Avstängda kärnkraftverk berövar många människor av elektricitet och det skulle ha en negativ inverkan både på företagets framtoning och mänskliga aktiviteter. På grund av detta behöver tillgängligheten av utrustningen i alla byggnaderna som kärnkraftverken består ses till. HVAC-system (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) spelar en viktig roll när det gäller tillgänglighet av utrustning eftersom dessa system ser till pålitligheten är på topp genom att anpassade omgivningsförhållanden till utrustningen. Att designa ventilationssystemet rätt är därför mycket viktigt och måste göras noggrant. Denna rapport introducerar metodologin för att designa och optimera ett ventilationssystem för en av byggnaderna i ett kärnkraftverk. Utöver detta utvecklas och beskrivs en metodologi för att designa ett rökkontrollssystem för en byggnad som ingår i kärnkraftverket. Dessa metodologier har implementerats för en byggnad i en demineraliseringsstation, Hinkley Point C project. / During nuclear power plants shutdown many people could be deprived of electricity and it would have a negative impact both on the company’s image and on people activities. As a consequence, availability of equipments in the different buildings which compose the power plant needs to be assured. HVAC system (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) plays an important role on the reliability of these equipments as it makes sure that ambient conditions in the buildings fit the operating temperature range of the equipments. Consequently sizing a ventilation system is really important and it needs to be carried out seriously. This paper introduces the methodology to size and optimize a ventilation system for nuclear power plants’ building. This paper also develops the methodology used to size a smoke control system in a nuclear related building. Direct application of this methodology has been realised for a specific building which is the demineralization station of Hinkley Point C project.

Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont pour objectif de proposer un langage de description temporelle pour des systèmes temps-réel et d’établir les conditions de leur ordonnançabilité sous l’algorithme Earliest Deadline First (EDF). Les langages de description temporelle permettent de spécifier le comportement temporel d’une application indépendamment de son comportement fonctionnel. Le programmeur déclare dans ces langages à quels instants précis doivent être déclenchées et terminées les activités du système. Cette gestion du temps, précise et explicite, apporte au système son caractère déterministe. Le langage proposé, Extended Timing Definition Language (E-TDL), étend des langages dirigés par le temps existants, en particulier Giotto et TDL, en introduisant un nouveau modèle de tâche donné par quatre paramètres : phase, pire temps d’exécution, temps d’exécution logique TEL (intervalle de temps séparant le lancement de la tâche et sa terminaison) et période. L’introduction de ce nouveau modèle de tâche nécessite de revisiter en particulier le problème de l’ordonnançabilité des tâches pour EDF. Cette thèse propose et développe une analyse basée sur la fonction de demande pour des ensembles de tâches décrites en E-TDL et s’exécutant en contexte monoprocesseur. Une condition nécessaire et suffisante est obtenue au travers d’une analyse précise des intervalles séparant les activations de tâches au sein de différents modules s’exécutant indépendamment et pouvant changer de mode à des instants prédéfinis. Une borne de la longueur des intervalles sur lesquels doit s’opérer la vérification est déterminée. Un outil mettant en œuvre cette analyse a été développé. / The goal of this research is to define a time-triggered language for modeling real-time systems and to provide the conditions for their schedulability under Earliest Deadline First (EDF). Time-triggered languages separate the functional part of applications from their timing definition. These languages permit to model the real-time system temporal behavior by assigning system activities to particular time instants. We propose a new time-triggered framework, Extended Timing Definition Language (E-TDL), that enhances the basic task model used in Giotto and TDL while keeping compositional and modular structure brought by the latter. An E-TDL task is characterized by: an offset, a worst case execution time, a Logical Execution Time (a time interval between task release and its termination) and a period. The schedulability analysis of the system based on this new task model should be, in particular for EDF, investigated. We develop, on the concept of the processor demand criterion, conditions for the feasibility of an E-TDL system running on a single CPU under EDF. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained by considering the global schedules that are made up of execution traces occurring at the same time in distinct modules that are able to switch their modes at predefined instants. We estimate a maximal length of the interval on which the schedulability condition must be checked. A tool suite performing the schedulability analysis of the E-TDL systems is developed.

過去研究多將焦點集中在增加高階經理人薪酬，將可促使高階經理人為公司股東的權益努力，為此探討提昇股東權益包含高階經理人獎酬與公司績效間的關聯，卻忽略了其與風險間的關係。高階經理人員可能因為獎酬的激勵，從事對公司有利且風險較低的計畫，也可能會為了提高自身的權利，將風險轉嫁給公司，因此激發出探討高階經理人員獎酬與公司風險間的關係的研究動機。 本研究以KMV模型之預期違約率作為公司風險之參數，探討高階經理人之 薪酬、自由現金流量、KMV信用風險之關係，同時瞭解公司規模是否影響高階 經理人薪酬、自由現金流量及公司績效與公司KMV信用風險間的關係。 研究結果顯示，公司高階經理人的薪酬與公司違約風險呈負相關，即高階經理人薪酬的提高，確能降低公司的違約風險，但此現象僅在大規模公司才能發現。此外，就自由現金流量而言，小規模公司之自由現金流量愈多，存在較高的風險，惟有提高公司營運績效，方能減緩公司風險的承擔。另一方面，對於高階經理人薪酬的提升，雖然在小規模公司並沒有效果，但係有助減緩自由現金流量帶來的負向衝擊。最後，前述小結僅存在於小規模公司群體，這可能是因為，大公司擁有較高的政治成本，因此為了避免社會的關注，大公司較小公司有較好的公司治理機制，因此管理當局較不可能基於自利的動機來影響公司的風險。 / Many past researches focused on senior manager will be able to work hard for raising shareholder’s equity because of higher compensation. Many researches of raising stakeholder’s equity explored the relation between senior manager compensation and financial performance, but ignored the relation with credit risk of company. Senior managers maybe perform lower or higher risk project for themselves benefit due to some higher compensation motivation. Thus this researching will refocus on exploring the relation between senior manager compensation and company credit risk. This study will discuss the relation among senior manager compensation, FCF and KMV company credit risk by EDF of KMV model as a parameter of company credit risk. And to understand the scale of company weather influence the relation among senior manager compensation, FCF and KMV company credit risk? The results of this research show that the senior manager compensation is negatively correlated with company credit default risk. On the other hand, higher senior manager compensation will reduce the risk of company credit default, but this phenomenon can be found only in lager companies. In addition, as far as small company's FCF, the more FCF, the more there is a higher risk. Increase company's operating performance, the company credit risk can be slow down. On the other hand, in small company there is no effect on raising senior manager compensation, but it will help mitigate the negative impact of FCF. Finally, the foregoing summary is just only in small company groups, may be because larger companies have higher political cost, so in order to avoid the concern of society, larger companies have better corporate governance than small companies, thus senior manager will not be able to influence the company’s credit risk for their self-interested motivation.

Cette thèse porte sur le travail de l'encadrement de proximité au sein d'une grande entreprise industrielle, EDF, passée d'un statut de monopole public à celui de société anonyme opérant sur un marché concurrentiel. Le processus de " modernisation " dans lequel l'entreprise est engagée depuis les années 1990 conduit à des transformations de l'organisation du travail, dans lesquelles l'encadrement de proximité (agents de maîtrise et cadres encadrant des agents d'exécution) occupe une position délicate. Il lui revient à la fois de " conduire le changement " sans disposer de beaucoup d'autonomie, et de favoriser l'engagement au travail des salariés, tout en se protégeant (et en protégeant l'employeur, qui lui délègue son autorité) des mises en cause qui tiennent à la " souffrance au travail " et aux " risques psychosociaux ", c'est-à-dire aux atteintes potentielles à la santé psychique des agents. Placés dans une position intermédiaire du fait de leur échelon hiérarchique, les encadrants de proximité opèrent des arrangements quotidiens entre la prescription et le travail réel, en jouant de la faible distance qui les sépare de leur équipe et en s'appuyant sur les relations interpersonnelles qu'ils entretiennent avec elle. L'enquête porte sur cette forme particulière du travail d'organisation, le travail d'encadrement, à partir de l'analyse d'une centaine d'entretiens dans la plupart des grandes directions fonctionnelles de l'entreprise (en France métropolitaine), de quatre ans d'observation participante au sein de la Direction des ressources humaines, et de l'exploitation d'archives internes (documents de politiques d'entreprise, procès-verbaux de CHSCT, archives de formateurs). Elle pose la question du rôle des encadrants de proximité dans le renouvellement de l'organisation du travail : marginalisés par des dispositifs gestionnaires de contrôle et relégués dans la seule animation d'un collectif humain, ces encadrants dont leurs supérieurs hiérarchiques voudraient pourtant faire de véritables " managers " affrontent une série de contradictions qu'ils résolvent quotidiennement à leur niveau, ce qui permet de les qualifier de managers en dernier ressort.

Les nouvelles applications sur Internet nécessitent des garanties de qualité de service (QoS) de la part du réseau. Nous nous intéressons à deux paramètres de QoS : le temps de réponse et la gigue de bout-en-bout. Nous proposons un ordonnancement, noté FP/DP, à base de priorités fixes (FP), départageant les paquets ex aequo selon leurs priorités dynamiques (DP). La priorité fixe d'un flux reflète son degré d'importance et sa priorité dynamique est un paramètre temporel. FP/FIFO et FP/EDF sont deux exemples d'ordonnancement FP/DP. Nous déterminons des bornes déterministes sur les paramètres de QoS considérés, en utilisant l'approche par trajectoire. En monoprocesseur, nous améliorons les résultats existants et prouvons que FP/EDF domine FP/FIFO sous certaines conditions. En distribué, nous apportons de nouveaux résultats et montrons que l'approche par trajectoire est beaucoup moins pessimiste que l'approche holistique. Nos résultats sont appliqués dans une architecture DiffServ/MPLS.

The predictable nature of the tides offers a regular, reliable source of renewable energy that can be harnessed using tidal stream turbines (TSTs). The UK's practically extractable tidal stream energy resource has the potential to supply around 7 % of the country's annual electricity demand. As of 2016, the world's first commercial scale arrays have been deployed around the UK and France. The harsh nature of the marine operating environment poses a number of engineering challenges, where the optimal turbine design solution remains under investigation. In this thesis, a numerical model is developed to assess the power production and hydrodynamic behaviour of horizontal axis tidal turbines. The developed model builds upon well established and computationally efficient Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) method for modern three-bladed wind turbines. The main novel contribution of this thesis is extending the application to an alternative design of a ducted, high solidity and open centre TST. A validation study using measurements from multiple different scale model experimental tank tests has proven the applicability of the model and suitability of the imposed correction factors. The analytical modifications to account for ducted flow were subsequently indirectly verified, where predictions of turbine power and axial thrust forces under optimal operating speeds were within 2 % of those using more advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. This thesis presents a commercial application case of two turbines designed by OpenHydro, examining the BEMT performance with a sophisticated blade resolved CFD study. A comparison of results finds that the model is capable of predicting the average peak power to within 12 %, however it under predicts thrust levels by an average of 35 %. This study concludes that the model is applicable to ducted turbine configurations, but is limited in capturing the complex flow interactions towards the open centre, which requires further investigation. The computational efficiency of the newly developed model allowed a structural analysis of the composite blades, thus demonstrating it is suitable to effectively evaluate engineering applications. Stresses are seen to be dominated by flap-wise bending moments, which peak at the mid-length of the blade. This tool will further enable EDF to perform third party assessments of the different turbine designs, to aid decision making for future projects.

Scheduling is extremely important for modern real-time systems. It enables several programs to run in parallel and succeed with their tasks. Many systems today are real-time systems, which means that good scheduling is highly needed. This thesis aims to evaluate the real-time scheduling algorithm earliest deadline first, newly introduced into the Linux kernel, and compare it to the already existing real-time scheduling algorithms first in, first out and round robin in the context of firm tasks. By creating a test program that can create pthreads and set their scheduling characteristics, the performance of earliest deadline first can be evaluated and compared to the others. / Schemaläggning är extremt viktigt för dagens realtidssystem. Det tillåter att flera program körs parallellt samtidigt som deras processer inte misslyckas med sina uppgifter. Idag är många system realtidssystem, vilket innebär att det finns ett ytterst stort behov för en bra schemaläggningsalgoritm. Målet med det här examensarbetet är att utvärdera schema-läggningsalgoritmen earliest deadline first som nyligen introducerats i operativsystemet Linux. Målet är även att jämföra algoritmen med två andra schemaläggningsalgoritmer (first in, first out och round robin), vilka redan är väletablerade i Linux kärnan. Det här görs med avseende på processer klassificerade som firm. Genom att skapa ett program som kan skapa pthreads med önskvärda egenskaper kan prestandan av earliest deadline first algoritmen utvärderas, samt jämföras med de andra algoritmerna.

Les ensembles turbo-alternateurs des centrales électriques sont de grandes machines tournantes de plus de 50 mètres de long et de plusieurs centaines de tonnes. Lors du fonctionnement normal d'une telle machine, une probabilité non nulle existe d'un détachement accidentel d'une aube. Dans une telle situation, un balourd important est généré et du contact apparaît entre les parties tournantes et non tournantes de la machine. Il est alors capital de pouvoir simuler efficacement la dynamique de ce type d'évènement faisant intervenir de fortes non linéarités dans le système. Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre du projet ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) IRINA (SImulation et maîtRise des rIsques en coNception des mAchines tournantes) et en particulier entre le LaMCoS (LAboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts et des Structures) de l'INSA de Lyon et le département AMA (Analyses Mécaniques et Acoustiques) d'EDF R et D à Clamart. Elle a pour objectif de mettre au point une technique rapide de simulation du comportement des lignes d'arbres de machines tournantes en cas de présence de non linéarité de type contact entre rotor et stator. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une double démarche a été mise en place. La première consiste à mettre au point des modèles simplifiés afin de réduire le nombre de degrés de liberté du problème. De surcroît, une technique de réduction de modèle adaptée au cas de non linéarité localisée est utilisée afin de réduire encore plus la taille du système à résoudre. La seconde démarche consiste à mettre au point une technique de résolution rapide du système réduit afin d'obtenir la solution encore plus rapidement. Pour cela, au lieu d'utiliser les traditionnelles techniques d'intégration temporelle directe, c'est la méthode de la balance harmonique qui est mise à profit. Cette technique permet d'obtenir directement la réponse stabilisée du système grâce à une résolution des équations dans le domaine fréquentiel. Dans ce cadre, une maquette numérique a été mise au point mettant en oeuvre les fonctionnalités citées. Cette dernière permet de reproduire les phénomènes physiques périodiques ainsi que quasi-périodiques et de déterminer leur stabilité. Des études paramétriques sur des exemples de problèmes de contact rotor-stator viennent illustrer cette démarche. Enfin, une application sur un cas industriel de groupe turbo alternateur EDF est présentée. / Power plants turbo-generator sets are large rotating machines of more than 50 meters long and weight several hundred tons. During normal operation of such a machine, there is a nonzero probability of an accidental disconnection of a blade. In such a situation, a significant imbalance is generated and contact may occur between the rotating and non-rotating parts. It is therefore essential to be able to effectively simulate the dynamics of this type of event involving strong nonlinearities in the system. This PhD was conducted within the framework of the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) IRINA (Simulation and risk control in rotating machinery design) and in particular between the LaMCoS (LAboratory of Contact Mechanics and Structures) of the INSA Lyon and the AMA department (Mechanical and Acoustic Analysis) at EDF R and D in Clamart. It aims to develop a fast technique for simulating the behavior of shafts of rotating machinery in case of presence of non-linearity of contact between rotor and stator. To achieve this goal, a dual approach was implemented. The first is to develop simplified models to reduce the number of degrees of freedom of the problem. In addition, a model reduction technique suitable for the case of localized nonlinearity is used to further reduce the size of the system to be solved. The second approach is to develop a technique for efficient resolution of the reduced system to obtain the solution more quickly. To do this, instead of using the traditional direct temporal integration techniques, the harmonic balance method is put to use. This technique allows to directly obtain the stabilized response of the system thanks to a resolution of the equations in the frequency domain. In this context, a numerical model has been developed to implement the features mentioned. The latter allows to reproduce the physical periodic and quasi-periodic phenomena and to determine their stability. Parametric studies of examples of problems of rotor-stator contact will illustrate this approach. Finally, an application on an industrial case of turbo generator EDF is presented.

Real-time systems are composed of a set of tasks that must respect some deadlines. We find them in applications as diversified as the telecommunications, medical devices, cars, planes, satellites, military applications, etc. Missing deadlines in a real-time system may cause various results such as a diminution of the quality of service provided by the system, the complete stop of the application or even the death of people. Being able to prove the correct operation of such systems is therefore primordial. This is the goal of the real-time scheduling theory.<p><p>These last years, we have witnessed a paradigm shift in the computing platform architectures. Uniprocessor platforms have given place to multiprocessor architectures. While the real-time scheduling theory can be considered as being mature for uniprocessor systems, it is still an evolving research field for multiprocessor architectures. One of the main difficulties with multiprocessor platforms, is to provide an optimal scheduling algorithm (i.e. scheduling algorithm that constructs a schedule respecting all the task deadlines for any task set for which a solution exists). Although optimal multiprocessor real-time scheduling algorithms exist, they usually cause an excessive number of task preemptions and migrations during the schedule. These preemptions and migrations cause overheads that must be added to the task execution times. Therefore, task sets that would have been schedulable if preemptions and migrations had no cost, become unschedulable in practice. An efficient scheduling algorithm is therefore an algorithm that either minimize the number of preemptions and migrations, or reduce their cost.<p><p>In this dissertation, we expose the following results:<p>- We show that reducing the "fairness" in the schedule, advantageously impacts the number of preemptions and migrations. Hence, all the scheduling algorithms that will be proposed in this thesis, tend to reduce or even suppress the fairness in the computed schedule.<p><p>- We propose three new online scheduling algorithms. One of them --- namely, BF2 --- is optimal for the scheduling of sporadic tasks in discrete-time environments, and reduces the number of task preemptions and migrations in comparison with the state-of-the-art in discrete-time systems. The second one is optimal for the scheduling of periodic tasks in a continuous-time environment. Because this second algorithm is based on a semi-partitioned scheme, it should favorably impact the preemption overheads. The third algorithm --- named U-EDF --- is optimal for the scheduling of sporadic and dynamic task sets in a continuous-time environment. It is the first real-time scheduling algorithm which is not based on the notion of "fairness" and nevertheless remains optimal for the scheduling of sporadic (and dynamic) systems. This important result was achieved by extending the uniprocessor algorithm EDF to the multiprocessor scheduling problem. <p><p>- Because the coding techniques are also evolving as the degree of parallelism increases in computing platforms, we provide solutions enabling the scheduling of parallel tasks with the currently existing scheduling algorithms, which were initially designed for the scheduling of sequential independent tasks. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The master thesis deals with the issue of long-term ECG recording, used in medicine for monitoring of cardiac anomalies. Author focuses on explaning the general concepts in the first part. Author describes measuring methods and issues associated with measuring. Comparison of existing devices and design of solution with own features are in next chapter. Next is comparison and selecting of formats for recording measured data and description of device connectivity. In next chapter author focuses on hardware design and implementation of device. After that author describes software solution design for microcontroller, Bluetooth module and smartphone. Author introduces possible improvements for future generation of the device and then describes results of testing at the end of this work.