Marine seaweeds constitute one of the most productive plant systems known on Earth and a rich fauna including juvenile fish and crustaceans is dependent on the habitats they form. Human influence on marine costal ecosystems has resulted in large scale changes to the abundance and distribution of species, where species introductions constitute an obvious part. The aims of this thesis were to 1) explore how non-native seaweeds impact on ecosystem functions (primary production and decomposition), and 2) study how interactions between non-native seaweeds and native communities affect invasion success. I used a combination of laboratory assays, outdoor mesocosms and field experiments. Paper I and II revealed that the impact on ecosystem functions were substantially different depending on the identity of the invader. The highly successful non-native red alga Heterosiphonia japonica had a large effect on community productivity. Due to the rapid growth of the invader, the primary production increased by more than four times in mixed species communities with the invader compared to  communities with only native species. In contrast, the morphologically similar and equally successful non-native red alga Bonnemaisonia hamifera grew slowly and had no effect on community production. But B. hamifera produces a potent defense compound that deters native herbivores and reduces the growth of micro-organisms. As a direct or indirect effect of this chemical defense, the litter from B. hamifera decomposed considerably slower compared to native seaweed litter. Rapid growth and defense against predation are likely important in explaining how the two invaders have become successful in the invaded range. These results show that traits related to invasion success may determine impacts on native communities. Paper III shows that the rapidly growing invader H. japonica is avoided as food by native herbivores, which likely enables the invader to survive during colder seasons with sub-optimal growth conditions.  In paper IV I found that competition from the native brown alga Fucus vesiculosus decreased growth of the non-native congener Fucus evanescens. Native herbivores caused more damage to the native competitor but it did not relieve F. evanescens from competitive pressure. Several native brown algae grow in the niche of F. evanescens, which may explain why the species only is growing sparingly in the invaded range. The results indicate that competition with native seaweeds have potential to reduce the success of non-native seaweeds in the new range. In summary, this thesis shows that non-native seaweeds differ strongly in their effect on ecosystem functions. Knowledge of which traits are present among abundant non-native species and how these traits relates to different effects may enable us to gain a better understanding of invasion impacts on native communities. The thesis also highlights that competitive interactions can be of importance for invasion success in seaweed communities. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p> / Alien-native trophic interactions: consequences for invasion success and ecosystem effects of invasions

A restauração florestal é mais do que somente plantar árvores. É necessário que haja o monitoramento do desenvolvimento da floresta no que diz respeito tanto a parâmetros estruturais e florísticos, mas também aos processos ecológicos. Esses processos propiciam as interações entre as espécies e promovem a funcionalidade do sistema, provendo serviços ecossistêmicos. Por isso, é necessário, além de monitorar o crescimento da vegetação, avaliar se o ecossistema está operando da forma como seria esperado. O objetivo desta tese é abordar questões referentes aos processos ecológicos e atributos funcionais em áreas florestais em processo de restauração. No primeiro capítulo, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com o intuito de identificar os processos ecológicos e as variáveis que são medidas em estudos de restauração florestal. Os três capítulos seguintes foram baseados na coleta de dados em três sítios de estudo, situados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram coletados dados em florestas que tiveram intervenções de restauração (com aproximadamente 10 anos de desenvolvimento), bem como em florestas de remanescentes (utilizadas como sistema de referência). Além da amostragem da vegetação arbórea, foram coletados dados de diversos processos ecológicos, relacionados à ciclagem de nutrientes (decomposição, detritivoria e qualidade da serapilheira e do solo), produtividade (biomassa arbórea acima do solo e biomassa de folhas) e recrutamento (regeneração natural), bem como informações sobre atributos foliares, reprodutivos e de crescimento das espécies. Os resultados obtidos para cada um dos capítulos indicaram que: (1) os processos mais comumente avaliados foram aqueles relacionados à ciclagem de nutrientes, seguido por resiliência do ecossistema, produtividade, relações hídricas e interações bióticas; além disso foi identificado que os resultados positivos das ações de restauração nos processos ecológicos aumentam a medida que os sítios se tornam mais antigos; (2) áreas em restauração ainda diferem de suas respectivas florestas de referência para quase todas as variáveis analisadas, mas, ao contrário da nossa expectativa inicial, as diferenças foram maiores quando considerados os parâmetros estruturais da vegetação, indicando que os processos ecológicos podem se restabelecer antes mesmo da floresta atingir sua completa complexidade estrutural; (3) as variáveis que mais afetaram os processos ecológicos foram aquelas relacionadas aos atributos funcionais, tendo a riqueza de espécies na comunidade apenas um papel secundário na variação dos processos ecológicos estudados; além disso, tanto variáveis de composição funcional, quanto de diversidade funcional tiveram influência nos processos; e (4) modelos utilizados para avaliar a semelhança funcional entre restauração e referência indicaram que a comunidade presente no sub-bosque da restauração apresenta uma maior semelhança funcional com o sistema de referência do que a comunidade do dossel, indicando que as espécies utilizadas nos plantios diferem consideravelmente em sua composição funcional das áreas de referência. Esse estudo ressalta a importância de se compreender melhor os processos ecológicos em ecossistemas florestais e sua aplicação na avaliação do funcionamento de áreas em processo de restauração. O monitoramento desses sítios deve ser realizado a longo prazo de forma a verificar as variações ao longo do desenvolvimento florestal e avaliar as trajetórias sucessionais, sugerindo ações de manejo se necessário. / Forest restoration is more than just planting trees. It is required that forest growth is monitored both by measuring structural and floristic parameters, but also ecological processes. These processes provide interactions among species and promote ecosystem functionality, also offering important ecosystem services. Thus, it is necessary that besides monitoring vegetation growth, it should be evaluated if the ecosystem is operating as would be expected. The objective of this thesis it to address questions related to the ecological processes and functional traits in forests sites undergoing restoration. In the first chapter, we performed a systematic review in order to identify the ecological processes and the variables measured in forest restoration studies. The following three chapters were based on data collected in three study sites, located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We collected data in forests subjected to restoration (approximately 10 years-old) and more conserved forests not subjected to restoration (used as reference ecosystem). Besides sampling tree components, we collected data on several ecological processes, related to nutrient cycling (decomposition, detritivory and litter and soil quality), productivity (aboveground tree biomass and litter biomass) and recruitment (natural regeneration), as well as information on leaf, reproductive and growth traits of species. The results obtained for each chapter indicated that: (1) the processes that were more frequently measured were the ones related to nutrient cycling, followed by ecosystem resilience, productivity, water relations and biotic interactions; additionally, we identified that positive results of restoration interventions on the ecological processes increased as sites became older; (2) restoration sites still differed from their reference ecosystems for all variables evaluated, but opposed to what we initially expected, these differences were even greater when we considered the structural parameters from the vegetation, suggesting that ecological processes may recover even before the full reestablishment of forest complexity; (3) the variables that most affected ecological processes were the ones related to functional traits, and community species richness had only a secondary role in the variation of ecological processes; in addition, both variables related to functional composition and functional diversity affected the ecological processes evaluated; and (4) the models used to evaluate functional similarity between restoration and reference indicated that the community growing in the understory of the restoration site is functionally more similar to the reference than the canopy community, suggesting that the species used in restoration plantings differ considerably in functional composition from reference sites. This study highlights the importance of ecological processes in forest ecosystems and its application in the evaluation of the functioning of sites undergoing restoration. Monitoring of these sites should be performed for a long period, in order to verify changes during forest growth and to evaluate sucessional trajectories, suggesting management actions if necessary.

No description available.

Uranium mining activities have the potential to impact aquatic systems through mine drainage (runoff) and the release of treated effluent into nearby watersheds. Such anthropogenic exposure can lead to elevated concentrations of metals and major ions, which may impact aquatic biota. Previous studies have looked at the effects of water quality on aquatic biota within flooded pit lakes and natural lakes that have been exposed to various mechanisms of mining exposure. However, the literature often only examines the effects of a limited number of contaminants on a limited number of species. Researchers have rarely looked at the effects of multiple contaminants on species composition, biodiversity and ecosystem function in aquatic systems. This study uses a multivariate approach to look for relationships between water quality (24 variables), plankton species composition and abundance, biodiversity (richness and evenness) and ecosystem function among lakes exposed to mining activities (n = 18) and non-exposed reference lakes (n = 8). Lake water quality data was used to cluster lakes into groups. Lake groups were then overlain onto multivariate ordinations derived from species composition-abundance data to determine if species composition was related to water quality. Ecosystem function variables included planktonic phosphorus cycling and planktonic respiration. The classified lake groups clustered well on ordinations derived from species composition-abundance data suggesting that relationships exist between water quality and plankton species composition. However, ecosystem function was similar among the majority of lakes and flooded pits despite differences in species richness, species composition and species abundance. Only a small number of aquatic systems had ecosystem function properties that were different from the majority of lakes and pits. These systems had the greatest concentrations of contaminants and had very low biodiversity (richness and evenness) compared to the other systems. Despite having differences in plankton species composition and species richness, all lake groups were functionally similar. This suggests that functional redundancy in species composition may be present in the majority of lakes and pits in such a way that ecosystem function is maintained.

Uranium mining activities have the potential to impact aquatic systems through mine drainage (runoff) and the release of treated effluent into nearby watersheds. Such anthropogenic exposure can lead to elevated concentrations of metals and major ions, which may impact aquatic biota. Previous studies have looked at the effects of water quality on aquatic biota within flooded pit lakes and natural lakes that have been exposed to various mechanisms of mining exposure. However, the literature often only examines the effects of a limited number of contaminants on a limited number of species. Researchers have rarely looked at the effects of multiple contaminants on species composition, biodiversity and ecosystem function in aquatic systems. This study uses a multivariate approach to look for relationships between water quality (24 variables), plankton species composition and abundance, biodiversity (richness and evenness) and ecosystem function among lakes exposed to mining activities (n = 18) and non-exposed reference lakes (n = 8). Lake water quality data was used to cluster lakes into groups. Lake groups were then overlain onto multivariate ordinations derived from species composition-abundance data to determine if species composition was related to water quality. Ecosystem function variables included planktonic phosphorus cycling and planktonic respiration. The classified lake groups clustered well on ordinations derived from species composition-abundance data suggesting that relationships exist between water quality and plankton species composition. However, ecosystem function was similar among the majority of lakes and flooded pits despite differences in species richness, species composition and species abundance. Only a small number of aquatic systems had ecosystem function properties that were different from the majority of lakes and pits. These systems had the greatest concentrations of contaminants and had very low biodiversity (richness and evenness) compared to the other systems. Despite having differences in plankton species composition and species richness, all lake groups were functionally similar. This suggests that functional redundancy in species composition may be present in the majority of lakes and pits in such a way that ecosystem function is maintained.

Human actions have led to the destruction or degradation of natural habitats in virtually all parts of the Earth. Ecosystem restoration is one method to mitigate the effects of habitat loss. But restoration ecology is a young discipline and there is much left to be learned about how to effectively restore ecosystem functioning. This dissertation examines how soil amendments and planted herbaceous species diversity affect the restoration of ecosystem functions in wetlands, while also testing basic ecological questions that help us understand ecosystem function. Using data from the greenhouse and from the biodiversity and ecosystem function field experiment in Duke Forest, in Durham, NC, I examine how plant trait diversity, average plant traits, and environmental conditions influence nitrogen (N) removal from restored wetlands. Field data collected from a restored wetland in Charlotte, NC, enables me to examine how soil organic amendments influence the development of soil properties, processes, and plant communities. Finally, combining field data from both sites, I compare how soil properties influence denitrification potential in both restored wetlands. One unanswered question in the research relating biodiversity and ecosystem function is whether species diversity or species traits are more important drivers of ecosystem function. The first portion of my dissertation poses several hypotheses about how plant traits, plant trait diversity (calculated as a multivariate measure of plant trait diversity), and environmental conditions are likely to influence two ecosystem functions, biomass N and denitrification potential (DEA), and then examines these hypotheses in a restored wetland in the Piedmont of N.C. Using multiple linear regression, I demonstrate that functional diversity (FD), of traits important for plant growth had no effect on biomass N, but two plant traits, leaf area distribution ratio (LADR) and water use efficiency (WUE), had strong negative effects. Soil inorganic N also had a positive effect. For DEA, FD of traits related to denitrification also did not have a significant effect, but there was evidence of a weak positive effect. Two plant traits had positive effects on DEA, aboveground biomass and aboveground biomass C:N ratio; two traits, belowground biomass C:N ratio and root porosity, had negative effects. Soil inorganic N and soil organic matter also had positive effects on DEA. Results from a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) clustering plant species in trait-space, suggest that <em>Carex</em>, <em>Scirpus</em>, and <em>Juncus</em> species tend to be associated with traits that maximize biomass N, while there is no specific region of trait space or set of species that correspond to high DEA. Instead, there are multiple plant trait combinations that can lead to high DEA. These results suggest that, even though plant diversity (as measured by FD) does not significantly influence biomass N or denitrification, plant trait diversity is important to maintaining multiple ecosystem functions simultaneously. Restored wetlands tend to have lower levels of soil organic matter than natural reference wetlands. Low soil organic matter can limit nutrient cycling as well as plant survival and growth in restored wetlands. In the second portion of my dissertation, I examine how soil compost amendments influence the development of soil properties and processes as well as plant communities at a restored wetland in Charlotte, NC. Using two-way analyses of variance, multiple comparisons of means, and regression, I determine that available N and phosphorus (P) increase with increasing soil organic matter in both the low and high marsh. Total microbial biomass (MB) and microbial activity (measured by denitrification potential (DEA)) also significantly increase with increasing organic matter in both marsh communities, as does soil moisture. Neither total plant biomass (in the low marsh), nor plant species richness (in the high or low marsh) demonstrate any consistent patterns with soil organic matter level in the first three years post-restoration. These results suggest that compost amendments can positively influence some soil properties (i.e. soil available N, P, microbial biomass, and soil moisture) and some ecosystem functions including nutrient cycling (such as denitrification potential), but may have limited early impacts on plant communities. In restoration ecology there is a general assumption that restoring ecosystem structure will also restore ecosystem function. To test this fundamental assumption, I examine whether two restored wetlands demonstrate similar general relationships between soils variables (i.e. do the two systems have similar soil ecosystem structure), and whether the importance of each soil relationship is the same at both systems (i.e. do the two systems demonstrate the same soil function). I use structural equation modeling to both pose hypotheses about how systems function and to test them using field data. I determine that the same model structure of soil relationships is supported by data from these two distinct, yet typical urban restored wetland ecosystems (that is, the two systems have similar soil structure). At both systems higher soil organic matter is the most important predictor of higher DEA; however, most of the other relationships between soils variables are different at each system (that is, the two systems are not functioning in the same way). These results suggest that some fundamental relationships between soil properties and microbial functioning persist even when restored wetlands have very different land-use histories, plant communities, and soil conditions. However, restoring similar soil ecosystem structure does not necessarily lead to the restoration of similar soil function. Ultimately, I hope this research advances our understanding of how ecosystems function and improves future wetland restoration efforts. / Dissertation

The objective of this project was to document the status of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, from non-reef habitats throughout Tampa Bay, Florida, and assess the ecosystem contributions of those populations relative to reef-dwelling oysters. The aspects of oyster ecology studied here include condition, prevalence and intensity of disease (Perkinsus marinus - dermo), reproductive activity (including stage, fecundity, and juvenile recruitment), adult oyster density, and the faunal community associated with the oysters. The predominant source of variation was seasonal, with lesser contributions among sites, and in most cases, little or no effect of the habitat type. Oysters populations from each habitat recruit juvenile oysters, produce mature individuals, and contribute viable gametes at the same magnitude with similar seasonality. The associated faunal communities were also largely similar between habitats at any given site. Measures of oyster density, combined with estimates of the total available habitat, suggest that natural oyster reefs may represent only a small portion of the total oyster community in Tampa Bay, while oysters associated with mangrove habitats and seawalls are probably the most abundant in the bay. Additional mapping and quantification of these habitats would help to define their bay-wide ecosystem-services value. Restoration projects, though small in size relative to other habitats, do provide alternative and additional habitat with comparable value to other oyster-bearing habitats.

This dissertation presents four microbial microcosm-based experimental studies addressing questions related to the causes and consequences of biodiversity. All four studies adopted an approach that integrates ecology and evolutionary biology. Two studies explored the utility of knowledge on species phylogenetic relationships for understanding community assembly (chapter 1) and invasibility (chapter 3). The other two studies investigated the impacts of important ecological factors, including competition (chapter 2) and temporal niches (chapter 4), on adaptive radiation, using the rapidly diversifying bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 as the model organism. The first study, described in Chapter 1, examined how phylogenetic relatedness between competing species affected the strength of priority effects and ecosystem functioning during community assembly. Strong priority effects emerged only when competing bacterial species were phylogenetically most closely related, resulting in multiple community states associated with different assembly histories. In addition, the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities effectively predicted bacterial production and decomposition. The second study, described in Chapter 2, explored the role of competition in the adaptive radiation of P. fluorescens. The adaptive radiation was generally suppressed by competition, but its effect was strongly modulated by the phylogenetic relatedness between the diversifying and competing species and their immigration history. The inhibitive effect of competition on adaptive radiation was strongest when phylogenetic relatedness was high and when competitors were introduced earlier. The third study, described in Chapter 3, evaluated the relative importance of phylogenetic relatedness between resident and invading species and phylogenetic diversity of resident communities for invasibility. Laboratory bacterial communities containing a constant number of resident species with varying phylogenetic diversity and relatedness to invaders were challenged by nonresident bacterial species. Whereas invader abundance decreased as phylogenetic relatedness increased as predicted by Darwin's naturalization hypothesis, it was unaffected by phylogenetic diversity. The final study, described in Chapter 4, presented the first experimental demonstration of the maintenance of biodiversity that emerged from adaptive radiation in the presence of temporal niches. Only when provided with temporal niche opportunities were multiple derived phenotypes of P. fluorescens able to coexist as a result of negative frequency-dependent selection. When temporal niche was absent, the specialized phenotypes either did not emerge or were predominated by one superior phenotype.

During oil-sands mining all vegetation cover, soil, overburden and oil-sand is removed, leaving pits several kilometres wide and hundreds of metres deep. These pits are reclaimed by a variety of treatments using mineral soil or a mixed peat and mineral soil as the capping layer and planted with trees with natural colonisation from adjacent sites. A number of reclamation treatments covering different age classes were compared with a range of natural forest ecotypes to identify the age at which the treatments become similar to a natural site with respect to vegetation composition and key soil attributes relevant to nutrient cycling. Ecosystem function was estimated from plant community composition, litter decomposition, development of an organic layer and bio-available nutrients. Key response variables including moisture, pH, C:N ratios, bio-available nutrients and ground-cover were analysed by non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis to discover which reclamation treatments were moving towards or merging with natural forest ecotypes and at what age this occurs. On reclaimed sites, bio-available nutrients including nitrate generally were above the natural range of variability but ammonium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and manganese were generally very low and limiting to ecosystem development. Plant diversity was similar to natural sites from 5 years to 30 years after reclamation, but declined as reclaimed sites approached canopy closure. Grass and forb leaf litters decomposed faster than aspen or pine in the first year, but decomposition on one reclamation treatment fell below the natural range of variability. Development of an organic layer appeared to be facilitated by the presence of shrubs, while forbs correlated negatively with first-year decomposition of aspen litter. The better restoration amendments for tailings sands involved repeated fertilisation of peat: mineral mixtures in the early years of plant establishment, these became similar to a target ecotype at about 25 years. Good results were also shown by subsoil laid over non-saline overburden and fertilised once, these became similar to a target ecotype at about 15 years. Other treatments receiving a single application of fertiliser remain entrenched in the early reclamation phase for up to 25 years.

Freshwater ecosystems face unprecedented levels of human-induced stresses and it is expected that the invasion of non-indigenous species will cause the greatest loss of biodiversity in lakes and rivers worldwide. Bythotrephes longimanus is a predatory invertebrate that invaded North America in the early 1980s, first being detected in the Great Lakes, and then moving to a number of inland lakes in Ontario and the northern United States. Using experimental and survey-based approaches, I tested several hypotheses concerning the effects of Bythotrephes on native zooplankton community structure and function. My results indicate that Bythotrephes reduces total abundance, biomass, and richness of zooplankton, especially cladoceran taxa, throughout the ice-free season. As a result of high predation pressure by the invader, total seasonal and epilimnetic zooplankton production was also substantially reduced in invaded lakes, which may have important consequences for the transfer of energy to fish and other taxa that feed on zooplankton. Interestingly, there was some evidence that zooplankton shifted their reproduction in time and space to avoid Bythotrephes, which may buffer the effects of the invader on food web functioning. Other measures of ecosystem function were relatively unaffected by the invasion of Bythotrephes. In addition, Bythotrephes may interact in unexpected ways with other anthropogenic stressors, and act to slow down the process of recovery by preying on species that maintain community abundance during acidification, but also affecting species attempting to recolonize historically acidified lakes. Although dispersal of zooplankton may maintain some of the ecosystem functions provided by zooplankton communities, loss of biodiversity may be a permanent result of invasion. The effects of the continued spread of invasive species across the landscape may be profound, as the invader Bythotrephes has demonstrably altered zooplankton communities and may reduce the ability of freshwater ecosystems to respond to future environmental change and maintain ecosystem functioning. / Thesis (Ph.D, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2007-07-19 14:56:57.102