M.A. (Psychology) / Teenage pregnancies should be understood in terms of a changing of sexual behaviour, slowly evolving over many centuries. In contrast to our modern world, New England puritans in the seventeenth century demanded that the entire community conform to the exemplary moral codes drawn up by the first settlers. Civil magistrates or ministers were responsible for quickly and publicly chastised sexual offenders. One of the sources estimate that in the late 1670's well over one half of the guilty couples involved in premarital pregnancies found themselves convicted and punished. In England the loosening of the popular convention about sexual behaviour was followed by the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 as secularism replaced Puritanism. Observers noted steady but noticeable erosion of church and civil opposition to premarital sexual activity. In Essex County, the number of civil prosecutions dropped and the penalty ranged from corporal punishment to paying a fine. In Middlesex county, Massachusetts, signs of moral irresponsibility in fornication cases increased, starting in the 1660's (Vinovskis, 1988). When prominent church leaders such as Jonathan Edwards in the eighteenth century tried to punish the lax moral standards of their parishioners, they found they could no longer count on the support of their congregations and the rest of the community. Simultaneously with the unwillingness of the civil or church authorities to punish cases of pregnancies, parents gradually lost their ability to persuade their children to marry according to their parent's wishes. In the absence of concerted communal or familial efforts to curb the problem of teenage pregnancy, a general loosening of sexual behaviour occurred among early Americans. Sexual intimacy returned as a normal part of courtship behaviour and practices such as bundling became more common. The promise to marry rather than the marriage itself often led to sexual intercourse amongst couples. As long as the community was not burdened with the financial burden of illegitimate children, citizens tolerated premarital pregnancies. The result was not a breakdown of social mores in the early Republic but a shift in the definition of appropriate behaviour between individuals in love. Shorter (in Vinovskis, 1988) concludes that central in the history of courtship over the past two centuries had been the enormous increase in sexual activity before marriage. Before 1800 it was unlikely that the typical young woman, would have coitus with her partner and certainly not before an engagement had been sealed, and probably not as a fiancee either. After 1800 however the percentage of young women who slept with their boyfriends or fiancees rose steadily. Today it is a common phenomenon.

M.Ed. / This study forms part of a larger ongoing research project on teacher competence and its assessment. The project aims at researching teacher opinion with regard to teacher competence identified by the initial research done by Van der Merwe & Grobler(1995). The areas being researched are teacher competence and competent feedback during and after appraisal. The research project involves research on teacher competence and its appraisal consisting of group research on each of the following factors: The learning environment. Professional commitment. Order and discipline. Educational foundation. Teacher reflection. Cooperative ability. Efficiency. Management style. Competent feedback on the appraisal process consisting of group research on each of the following factors: Transparent feedback. Tactful feedback. Invitational feedback. Cultural sensitivity feedback. Credible feedback. Invitational feedback has been conceptualized to consist of the following four aspects, namely: Respect. Self-Concept. Intentionality.

M.A. (Psychology) / The aim of this study is the development of a career program to promote career maturity in standard eight pupils. In order to achieve the aim of the study a development research model was conceptualised. The model is based on Thomas (1984) four-phase model and consists of the following phases: analysis, design, implementation and evaluation phases. In each of these phases a number of methodologies were conducted to meet the requirements of each phase. In the design phase a deviation was made from Thomas (1984) methodology and the methodologies used by Nel and Nel (1992) was implemented to fit the needs of the study. In the first phase the analysis phase a problem was identified and analyzed by using qualitative and quantitative analysis. In the design phase a practice model was conceptualised which serves as an explication model within which the contents' of the career maturity program could be justified. Out of this explication model and theoretical framework the contents of the programme was determined. In the implementation phase of the research model the program was applied and monitoring evaluation was done by the researcher. The implementing of the programme resulted in a number of modifications of the programme because of certain problems that were picked up by the researcher. The evaluation of the programme fell mainly on monitoring evaluation that was done by the researcher in the implementing of the program. The main finding of the research was that the program does promote career maturity in standard eight pupils but it is necessary to do further research on the impact evaluation of the programme.

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Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement of Masters of Accounting degree in Management Accounting, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / This study seeks to provide a guide for a more advanced costing method that is going to provide some cost allocation techniques from a wider range of TVET college specific activities, and that will provide a valuable insight for management of a college. Such a method was achieved through the development of a standard activity dictionary and the functional decomposition of the campus into small divisions as the methods of identifying major activities that are performed at TVET colleges. Thereafter, a conceptual framework for adoption of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) was developed. The main expected contribution to knowledge is represented in the development of conceptual framework for adoption of the ABC system in KwaZulu-Natal TVET colleges and the originality in the current study lies in bridging the gap in the knowledge and understanding of ABC system in education sector. In addition to providing a way to allocate resources more efficiently, ABC can help colleges to determine the best way to meet their goal by monitoring the use of resources in particular activities. The theory that forms the basis of this study is contingency theory. This theory explains how ABC system is contingent upon contingency factors including organisational and behavioural and technical variables. This contingency theory suggests that the adoption of ABC systems within public TVET colleges is depend upon, or at least associated with size of the firm, cost structure, product diversity, training, resistance to change, internal champion support and innovation, top management support, internal resources availability and technical variables. The new model of ABC adoption has been developed in order to examine reasons why the ABC adoption remains low. This study also seeks to establish factors that constitute barriers to ABC. The hand-delivery questionnaire was appropriate for data collection in this study. The census survey undertaken comprised six public TVET colleges at KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). Thirty (30) questionnaires were submitted, and thirty (30) questionnaires were returned, generating a 100% responses rate. The quantitative data were processed using a SPSS version 24.0, leading to appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including frequencies, means, standard deviations and chi-squares. Nine factors were identified from the literature, seven were found to be statistically significant associated with ABC adoption. The qualitative research method was also used. The research strategy was embedded with multiple cases studies to validate the results derived from the census survey. This was selected to validate the results derived from census survey. The data were gathered via 10 face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees from top and middle levels of the five TVET colleges. The semi-structured interviews and survey helped the researcher to discovered new ways of identifying activities such as using business process and examining the colleges’ organogram. This study found that public TVET in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) are using the Student Based Costing (SBS) and these colleges do not obtain accurate programme costs because they fail to allocate overhead costs to their respective campuses under costing currently in use in these TVET colleges. This study also found that the public TVET colleges in KZN use a uniform cost (number of students) to assign overhead costs to respective programmes. The findings of this study indicated that ABC has not been adopted at the public TVET colleges in KZN, as 60% of respondents indicated that there is no consideration of ABC to date and 100% of participants also confirmed that their colleges has not been adopted ABC to date. This result confirms that public TVET colleges at KZN are still using Traditional costing system (TCS). This study also showed that eight out of nine factors assist in the adoption of ABC system, and there is positive correlation between these seven factors and ABC adoption. The research findings of this study have exposed some loose ends that could not be answered conclusively by the data, it therefore recommended that a further empirical research should be conducted using case study and survey at all 50 public TVET colleges in South Africa to detect the difficulties and barriers that prevent the adoption of ABC at TVET colleges. / M

M.A. / A Peer Counseling Program was implemented at a High school in Pretoria. The program was run over a thirteen-month period. During this period two groups of peer counselors were trained. In the first year 15 pupils were selected, and in the second year 16 pupils were selected. Both of the groups were put throUgh the following: answering of a questionnaire, a personal interview, and the training process. Ongoing supervision was provided in the form of group discussions and individual supervision over this thirteen-month period. On completion of the thirteen-month program eqch peer counselor completed a Peer Facilitators Effectiveness Inventory Questionnaire. The findings of this questionnaire indicated that both of the groups had found this experience to be positive, although the second group found the experience to be more positive. The reasons for this were that the second group were selected earlier in the year, they received more support and one might speculate the: there had been a culture of helping established in the school. This study has shown that peer counseling is an effective means of making use of the resources available in the community, decreasing the size of the gap between adult counselor and adolescent, as well as reaching a wider population where help is needed. This study creates an opportunity for the implementation of peer counseling programs in more schools in South Africa.

M.A. / The objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness, or lack of, the mentor program, as part of the Rand Afrikaans University's (RAU) project 100, as well as obtaining workable suggestions to improve the mentorprogram. Project 100 was developed through RAU for first year students who did not obtain full exemption, but who were conditionally accepted. In the program the focus is on three main fields, namely: cognitive, meta-cognitive development, personal development and social adaptation. A variety of skills are taught to the students, in every field, so that the student can develop in total. The hope is through acquiring these skills the student will become more self-sufficient. Data is obtained through qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. Qualitative research consists of the interviews with students that took part in Project 100, as well as the analysis of mentor reports. Quantitative research is obtain by using the following measurement instruments: ability, processing of information and learning (LASSI), the learning and the General Questionnaire about Lifeskills and Aptitude. Exam marks were also used. Quantitative results shows that most students are positive towards the mentorprogram, but factors such as transport, freedom of choice of attendance and uncertainty about procedures influenced the program negatively. Results in turn shows that students who attend the program did not obtain higher academic results than the student who did not attend the program. Even though the student attended Project 100, this does not guarantee the students academic success. The students attitude, motivation and preparedness to acquire new skills and the ability how to implement them influences the success of the students academic, personal and social life.

Currently, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is available to almosteveryone. In the last few decades its impact has widely expanded in all fieldsincluding the educational one. There are important attitudinal factors affecting theusage of learning technology successfully. Information system researchers haveidentified the importance of personal factors, such as attitudes, beliefs, culture andbehaviours in technology acceptance (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1992). Previousresearch has analysed these factors in the acceptance of educational technology inhigher education (Liu, Liao, & Pratt, 2009), (Teo, 2009), (Terzis & Economides, 2011),(Cheung & Vogel, 2013). However, the factors playing a role in a mathematicalcontext have not been fully analysed. This research explores the role of several attitudinal factors in the acceptance ofeducational technology for the assessment process in mathematics in a highereducation setting. We examine the effects of formative on-line feedback on theadoption of educational technology by analysing both teachers' and students'opinions regarding enriched formative on-line assessment for mathematics. Ourresults suggest that UK students find on-line feedback is more enjoyable and usefulthan traditional feedback. Attitude and enjoyment are two important factorsinfluencing usage intentions. Results also show that two influential factors to facilitateusing the on-line testing environment are that feeling confident about computers andthe availability of information technology services. In Mexico, findings reveal thatstudents' attitude has the strongest influence on usage intentions which means thattheir feelings and opinions are important. They also think that on-line feedback ismore enjoyable than face-to-face feedback. Students who are proficient in on-linetesting are more likely to find it easy to use. Students also agree that when an on-lineenvironment is easy to use, it is also more likely that they consider it as useful andenjoyable. Taking into account these results can be the best way to design amathematics e-assessment activity for UK and Mexican students. UK instructors agreethat on-line assessments are useful tools to enrich instructional strategies. Teachersin Mexico have a similar opinion. Both results show that they really value providingon-line feedback.

M.Ed. (Psychology of Education) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

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