Within post-Apartheid research there is little to no research into poor historically White areas which are experiencing rapid rates of desegregation. It is in these cases a researcher could pose a question to whether or not Apartheid’s race-class divisions are still prevalent. A further gap in South African literature is a lack of a model on which to base socio-economic changes in a situation of post-Apartheid and post-industrial trends. This study addresses both of these short fallings of current academic literature. This paper explores Socio Economic Transformation within a lower income urban area of Pretoria, South Africa. The area, which was previously White only under Apartheid legislation, has been experiencing changes due to factors including post-Apartheid legislation and post-industrialism. Desegregation and a decline in industry have created complicated racial and social patterns within a merging community. Two major trends within the study area include an influx of an upwardly mobile Black population and secondly a downward economic movement of White individuals. The trends identified within the study area contradict many mainstream South African beliefs as the more traditional White-racist-empowered vs. Black-marginalized-oppressed binary is not absolutely valid. These newly emerging racial geographies are identified and explained with the use of personal interviews. The resulting classifications of local individuals are then utilized in a conceptual model to help explain the various socio-economic trends within the area. The study is structured in three main components. Firstly, structural and contextual issues relating directly to the study site are addressed to provide a backdrop on which social issues can be analysed. Socio-economic changes with focus on racial and economic situation are identified and explained. Once the social, economic and spatial are well discussed a theoretical model is developed. The theoretical model is then utilized to plot the individual changes within the study area. The individual trends, which were identified during field studies, are modelled and analysed within a South African context. The model developed from the study has the potential to base further community research upon, both within South Africa and international arenas. The model identifies and explains both the status of individuals which is an individuals socio-economic standing. Secondly trends are defined as an individuals change in socio-economic status through time. Results from the study have shown that labelling the economic situation of varying racial groups on the historic Apartheid framework is no longer valid in all situations. Post-Apartheid racial hiring policies as well as a national de-industrialization trend has created a situation of an upwardly mobile Black middle class as well as a declining poor White economic classification. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc / Unrestricted

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第23668号 / 経博第651号 / 新制||経||300(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐々木 啓明, 教授 柴田 章久, 准教授 高橋 修平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ec_me_prud.pdf: 2803649 bytes, checksum: 6d0afbce4121693812555594af526f2b (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente dissertação identifica e analisa a intensidade do processo de reestruturação produtiva nas indústrias do município de Catanduva-SP, dando ênfase para as suas repercussões no âmbito da produção, relação entre as empresas e nas condições de trabalho a partir da análise das configurações espaciais do setor produtivo local. A crise estrutural, que em meados dos anos 1960 atinge vários setores da economia, atentou para a necessidade de se reformular o padrão de desenvolvimento vigente, conhecido como modelo de desenvolvimento fordista. Para sair da crise, o setor industrial adotou medidas de adaptação, intensificando, nas suas esferas de atuação, as mudanças tecnológicas, organizacionais e produtivas, que, combinadas, acabaram por reorganizar as relações de produção e as formas de organização do trabalho. Esse processo traz em seu bojo impacto sobre a dinâmica espacial, acompanhado de transformações no âmbito do sistema social, à medida que envolve as relações de trabalho. Em virtude disso, analisamos a configuração do setor industrial deste município, ante essas mudanças. Nesta análise, estabelecemos relações entre a dinâmica da indústria local e os processos que culminaram em novas configurações do território brasileiro e paulista, como o processo de desconcentração industrial e as mudanças na economia nacional / This dissertation identifies and analyzes the intensity of the restructuring production process in the industries of Catanduva-SP municipality, giving emphasis on their impact on the scope of production, relationship between businesses and working conditions from the analysis of space configurations of the local productive sector. The structural crisis in the 1960 half reaches several sectors of the economy, looked for the necessity to reformulate the development standard, known as development Fordist model. To overcome the crisis, the industry adopted adaptation measures, intensifying in their spheres of activity, changes technological, organizational and productive, which, combined, finally rearrange the relations of production and forms of work organization. This process brings with it impact on the spatial dynamics, accompanied transformations within the social system, as it involves the labor relations. As a result, we analyze the configuration of the industry of this municipality, in view of these changes. In this analysis, we established relationships between the dynamics of local industry and the processes that culminated in new configurations of Brazillian and Sao Paulo territory, as the process of industrial decentralization and changes in the national economy

Orientador: Eliseu Savério Sposito / Banca: Clerisnaldo Rodrigues de Carvalho / Banca: Marcio Antonio Cataia / Resumo: A presente dissertação identifica e analisa a intensidade do processo de reestruturação produtiva nas indústrias do município de Catanduva-SP, dando ênfase para as suas repercussões no âmbito da produção, relação entre as empresas e nas condições de trabalho a partir da análise das configurações espaciais do setor produtivo local. A crise estrutural, que em meados dos anos 1960 atinge vários setores da economia, atentou para a necessidade de se reformular o padrão de desenvolvimento vigente, conhecido como modelo de desenvolvimento fordista. Para sair da crise, o setor industrial adotou medidas de adaptação, intensificando, nas suas esferas de atuação, as mudanças tecnológicas, organizacionais e produtivas, que, combinadas, acabaram por reorganizar as relações de produção e as formas de organização do trabalho. Esse processo traz em seu bojo impacto sobre a dinâmica espacial, acompanhado de transformações no âmbito do sistema social, à medida que envolve as relações de trabalho. Em virtude disso, analisamos a configuração do setor industrial deste município, ante essas mudanças. Nesta análise, estabelecemos relações entre a dinâmica da indústria local e os processos que culminaram em novas configurações do território brasileiro e paulista, como o processo de desconcentração industrial e as mudanças na economia nacional / Abstract: This dissertation identifies and analyzes the intensity of the restructuring production process in the industries of Catanduva-SP municipality, giving emphasis on their impact on the scope of production, relationship between businesses and working conditions from the analysis of space configurations of the local productive sector. The structural crisis in the 1960 half reaches several sectors of the economy, looked for the necessity to reformulate the development standard, known as development Fordist model. To overcome the crisis, the industry adopted adaptation measures, intensifying in their spheres of activity, changes technological, organizational and productive, which, combined, finally rearrange the relations of production and forms of work organization. This process brings with it impact on the spatial dynamics, accompanied transformations within the social system, as it involves the labor relations. As a result, we analyze the configuration of the industry of this municipality, in view of these changes. In this analysis, we established relationships between the dynamics of local industry and the processes that culminated in new configurations of Brazillian and Sao Paulo territory, as the process of industrial decentralization and changes in the national economy / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3254037 bytes, checksum: cf72ccbabe63a7efa01138c57f392a15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research, entitled "Transformations of Productive Structure and Employment in metropolitan area of João Pessoa", aimed to analyze the changes in the production structure and employment of such regional unit, with the intent to answer the following question: changes in the productive sectors of the economy, its labor market and formal employment occurred in this portion of space in the first decade of this century, were enough to change their economic structures? Regarding the analysis of the productive sectors, it is evident a low weighting in the sector of agriculture in total GDP of RMJP. As for the gross value added for the industry, comes in higher than the relative position of agriculture in GDP at current prices in the metropolitan area of João Pessoa. The service sector of the metropolitan area there is a growth and relative share higher than the sectors of agriculture and industry in terms of gross value added at current prices during the period under examination. The labor market in the metropolitan area of João Pessoa reveals significant evolution of persons employed, a higher education degree and a relevant transformation in its formal employment, and a redistribution of income from work, important for all classes, especially the benefits to the base of the pyramid. A breakdown of industrial and service sector reveal changes and / or stays in its productive structure, resulting in a better understanding of GDP fluctuations in the metropolitan area of João Pessoa. / Esta pesquisa, sob o título Transformações da Estrutura Produtiva e do Emprego na Região Metropolitana de João Pessoa , teve como objetivo geral, analisar as transformações na estrutura produtiva e no emprego da referida unidade regional, com a intenção de responder ao seguinte questionamento: as mudanças nos setores produtivos da economia, no seu mercado de trabalho e no emprego formal, ocorridas nesta porção espacial, na primeira década do século XXI, foram suficientes para modificar as suas estruturas econômicas? Em relação às análises dos setores produtivos, evidencia-se um baixo peso relativo no setor da agropecuária, no total do PIB da RMJP. Quanto ao valor adicionado bruto para a indústria, apresenta-se em posição relativa superior ao da agropecuária, no PIB a preços correntes da região metropolitana de João Pessoa. O setor de serviços da região metropolitana verifica-se com evolução e participação relativa superiores aos setores da agropecuária e da indústria, em termos de valores brutos adicionados, a preços correntes, no período em exame. O mercado de trabalho da região metropolitana de João Pessoa revela significativa evolução de pessoas ocupadas, um maior grau de escolaridade e uma transformação relevante no seu emprego formal, além de uma redistribuição de rendimento do trabalho, importante para todas as classes, destacando-se os benefícios para a base da pirâmide. A desagregação dos dados industriais e do setor de serviços revelam as mudanças e/ou permanências em sua estrutura produtiva, implicando em uma melhor compreensão sobre as flutuações do PIB, na região metropolitana de João Pessoa.

Orientador: Eliseu Savério Sposito / Banca: Beatriz Ribeiro Soares / Banca: Ângela Maria Endlich / Resumo: Esta dissertação baseia-se em um recorte espacial centrado nas cidades pequenas da Décima Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente-SP e tem como foco de contribuição a análise da dimensão territorial geográfica da indústria, no contexto econômico do interior paulista. O espaço produzido é acrescido por fatores econômicos na contemporaneidade, e compreender o arranjo de articulações arquitetadas em torno da questão industrial de determinada região é condição sine qua non para a reflexão das transformações que incidem direta ou indiretamente no mundo do trabalho, das finanças, do meio-técnico-científico-informacional, entre outros. Diante desses processos, o debate está ligado à necessidade de ampliar, na Geografia, a discussão das cidades pequenas e, aqui, especialmente, atentar-se-á para a dimensão desses centros no âmbito da "arena" capitalista do interior paulista, com ênfase na análise dos principais segmentos da indústria. Com esse intuito, entende-se que o estudo de determinadas particularidades geográficas também deve constar neste exame de maneira mais aprofundada e por esse motivo, elegeu-se a região administrativa de Presidente Prudente. Nesse sentido, espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir do ponto de vista qualitativo, para a análise do mapa da indústria no início do século XXI, tendo como referência a reflexão das cidades pequenas em relação à questão industrial / Abstract: This dissertation is based in small cities located in the Tenth Administrative Area of Presidente Prudente-SP, and it focuses on the geographical territorial dimension analysis of industry within economical context in São Paulo state. The produced space gets additional economical factors. Understanding the arrangement of articulations built around industrial issues of certain region is sine qua non condition for reflecting on the transformations that directly or indirectly happen in the world of job, finances, and milieu techno-scientificinformational, among others. Facing these processes, the debate is linked to the need of widening, in Geography, the discussion about small cities and, mainly, it will be intended to look at the dimension of these centers in the context of the capitalist scene of São Paulo estate. Emphasis will be given to the analysis of the main industrial segments. It is understood that the study of certain geographical particularities should also appear in this exam in a deeper way. And because of this the region of Presidente Prudente was chosen. It is expected that this research could contribute, from the qualitative point of view, to the analysis of the industrial map in the beginning of the twenty first century, taking the reflection about small cities in relation to industrial issues as a reference / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_pfj_me_prud.pdf: 3031688 bytes, checksum: 2205a3a074ba16ed6c2180dc8855a6c1 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta dissertação baseia-se em um recorte espacial centrado nas cidades pequenas da Décima Região Administrativa de Presidente Prudente-SP e tem como foco de contribuição a análise da dimensão territorial geográfica da indústria, no contexto econômico do interior paulista. O espaço produzido é acrescido por fatores econômicos na contemporaneidade, e compreender o arranjo de articulações arquitetadas em torno da questão industrial de determinada região é condição sine qua non para a reflexão das transformações que incidem direta ou indiretamente no mundo do trabalho, das finanças, do meio-técnico-científico-informacional, entre outros. Diante desses processos, o debate está ligado à necessidade de ampliar, na Geografia, a discussão das cidades pequenas e, aqui, especialmente, atentar-se-á para a dimensão desses centros no âmbito da “arena” capitalista do interior paulista, com ênfase na análise dos principais segmentos da indústria. Com esse intuito, entende-se que o estudo de determinadas particularidades geográficas também deve constar neste exame de maneira mais aprofundada e por esse motivo, elegeu-se a região administrativa de Presidente Prudente. Nesse sentido, espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir do ponto de vista qualitativo, para a análise do mapa da indústria no início do século XXI, tendo como referência a reflexão das cidades pequenas em relação à questão industrial / This dissertation is based in small cities located in the Tenth Administrative Area of Presidente Prudente-SP, and it focuses on the geographical territorial dimension analysis of industry within economical context in São Paulo state. The produced space gets additional economical factors. Understanding the arrangement of articulations built around industrial issues of certain region is sine qua non condition for reflecting on the transformations that directly or indirectly happen in the world of job, finances, and milieu techno-scientificinformational, among others. Facing these processes, the debate is linked to the need of widening, in Geography, the discussion about small cities and, mainly, it will be intended to look at the dimension of these centers in the context of the capitalist scene of São Paulo estate. Emphasis will be given to the analysis of the main industrial segments. It is understood that the study of certain geographical particularities should also appear in this exam in a deeper way. And because of this the region of Presidente Prudente was chosen. It is expected that this research could contribute, from the qualitative point of view, to the analysis of the industrial map in the beginning of the twenty first century, taking the reflection about small cities in relation to industrial issues as a reference

Работа содержит описание построения доверительной полосы стохастического хаоса и реализацию алгоритмов исследования n-мерных моделей. В работе рассматривается дискретная модель, представленная в виде нелинейной динамической системы разностных уравнений, которая описывает динамику взаимодействия потребителей. Выделяются две задачи, которые были поставлены и выполнены в рамках данной работы для расширения программного инструментария исследования динамических систем такого рода. Для двумерного случая осуществляется стохастический анализ чувствительности хаоса через построение доверительной области с использованием критических линий. Помимо этого, описывается разработанный и реализованный алгоритм построения внешней границы хаоса. Производится переход к n-мерному варианту модели (взаимодействие n потребителей). Выделяется 4 алгоритма для исследования n-мерной модели: 1. построение фазовой траектории, 2. построение бифуркационной диаграммы, 3. построение карты режимов, 4. построение показателей Ляпунова. Описывается реализация данных алгоритмов с уклоном в параллельные вычисления. Реализация алгоритмов выполнена на языке программирования C# (платформа .NET) в виде консольного приложения для запуска параллельных вычислений на вычислительном кластере УрФУ. / The work contains description of confidence band construction of a stochastic chaos and realization of algorithms for n-dimensional models studying. The thesis considers a discrete model presented in the form of a nonlinear dynamic system of difference equations, which describes the dynamic of consumer interaction. There are two task that were set and performed in this work to expand the software tools for research dynamic sys-tems of this kind. For the two-dimensional case, a stochastic analysis of the sensitivity of chaos is carried out through the construction of a confidence band using critical lines. In addition, there is description and implementation of algorithm, that can build outer boundary of chaos. A transition is made to the n-dimensional version of the model (interaction of n consumers). There are 4 algorithms for studying the n-dimensional model: 1. phase trajectory building, 2. bifurcation diagram building, 3. mode map building, 4. Lyapunov components building. Algorithm implementation is described with a bias in parallel computations. The algorithms are implemented with C# programming language (.NET platform) in the form of a console application for running parallel computations on the computing cluster of the Ural Federal University.

Τα πρωτότυπα αποτελέσματα της διατριβής περιέχονται στα κεφ. 2, 3 και 4. Στο κεφ. 2 μελετούμε με αριθμητικές μεθόδους ένα 3-διάστατο διακριτό μοντέλο μακροοικονομίας με σταθερές ισοτιμίες. Χρησιμοποιώντας μια μέθοδο πλέγματος, βρίσκουμε την περιοχή ευστάθειας στον παραμετρικό χώρο, προσδιορίζουμε την καμπύλη διακλαδώσεων Hopf-Neimark και θεωρούμε σύντομα την εμφάνιση “γλωσσών” Arnold. Υπολογίζονται διαγράμματα διακλαδώσεων και εκθέτη Lyapunov που δίνουν πληροφορίες για τους επιχειρηματικούς κύκλους και την πολύπλοκη δυναμική του μοντέλου και. παρουσιάζουμε παραδείγματα κυκλικών και χαοτικών ελκυστών. Στο κεφ. 3 μελετούμε με τις ίδιες μεθόδους ένα διακριτό μοντέλο αλληλεπίδρασης περιοχών με σταθερές ισοτιμίες, επέκταση του προηγούμενου μοντέλου σε 5 διαστάσεις. Στόχος ήταν να δείξουμε πόσο εφικτή και αποτελεσματική είναι μία αριθμητική μελέτη για ηπίως πολυδιάστατα διακριτά δυναμικά συστήματα με πολλές παραμέτρους. Βρήκαμε ότι η κίνηση κεφαλαίων δεν αρκεί για τη δημιουργία κύκλων όταν είναι χαμηλή η εμπορική αλληλεπίδραση. Το κατώφλι εμπορίου προβλέπεται περίπου στο 15% των εμπορικών συναλλαγών. Αντίθετα, το μοντέλο δεν προβλέπει αναγκαίο ελάχιστο επίπεδο κίνησης κεφαλαίων για την εμφάνιση των κύκλων. Δίνουμε παραδείγματα διαγραμμάτων διακλάδωσης και εκθέτη Lyapunov που δείχνουν την εμφάνιση κύκλων ή ακολουθίας διπλασιασμού περιόδου, και παραδείγματα της ανάπτυξής τους. Το κεφ. 4 περιέχει σύντομη περιγραφή συμπληρωματικών αποτελεσμάτων στα παραπάνω μοντέλα, και στα αντίστοιχα μοντέλα μεταβλητής ισοτιμίας συναλλάγματος, καθώς και κατευθύνσεις μελλοντικής έρευνας. Στο κεφ. 5 περιγράφονται σύντομα οι υπολογιστικές τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιήσαμε. Η διατριβή δείχνει την αποτελεσματικότητα της αριθμητικής προσέγγισης για πολυδιάστατα διακριτά μοντέλα. / The original results of the dissertation are contained in ch. 2, 3 and 4, and concern mainly the problem of business cycles. In ch. 2 we explore numerically a 3D discrete Kaldorian macrodynamic model of open economy with fixed exchange rates. Using a grid search method we determine the stability region in parameter space, and the Hopf-Neimark bifurcation curve, and discuss briefly the occurrence of Arnold tongues. Bifurcation and Lyapunov exponent diagrams are computed providing information on the business cycles and illustrating the complex dynamics involved. Examples of cycles and chaotic attractors are presented. In ch. 3 we explore a 5D extension of the previous model using the same methods. The aim was to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the numerical approach for discrete dynamical systems of moderately high dimensionality and several parameters. We found that capital movement is not sufficient to generate interregional business cycles when trade interaction is low. The trade threshold is predicted at about 15% of trade transactions. By contrast, no minimum level of capital mobility exists as a requirement for the emergence of business cycles. Examples of bifurcation and Lyapunov exponent diagrams illustrating the occurrence of cycles or period doubling, and examples of their development, are given. Ch. 4 contains a short description of complementary results on the above models, and on two other models which extend the previous models to the case of flexible exchange rates, as well as some lines of future research. In ch. 5, the computational techniques employed in the present study are briefly described. The dissertation indicates the effectiveness of the numerical approach for high dimensional discrete models.