Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-19T13:52:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 16.pdf: 932960 bytes, checksum: b1d8e89ad8512d3f98cec245642f5d48 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Um dos maiores problemas ambientais é a preocupação mundial com a manutenção da qualidade da água para o uso humano. O seu uso intensivo nos setores agrícolas e industriais tem reduzido a sua disponibilidade para o uso doméstico. Uma das alternativas para a redução da extração de água e da poluição hídrica é a prática do reúso. Embora o Brasil não possua uma legislação específica que incentive essa prática, algumas indústrias já possuem em sua política interna o reúso e/ou recuperação de água para a redução de seus custos de fornecimento e de descarte de águas residuárias. Este trabalho estudou a viabilidade de reúso direto das águas residuárias industriais provenientes do processo de produção de água purificada por osmose reversa do Centro Tecnológico de Vacinas (CTV) de Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ. Foi realizado um levantamento do consumo, da qualidade e do custo da água que abastece os diferentes setores do CTV bem como a qualidade e a quantidade dos rejeitos do sistema de osmose reversa (P1), do analisador de COT (P2) e do gerador de ozônio (P3). Embora esse assunto seja importante no âmbito ambiental, econômico e social, poucos artigos científicos foram encontrados nos principais bancos de dados consultados, principalmente nos termos de reúso direto no setor industrial farmacêutico. A produção de água purificada é a atividade que demanda maior quantidade de água seguida pelas torres de resfriamento e pela produção de vapor industrial. A qualidade dos rejeitos da osmose reversa foi superior a água que abastece os sistemas de refrigeração, além disso, o volume descartado equivale ao necessário para atender às necessidades desses sistemas.A redução no consumo estimado com a aplicação deste projeto poderá ser de até17% de toda água consumida pelo CTV correspondendo a uma economia bruta direta em torno de R$ 500.000,00 por ano. / The great environmental problem is a worldwide preoccupation with maintaining the water quality for human use. Its intensive use in the agricultural and industrial sectors has reduced its availability for domestic use. An alternative to reduce of water extraction and pollution is the reuse practice. Although Brazil has no specific legislation that encourages this practice, some industries already have in their internal politics for water reuse and/or recovery t o reduce their costs of supply and disposal of wastewater. This work studied the feasibility of direct reuse of industries wastewater from the water purified production process by reverse osmosis of the Technological Centre Vaccines (TCV) in Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ. A survey of consumption, quality and cost of water supplied to different sectors of the CTV and the quality and quantity of the wastewater of Reverse Osmosis System (P1), the TOC analyzer (P2) and the ozone generator (P3). Although this issue is important in environmental, economic and social context, few articles were found in the main banks of data consulted, especially in terms of direct reuse in the pharmaceutical industry. The production of purified water is the activity that demands more water followed by cooling towers and the production of industrial steam. The quality of the wastewater from the reverse osmosis was superior to that water that supplies cooling systems, furthermore, the volume discarded equal to that necessary to meet the needs of these systems. The reduction in the estima ted consumption with the application of this project may be up to 17% of all water consumed by CTV corresponding to a direct gross savings of around R$ 500,000.00 per year.

International water law has been unable to translate its principles into effective institutions for the management of shared water resources. National interest has often override any real commitment to the principles of international water law as reflected by the draft Articles of the ILC. Based on the theory of sovereignty, it emphasises a discretionary power to co-operate. However, the community of interest's theory is rather recommended as basis for co-operation. The draft Articles does not take sufficient account of the role domestic water policies, international relations and economics play in the co-operation of states. An integrated approach that considers social and economic effects within an environmental context is proposetL The political economy of water includes the potential of 'virtual water' through the importation of staple grains. A holistic approach, taking global trade in agriculture into account, is recommended. The SADC countries should also consider the potential of regional trade in 'virtual water'. / Law / LL. M. (Law)

International water law has been unable to translate its principles into effective institutions for the management of shared water resources. National interest has often override any real commitment to the principles of international water law as reflected by the draft Articles of the ILC. Based on the theory of sovereignty, it emphasises a discretionary power to co-operate. However, the community of interest's theory is rather recommended as basis for co-operation. The draft Articles does not take sufficient account of the role domestic water policies, international relations and economics play in the co-operation of states. An integrated approach that considers social and economic effects within an environmental context is proposetL The political economy of water includes the potential of 'virtual water' through the importation of staple grains. A holistic approach, taking global trade in agriculture into account, is recommended. The SADC countries should also consider the potential of regional trade in 'virtual water'. / Law / LL. M. (Law)