En dépit d'une sensible amélioration des conditions de vie économiques et matérielles et malgré l'optimisme véhicule par l'esprit des Lumières, la pauvreté demeurait, dans les dernières décennies de la France d'Ancien Régime, un problème endémique et préoccupant. Convaincus que la France était touchée par un processus d'appauvrissement général, les intellectuels des Lumières demeurerent, tout au cours de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle, extrêmement préoccupés par les questions liées à la pauvreté. Parmi la multitude d'intellectuels et de philosophes qui allèrent se prononcer sur les origines et les remèdes à adopter face aux problèmes de la mendicité et du vagabondage, les Physiocrates, qu'on considère à juste titre comme étant les premiers économistes français, furent également les premiers à proposer un ensemble de programmes cohérents et structures visant à éradiquer l'extrême pauvreté du royaume de France. Bien que les traités sur la pauvreté rédigés par Guillaume-François Le Trosne, Nicolas Baudeau et Pierre-Samuel Du Pont de Nemours reprirent, dans l'ensemble, les idées et les solutions avancées par les philosophes des Lumières, l'originalité de leurs démarches reposait sur l'édification de programmes pouvant être directement utilisés par les administrateurs du royaume.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the origin and development of economic law. In doing this we may better determine whether our present theory of economic law is an element of scientific data or whether it merely leads to confusion and inconsistency. The purpose of this thesis is to see from where our ideas came, in the belief that confusion in a society is the result of the failure of ideas to correspond with reality.

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

acase@tulane.edu

The adoption of import oriented policies introduced distortions into the economy which caused Nigeria to ignore resource-based industry in agriculture, petroleum and metal production. The resulted in the transfer of technology into industries with a continual reliance on imported inputs. This pattern of production represented a drain on foreign exchange and was opposed to the initial assumption that import substituting industry would save foreign exchange. These policies introduced an anti-export bias and an anti-employment bias into the economy as the price of capital was kept artificially low which penalized the agriculture sector by adversely affecting the terms of trade enjoyed by the producers of agricultural commodities. Nigeria's implementation of policies that created disincentives to efficiently allocate resources was the initial cause of stagnation. However, the implementation of policies which created disincentives to expand production in agriculture and crude oil exports continued stagnation.

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The Modern Stage of Capitalism tells the story of why and how modern drama captured the spirit of capitalism in all its contradictions. Although the bourgeois novel has long been considered the definitive genre of capital, at the end of the nineteenth century, Western theatre was in the perfect position to explore the ambiguous impact of capitalist culture. It was at the zenith of the economic hierarchy of the arts and at the nadir of the aesthetic hierarchy. Even with the serious drama of the day, modern theatre could not entirely purge itself of the tarnish of commerce. This enmeshment in commerce and the market economy generated a wealth of formal innovations and a wide range of responses to capitalist culture that went beyond moral outrage. Dramatists from Ibsen and Shaw to Brecht and O’Neill were neither apologists for, nor mere detractors of capitalism; they explored the bonds and clashes between religious values and secular economic virtues, drawing parallels between the institution of theatre and the brave new world of capitalist modernity. Besides dramatic texts, this interdisciplinary project relies on archival research of theatre productions, socio-economic theories that the playwrights responded to (Smith, Marx, Weber, Morris, Taylor), and critical theory that examines the relationship between economics and literary studies (Bourdieu, Jameson, Moretti). The present study takes modern theatre as a case study to show that products of culture engage with capitalism in a network of both promotional and antagonistic relations. The modern stage became a testing ground for the ideas of capitalist culture including the work ethic, competition, and the accumulation of capital. / Comparative Literature