação (56,05%). Pela análise econômica os dispêndios da implantação de eucalipto foram de R$ 3.884,18 . ha-1, os fertilizantes participaram deste dispêndio com cerca de 36,48%. Comparando a análise energética com a econômica, verificou-se que a energia direta fóssil tem uma participação na vertente energética de 18,97% e na vertente econômica... / This report aims to analyze and compare economic and energy costs from eucalyptus implementation, Botucatu region, Itatinga town, São Paulo state in Brazil. Comparing the economic costs with the energy costs, there can be differences about type, source and format because the energy analysis gets production structure relation, and the economic checking is related to market movements. It was used in this, data from second and first kind of sources. The building of the technical itinerary and eucalyptus implementation information were obtained from researches made in the field, directly with technicians and people responsible for the operation. From second sources, it was collected data refer to salary of daily and tractor drivers and the also values from agricultural machinery and machinery in general. The implementation of the eucalyptus is a group of operations with investments in machines, fuels use and lubricants, inputs and labor, which brings economic and energy costs. In this analysis the energy was classified and quantified by its own type, direct and indirect energy; so that the direct energy was divided in fossil and biological and the indirect to industrial energy. The economical analysis was done in the same way as the energy. By the economic analysis the system quantified a cost of 21.831,76 MJ. ha-1, in a way that the chemical fertilizers had the biggest role (56,05%). By the economic analysis the cost of the eucalyptus implementation was R$ 3.884,10 . ha-1, the fertilizes were about 36,48%. Comparing those analysis, it was checked that direct energy from fossil has a great role in energetic aspect of 18,97% and in the economic aspect of 5,24%. In a long term this system may have implications in the energetic sustainable view because it depends on non-renewable sources as well as a high cost when using these energies where its value is determined by the market

Groundnut production is vital to the Senegalese agricultural economy, particularly in the Groundnut Basin. However the region is increasingly affected by climate change and associated rising temperatures. This study investigates long-term changes in the frequency of extreme temperatures in the Groundnut Basin and the impact of extreme temperatures on groundnut production. The current economic costs of extreme temperatures on groundnut farmers and potential future additional economic costs associated with climate change are then calculated. The study uses a two-year panel dataset from 1,123 households in the Groundnut Basin and weather data from meteorological stations and the ERA5 climate database. Results identify a significant increasing trend in extreme temperatures across the Groundnut Basin and a negative relationship between extreme temperatures and groundnut yield. This leads to financial losses for farmers, with adaptation strategies such as input level adjustments providing partial mitigation. Future projections indicate further increases in extreme heat degrees days, resulting in significant yield losses by 2050. But the implications of extreme heat also extend beyond agriculture, affecting human habitation and exacerbating societal inequalities. The findings highlight the potential long-term effects of increasing temperatures on agricultural practices in the Groundnut Basin and underscore the need for adaptation and mitigation strategies to cope with the impacts of climate change. / Master of Science / Groundnut production plays an important role in Senegal's agricultural economy, particularly in the Groundnut Basin. However, the region is facing growing challenges due to climate change and rising temperatures. This study examines the long-term changes in extreme temperatures in the Groundnut Basin and their impact on groundnut production. By analyzing data from 1,123 households and temperature records, the study calculates the current economic costs of extreme temperatures on groundnut farmers and predicts potential future costs associated with climate change. The findings reveal a significant increase in extreme temperatures across the Groundnut Basin, which has a negative effect on groundnut yields. As a result, farmers face financial losses. However, they are employing adaptation strategies, such as adjusting input levels, to partially mitigate these losses. In the future, projections indicate that extreme heat will continue to rise, leading to substantial yield losses by 2050. But the implications of these findings also go beyond agriculture, impacting human settlements and exacerbating existing societal inequalities. The study emphasizes the potential long-term consequences of increasing temperatures on groundnut farming in the Groundnut Basin and highlights the urgency of implementing adaptation and mitigation strategies to address the impacts of climate change.

This study aims to analyze the impact of terrorism on the educational sector of Sri Lanka. We focus our attention on Eelam War IV, the final phase of the 26-yearlong Sri Lankan conflict and the period of peace (period under the Norwegian government mediated ceasefire agreement) prior to it. We use data from the 2012 National Population and Housing Census and war related fatality counts from the South Asia Terrorism Portal to divide the island’s 9 provinces into high and low war intensity provinces in order to analyze the impact of terrorism on the educational attainment of individuals residing in each of these provinces during the two periods; peace and war. We use an Ordinary Least Squares Model to estimate the average years of schooling and a Logit Model to estimate the levels of individual grade completion. Our results find that the conflict did not have a diminishing impact on education, in fact educational outcomes for individual grade completion increased during the conflict period in areas deemed highly intense.

Alkohol är en del av vardagen för många svenskar idag. När denna konsumtion övergår till ett missbruk uppstår det problem för individen och för samhället som stort. I denna studie har författarna genomfört en Cost of Illness studie för att beräkna samhällskostnaderna för alkoholmissbruket inom Hammarö kommun.Resultatet visar att kostnaden för samhället som helhet, för detta missbruk uppgår till 29 434 297 SEK, år 2013. Den största kostnadsbäraren är staten med sina 15 967 819 SEK av den totala kostnaden. Kommunen står för 10 230 270 SEK av den totala kostnaden. Den tredje största kostnadsbäraren är det privata som bär 2 837 355 SEK av kostnaden. Landstinget bär 1 868 182 SEK av den totala kostnaden. / Alcohol is a daily part of the Swedish society today. This consumption is usually not a problem, but when the consumption transforms from a healthy dosage to a hazardous one, problem appears for both the individual affected and the society as a whole. This is a study that tries to estimate the economic costs of alcohol abuse within the municipality of Hammarö.The results shows that the total socio-economic costs of alcoholic use and abuse rises to 29 434 297 SEK for the year 2013. The largest bearer of the costs is the state with 15 967 819 SEK. The second largest bearer is the municipality of Hammarö with 10 230 270 SEK. Next comes the costs that affects the private sector of the society with a total of 2 837 355 SEK. The county of Värmland then follows with 1 868 182 SEK for the year of 2013.

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar e comparar os dispêndios energéticos e econômicos da implantação de eucalipto, região de Botucatu, no município de Itatinga, estado de São Paulo. Comparando-se os gastos energéticos com o econômico, pode haver divergência, segundo seu tipo, fonte e forma, pois a análise energética capta as relações estruturais da produção, e a econômica, situações conjunturais de mercado. Utilizaram-se dados de fontes primárias e secundárias. A construção do itinerário técnico e informações da implantação de eucalipto foram obtidos em pesquisas realizadas em campo, diretamente com os técnicos e responsáveis pela operação. De fontes secundárias foram coletados dados referentes aos salários dos diaristas e tratoristas e os valores de maquinários e implementos agrícolas. A implantação de eucalipto é um conjunto de operações com investimentos em máquinas, consumo de combustível e de lubrificante, insumos e mão-deobra, representando dispêndios energéticos e econômicos. Nesta análise a entrada energética foi classificada e quantificada conforme o seu tipo, energias diretas e energias indiretas, sendo a direta dividida em energia biológica e fóssil e a indireta em energia industrial. A análise econômica foi realizada separando as energias segundo seu tipo, fonte e forma, igualmente a análise energética. Pela análise energética o sistema quantificou um dispêndio de 21.831,76 MJ . ha-1, sendo que os fertilizantes químicos foram os que tiveram maior participação (56,05%). Pela análise econômica os dispêndios da implantação de eucalipto foram de R$ 3.884,18 . ha-1, os fertilizantes participaram deste dispêndio com cerca de 36,48%. Comparando a análise energética com a econômica, verificou-se que a energia direta fóssil tem uma participação na vertente energética de 18,97% e na vertente econômica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This report aims to analyze and compare economic and energy costs from eucalyptus implementation, Botucatu region, Itatinga town, São Paulo state in Brazil. Comparing the economic costs with the energy costs, there can be differences about type, source and format because the energy analysis gets production structure relation, and the economic checking is related to market movements. It was used in this, data from second and first kind of sources. The building of the technical itinerary and eucalyptus implementation information were obtained from researches made in the field, directly with technicians and people responsible for the operation. From second sources, it was collected data refer to salary of daily and tractor drivers and the also values from agricultural machinery and machinery in general. The implementation of the eucalyptus is a group of operations with investments in machines, fuels use and lubricants, inputs and labor, which brings economic and energy costs. In this analysis the energy was classified and quantified by its own type, direct and indirect energy; so that the direct energy was divided in fossil and biological and the indirect to industrial energy. The economical analysis was done in the same way as the energy. By the economic analysis the system quantified a cost of 21.831,76 MJ. ha-1, in a way that the chemical fertilizers had the biggest role (56,05%). By the economic analysis the cost of the eucalyptus implementation was R$ 3.884,10 . ha-1, the fertilizes were about 36,48%. Comparing those analysis, it was checked that direct energy from fossil has a great role in energetic aspect of 18,97% and in the economic aspect of 5,24%. In a long term this system may have implications in the energetic sustainable view because it depends on non-renewable sources as well as a high cost when using these energies where its value is determined by the market / Orientador: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno / Coorientador: Maura Seiki Tsutsui Esperancini / Banca: Luiz Cesar Ribas / Banca: Luis Carlos Ferreira de Almeida / Mestre

This thesis examines the effects of war on a state's economy. The Liberal Theory of international relations maintains that there are costs to war in terms of trade; in line with this argument, many researchers have suggested that trading partners are less likely to war with each other out of a fear of disrupting their trade, which would in turn disrupt their economies. Due to issues of elasticity and substitution, however, overall trade may not significantly decline during war. Additionally, there are known economic costs of war, such as debt. If war truly does have costs, then, it must be more in terms of costs to the national economy, rather than trade. This work examines the theory that war has costs to the economies of war initiators, and samples the economies of war initiators from the mid-nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. This paper uses a time series analysis and tests for anterior, concurrent, and posterior effects of war initiation on national economies, and uses a time period of up to twenty years before and after each war event. The results indicate that there are, in general, no negative effects of war on a state's economy: only one case had a significant negative result, while two had significant positive results; these two positive cases, however, also had strong evidence of autocorrelation. These results pose a challenge to the Liberal Theories of International Relations.

<p>“Armaments and Economic Performance”. The literature on military expenditure (milex) is scrutinized with respect to five areas. <i>Investment</i> is reduced when milex increases. Most studies have found <i>economic growth </i>hindered by higher milex. No clear association between milex and <i>employment</i> is found. However, the same amount of other public expenditure creates more jobs. There is some evidence for milex as <i>counter-cyclical instrument</i> in the US. The result for studies if milex is used in <i>electoral cycles</i> in the US is contradictory. Disaggregated data are emphasized as a possible solution to get more definite results.</p><p>“The Economic Costs of Civil Wars”. The empirical studies of the economic costs of internal armed conflicts are divided into <i>accounting</i> and <i>modelling</i> methods. Cost is seen as the difference between the counterfactual production without conflict and the actual production. The average economic cost of internal armed conflict is a 3.7% yearly reduction of GDP. There are large differences between the estimates. One of the reasons for pursuing such studies is to give improved basis for more cost-effective post-conflict reconstruction, which is better achieved with an accounting method.</p><p>“War and Economic Performance – Different Data, Different Conclusions?” This article studies the importance of armed conflict for economic growth by replicating an earlier analysis with new data on conflicts. The basic model investigates how conflicts in 1960-1974 affect economic growth in 1975-1989. Koubi finds that “wars are conducive to higher growth”. Koubi’s finding is confirmed when different conflict data is used in a similar research design.</p><p>“The Role of External Factors in Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis of Thailand and the Philippines 1950-1990”. Can differences in economic performance be explained by external factors? Both historical and regression analyses are utilised to answer the question. Three external factors are analysed: <i>International trade, foreign direct investment</i>, and <i>external debt</i>. In the regression analysis none of the external factors qualify as statistically significant. The historical analysis finds two external factors discriminating between the two countries. Thus, they might explain the differing growth rates of Thailand and the Philippines: Manufactured exports and external debt.</p>

“Armaments and Economic Performance”. The literature on military expenditure (milex) is scrutinized with respect to five areas. Investment is reduced when milex increases. Most studies have found economic growth hindered by higher milex. No clear association between milex and employment is found. However, the same amount of other public expenditure creates more jobs. There is some evidence for milex as counter-cyclical instrument in the US. The result for studies if milex is used in electoral cycles in the US is contradictory. Disaggregated data are emphasized as a possible solution to get more definite results. “The Economic Costs of Civil Wars”. The empirical studies of the economic costs of internal armed conflicts are divided into accounting and modelling methods. Cost is seen as the difference between the counterfactual production without conflict and the actual production. The average economic cost of internal armed conflict is a 3.7% yearly reduction of GDP. There are large differences between the estimates. One of the reasons for pursuing such studies is to give improved basis for more cost-effective post-conflict reconstruction, which is better achieved with an accounting method. “War and Economic Performance – Different Data, Different Conclusions?” This article studies the importance of armed conflict for economic growth by replicating an earlier analysis with new data on conflicts. The basic model investigates how conflicts in 1960-1974 affect economic growth in 1975-1989. Koubi finds that “wars are conducive to higher growth”. Koubi’s finding is confirmed when different conflict data is used in a similar research design. “The Role of External Factors in Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis of Thailand and the Philippines 1950-1990”. Can differences in economic performance be explained by external factors? Both historical and regression analyses are utilised to answer the question. Three external factors are analysed: International trade, foreign direct investment, and external debt. In the regression analysis none of the external factors qualify as statistically significant. The historical analysis finds two external factors discriminating between the two countries. Thus, they might explain the differing growth rates of Thailand and the Philippines: Manufactured exports and external debt.

O objetivo central desta pesquisa foi estimar o benefício econômico do Parque Nacional Cerro Corra - PNCC localizado no Departamento de Amambay no Paraguai mensurando o valor obtido pelas pessoas que o visitam. Os métodos aplicados foram o Método de Custo de Viagem TCM assumindo uma distribuição de Poisson e o Método de Valoração Contingente CVM utilizando o modelo referendo com distribuição de probabilidade logística. Realizando uma amostra aleatória os dados foram coletados durante os meses de setembro a dezembro de 2007 e janeiro de 2008, efetuando-se 380 entrevistas com aproveitamento de 347 delas. Através do TCM o valor médio do excedente do consumidor por visitante foi de R$ 9,54, enquanto que, por meio do CVM, obteve-se um valor médio da DAP e/ ou benefício por visitante de R$ 8,95, notando-se uma diferença de 6,18% a menos para o CVM. Evidencia-se que por ambos os métodos o PNCC possui em geral um benefício econômico para seus visitantes. / The central objective of this research was to estimate the economic benefit of the National Park Cerro Corá PNCC located in the Department of Amambay Paraguay measuring the benefit received by its visitors. The methods applied were the Travel Cost Method TCM assuming a Poisson distribution and Contingent Valuation Method CVM using the referendum model with logistic probability distribution. Data were collected between September of 2007 and January 2008. The total number of questionnaires applied was 380 with 347 of them used for econometric purposes. A random sample was used to collect the data. Through TCM the average consumer\'s surplus for the visitor was R$ 9.54, while using the CVM the estimated mean value of WTP (or benefit by visitors) was $ 8.95. The difference between the two methods is 6.18%. There is evidence from these estimates hat PNCC have an overall positive economic benefit to its visitors.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the industry impact of a hypothetical Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in the Texas High Plains using alternative animal tracing levels. To accomplish this objective, an epidemiological disease spread model, AUSSPREAD, is used to simulate the FMD outbreak and an economic model is used to examine the impacts of different animal identification levels in cattle. The different levels of animal identification relate to the model?s ability to trace back the subsequent infected and/or dangerous contacts with which the initial outbreak herd has been in contact. The study examines direct disease management costs (slaughter, euthanasia, disposal, surveillance, and cleaning disinfection), forgone income, and other indirect costs (indemnity payments and welfare slaughter) for outbreaks originating from a large beef operation, a feedlot, and a saleyard across subsequent tracing periods from 1 to 10 days. Welfare slaughter and quarantine costs were estimated for the best and worst outbreaks from the feedlot operation. It is noteworthy that total direct costs of a FMD outbreak would be more extensive than the current study's calculations, which only analyzed the direct disease management costs. The increased days to trace dangerous contacts presented overall increases in outbreak losses over each outbreak scenario. Although outcome averages appear insensitive at times under the assumptions applied, the epidemiological model presented the possibility that traceability could reduce the risk of extreme outcomes in respect to the overall distribution of losses. For each cattle operation, the outbreaks stayed consistent or marginally increased with their respective average costs, but their maximum losses rose steadily, across the trace periods examined. The impact of increased traceability and decreased outbreak length can be justified in affecting FMD outbreak costs in a positive manner. The results provide the industry with estimations of different outbreak scenarios which can be used to inform the decision on the NAIS system. Longer tracing periods, larger simulations (by iteration), and further study of the model is necessary in order to more accurately imitate FMD outbreaks within the Texas High Plains and its detrimental effects.