Lentinula edodes é um cogumelo comestível que possui qualidades nutricionais, terapêuticas e medicinais. Além disso, muitos estudos na área médica têm comprovado que o cogumelo possui efeito antibiótico sobre microrganismos patogênicos ao homem. Na área agrícola, alguns trabalhos realizados com o cogumelo demonstraram possíveis efeitos no controle de fitopatógenos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar a produção de substâncias antimicrobianas por L. edodes ativas sobre Colletotrichum sublineolum, agente causal da antracnose em sorgo, Alternaria solani, responsável pela pinta preta do tomateiro, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae, agente causal da mancha bacteriana em maracujazeiro e Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), causador de mosaico foliar em fumo. Para os testes com C. sublineolum e A. solani foram utilizados extratos aquosos de L. edodes, obtidos a partir de basidiocarpos desidratados em pó, dos isolados LE JAB-K, LE 96/22, LE 96/17 e LE 95/01. Os resultados evidenciaram que o extrato aquoso de basidiocarpos do isolado LE 96/22 inibiu o crescimento micelial in vitro e a formação de apressórios por C. sublineolum. Já os extratos dos isolados LE JAB-K e LE 95/01 apresentaram efeito inibitório na germinação de conídios e na formação de apressórios do patógeno. Em contrapartida, os extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos dos diferentes isolados de L. edodes não apresentaram efeito inibitório na germinação dos conídios e no crescimento micelial de A. solani. Por sua vez, os extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos a 20% (v/v) e o filtrado do crescimento micelial de L. edodes, misturados à suspensão de X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae, exibiram redução na multiplicação bacteriana. Todos os extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos dos diferentes isolados testados na multiplicação da bactéria mostraram-se termolábeis, quando autoclavados a 121 °C por 20 min. Em experimentos com plantas de fumo, os extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos dos isolados LE 96/17 e LE 96/22 adicionados à suspensão contendo partículas do TMV reduziram significativamente a ocorrência de lesões locais nas folhas. O extrato aquoso do isolado LE 96/22 apresentou compostos antivirais de natureza termoestável. Finalmente, o extrato aquoso de basidiocarpos do isolado LE 96/22, o qual apresentou a maior atividade antimicrobiana, foi purificado parcialmente por cromatografia de troca aniônica (CTA). O pico V apresentou efeito inibitório no crescimento micelial de C. sublineolum. Por sua vez, a multiplicação de X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae foi inibida pelos picos IV, V e VII. Já os picos I, II e III, obtidos em CTA por gradiente linear de NaCl e o pico I obtido em CTA pelo método "step wise", reduziram significativamente a infectividade do TMV em plantas de fumo. Com base nesses resultados, evidencia-se a ação de preparações de L. edodes sobre fitopatógenos, o que demonstra o uso potencial do mesmo no controle de agentes causais de doenças infecciosas em plantas. / Lentinula edodes is an edible mushroom that has nutritious, therapeutical and medicinal qualities. Moreover, many studies in the medical area have shown that the mushroom exhibits antibiotic effects on pathogenic microorganism to the man. In the agricultural area, work carried out with the mushroom has demonstrated its possible effects to control phytopathogens. The objective of the present work was to demonstrate the productionof antimicrobial substances of L. edodes active on Colletotrichum sublineolum, causal agent of anthracnose in sorghum, Alternaria solani, responsible for the black spot of the tomato plants, X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae, causal agent of the bacterial spot in passion fruit plants and on Tobacco mosaic virus, causal agent of the mosaic in tobacco plants. For the test with C. sublineolum and A. solani aqueous extracts were obtained from dehydrated fruiting bodies from the shiitake isolates LE JAB-K, LE 96/22, LE 96/17 and LE 95/01. The results showed that the fruiting body aqueous extract from isolate LE 96/22 inhibited micelial growth and appressorium formation by C. sublineolum. The aqueous extracts of isolates LE JAB-K and LE 95/01 exhibited inhibitory effect on conidium germination and on formation of appressorium by the patogen. On the other hand, the extracts of the different isolates of L. edodes did not exhibit inhibitory effect on conidium germination and micelial growth of A. solani. The aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies at 20% (v/v) concentration and filtrate of the micelial growth of L. edodes, when mixed to the suspension of X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae, exhibited decreased on bacterial multiplication. All the aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies tested from the different isolates in the bacterial multiplication were thermobile, when heated at 121 °C for 20 min. In experiments with tobacco plants, the aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies of isolates LE 96/17 and LE 96/22 when added to the suspension of TMV reduced the amount of local lesions on the leaves. When the aqueous extracts of LE 96/22 were heated the antiviral nature was not lost. Finally, the aqueous extract of fruiting bodies from isolate LE 96/22 that presented major antimicrobial activity was partially purified by anion exchange chromatography (AEC). The peak V exhibited inhibitory effect on micelial growth of C. sublineolum. Multiplication of X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae was inhibited by peaks IV, V and VII. Regarding TMV infectivity, peaks I, II and III, obtained in CTA through linear gradient of NaCl, and peak I also obtained through CTA by the method "step wise", significantly reduced virus infectivity in tobacco plants. Based upon these results, it is shown that preparations of L. edodes can interfere whith phytopathogen multiplication, demonstrating its potential to control plant diseases.

Research on the functional independence of tacts and mands is mixed. The conditions under which tact training transfers to mands are unclear. The current study evaluated whether multiple exemplars of tact training followed by mand training would result in the independent transfer from tacts to mands. It was shown that all three participants started manding for the item independently during tact training after one sequence of tact training followed by mand training.

Lentinula edodes é um cogumelo comestível que possui qualidades nutricionais, terapêuticas e medicinais. Além disso, muitos estudos na área médica têm comprovado que o cogumelo possui efeito antibiótico sobre microrganismos patogênicos ao homem. Na área agrícola, alguns trabalhos realizados com o cogumelo demonstraram possíveis efeitos no controle de fitopatógenos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar a produção de substâncias antimicrobianas por L. edodes ativas sobre Colletotrichum sublineolum, agente causal da antracnose em sorgo, Alternaria solani, responsável pela pinta preta do tomateiro, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae, agente causal da mancha bacteriana em maracujazeiro e Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), causador de mosaico foliar em fumo. Para os testes com C. sublineolum e A. solani foram utilizados extratos aquosos de L. edodes, obtidos a partir de basidiocarpos desidratados em pó, dos isolados LE JAB-K, LE 96/22, LE 96/17 e LE 95/01. Os resultados evidenciaram que o extrato aquoso de basidiocarpos do isolado LE 96/22 inibiu o crescimento micelial in vitro e a formação de apressórios por C. sublineolum. Já os extratos dos isolados LE JAB-K e LE 95/01 apresentaram efeito inibitório na germinação de conídios e na formação de apressórios do patógeno. Em contrapartida, os extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos dos diferentes isolados de L. edodes não apresentaram efeito inibitório na germinação dos conídios e no crescimento micelial de A. solani. Por sua vez, os extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos a 20% (v/v) e o filtrado do crescimento micelial de L. edodes, misturados à suspensão de X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae, exibiram redução na multiplicação bacteriana. Todos os extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos dos diferentes isolados testados na multiplicação da bactéria mostraram-se termolábeis, quando autoclavados a 121 °C por 20 min. Em experimentos com plantas de fumo, os extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos dos isolados LE 96/17 e LE 96/22 adicionados à suspensão contendo partículas do TMV reduziram significativamente a ocorrência de lesões locais nas folhas. O extrato aquoso do isolado LE 96/22 apresentou compostos antivirais de natureza termoestável. Finalmente, o extrato aquoso de basidiocarpos do isolado LE 96/22, o qual apresentou a maior atividade antimicrobiana, foi purificado parcialmente por cromatografia de troca aniônica (CTA). O pico V apresentou efeito inibitório no crescimento micelial de C. sublineolum. Por sua vez, a multiplicação de X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae foi inibida pelos picos IV, V e VII. Já os picos I, II e III, obtidos em CTA por gradiente linear de NaCl e o pico I obtido em CTA pelo método “step wise”, reduziram significativamente a infectividade do TMV em plantas de fumo. Com base nesses resultados, evidencia-se a ação de preparações de L. edodes sobre fitopatógenos, o que demonstra o uso potencial do mesmo no controle de agentes causais de doenças infecciosas em plantas. / Lentinula edodes is an edible mushroom that has nutritious, therapeutical and medicinal qualities. Moreover, many studies in the medical area have shown that the mushroom exhibits antibiotic effects on pathogenic microorganism to the man. In the agricultural area, work carried out with the mushroom has demonstrated its possible effects to control phytopathogens. The objective of the present work was to demonstrate the productionof antimicrobial substances of L. edodes active on Colletotrichum sublineolum, causal agent of anthracnose in sorghum, Alternaria solani, responsible for the black spot of the tomato plants, X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae, causal agent of the bacterial spot in passion fruit plants and on Tobacco mosaic virus, causal agent of the mosaic in tobacco plants. For the test with C. sublineolum and A. solani aqueous extracts were obtained from dehydrated fruiting bodies from the shiitake isolates LE JAB-K, LE 96/22, LE 96/17 and LE 95/01. The results showed that the fruiting body aqueous extract from isolate LE 96/22 inhibited micelial growth and appressorium formation by C. sublineolum. The aqueous extracts of isolates LE JAB-K and LE 95/01 exhibited inhibitory effect on conidium germination and on formation of appressorium by the patogen. On the other hand, the extracts of the different isolates of L. edodes did not exhibit inhibitory effect on conidium germination and micelial growth of A. solani. The aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies at 20% (v/v) concentration and filtrate of the micelial growth of L. edodes, when mixed to the suspension of X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae, exhibited decreased on bacterial multiplication. All the aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies tested from the different isolates in the bacterial multiplication were thermobile, when heated at 121 °C for 20 min. In experiments with tobacco plants, the aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies of isolates LE 96/17 and LE 96/22 when added to the suspension of TMV reduced the amount of local lesions on the leaves. When the aqueous extracts of LE 96/22 were heated the antiviral nature was not lost. Finally, the aqueous extract of fruiting bodies from isolate LE 96/22 that presented major antimicrobial activity was partially purified by anion exchange chromatography (AEC). The peak V exhibited inhibitory effect on micelial growth of C. sublineolum. Multiplication of X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae was inhibited by peaks IV, V and VII. Regarding TMV infectivity, peaks I, II and III, obtained in CTA through linear gradient of NaCl, and peak I also obtained through CTA by the method "step wise", significantly reduced virus infectivity in tobacco plants. Based upon these results, it is shown that preparations of L. edodes can interfere whith phytopathogen multiplication, demonstrating its potential to control plant diseases.

As wild edibles gain in popularity both on restaurant menus and as a form of recreation through their collection, research on contemporary foragers/wildcrafters/gatherers of wild edibles has so increased from varied disciplinary perspectives. Through an exploration of gatherers in Vermont, I examine the relationships between practice and identity. By employing intersectionality through feminist ethnographic methods, this research recognizes the complex intersections of individuals' identities that challenge a more simplified, additive approach to definitions of race, class, gender and the myriad identities that inform one's experience of privilege and oppression. As prior scholarship has established, people from diverse ethnicities, genders, religions, class affiliations, rural and urban livelihoods, and ages gather wild edibles. This thesis draws connections between the intersectional identities of gatherers and the diversity of their gathering practices. This project includes a discussion of how intersectionality may be applied and employed as analytical theory and as methodological foundation to better approach connections between identity and practice. Key questions driving the analysis are: what are the intersectional identities of gatherers of wild edibles in Vermont, and to what extent are these intersectional identities informing, or informed by, harvest and post-harvest practices? This research contributes to scholarship on foragers from a qualitative methodological perspective and attempts to support the body of literature on intersectionality as methodology as well as research that focuses on the connections between people, practice, and wild foods.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), present a multitude of problems in terms of maintaining up-to-date, reliable, specific, and sensitive methods of detection. Synthetic cannabinoids are novel psychoactive substances originally synthesized for medical use and research purposes. Abuse of these compounds, however, has demonstrated a variety of effects ranging from euphoria to aggressive behavior and loss of consciousness. The most dangerous reported result of synthetic cannabinoids use has been death. The number of synthetic cannabinoid compounds detected drastically increased from two to over 80 compounds within six years. The marketing of these compounds, similar naming, and described pharmacological interactions, create the dangerous and very false perception that SCs are similar to, or the same as, tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis products. This research focused on the development of a method to detect and quantify seven synthetic cannabinoids in urine, plasma, and gummy bears. The seven synthetic cannabinoids studied include XLR-11, AB-PINACA 5-pentanoic acid metabolite, UR-144 5-pentanoic acid metabolite, 5F-PB-22, AM-2201 4-hydroxypentyl metabolite, JWH-018, and JWH-018 5-hydroxypentyl metabolite. Sample preparation methods and a two dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method were optimized and developed for analysis of the seven SCs in each matrix. The method was successfully applied to 17 authentic urine case samples previously screened positive for synthetic cannabinoids and a calibration curve for each matrix was generated from spiked samples at varying concentrations. Utilizing two-dimensional (2D) chromatography for the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids allowed for a novel approach to be employed. With this method, 100% organic samples were analyzed with improved resolution and increased sensitivity. The sample preparation method for the urine and plasma samples included a protein precipitation technique with acid followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) on a mixed-mode reversed phase strong anion exchange sorbent. The spiked gummy bear samples were prepared in 50% methanol in water, dissolved by heating, and extracted with SPE on the same sorbent used for the urine and plasma samples. A 200µL injection of the 100% MeOH extracts was injected into 2D-LC-MS/MS for analysis with a loading and diluting solvent consisting of water and 2% ammonium hydroxide and elution solvents containing water or methanol with 0.5% formic acid. These conditions were optimized with an automated method development protocol assessing various conditions such as mobile phase solvents, pH additives, and trap column chemistries. The final chromatography method utilized an ACQUITY ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) C8 2.1 x 30mm, 10µm trap column and an ACQUITY UPLC high strength silica with tri-functional C18 bonding (HSS T3) analytical column 2.1 x 150mm, 1.7µm. The urine calibration curve produced had a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.05-2.5ng/mL for UR-144 5-COOH and AB-PINACA 5-COOH and 0.05-5ng/mL for the other five synthetic cannabinoids. R2 values included 0.992 and 0.993 for UR-144 5-COOH and AB-PINACA 5-COOH, respectively and 0.995 or above for the other five compounds. Synthetic cannabinoids were detected at varying concentrations in all 17 urine case samples. Analysis of plasma and gummy bear samples was also successfully carried out. Plasma calibration curves had a LDR 0.05-10ng/mL with all R2 values above 0.995. Gummy bear calibration curves produced a LDR of 0.05-10ng/mL or 0.05-2.5ng/mL with R2 values over 0.995. All extraction recovery values were greater than 80% with the exception of 63% recovery for AB-PINACA 5-COOH in the gummy bear matrix. Suppression effects of 8%, 19%, and 6.6% were observed for urine, plasma, and gummy bears, respectively. Relatively low recovery values, reduced linear dynamic ranges, and suppression matrix effects for the carboxylic acid analytes assessed in this research suggested an alternative approach may be more successful for the analysis of these particular compound types in all three matrices. Overall, a sensitive, specific, and reliable method was developed with low limits of detection and quantification for efficient and rapid analysis of compounds at trace levels utilizing 2D-LC-MS/MS.

No description available.