This study describes and analyzes ten years of experience in literacy of the Adult Basic Education Society in Gujranwala, Pakistan and compares the experience to three widely used alternative approaches to adult literacy programming. The three encompassing approaches, each of which is used internationally, are: (a) those conforming to the pattern set by the late Dr. Frank Laubach, which are religiously oriented; (b) those based on the model of Dr. Paulo Friere, which have a psychosocial orientation; and (c) those which follow the pattern espoused by the United Nations, whose concepts Harbans Singh, Phola has helped to articulate, and which evolve around the economic aspects of functional literacy. Based on the comparison of the Pakistan experience with the three alternative approaches, guidelines were developed and a model process was suggested for designing adult literacy programs.By examining the four approaches to adult literacy programming in light of Cyril O. Houle's recent work, The Design of Education, it was concluded that none of the four approaches, each with its individual aims and philosophy, is superior to any of the other three; each is significant and may be appropriate, depending on circumstances, for use in areas where illiteracy abounds.Guidelines for determining the appropriate selection to use when planning a literacy program in a developing country are listed in detail. Based on these guidelines, which stem from both the Drown comparisons and the facts learned over the ten-year period in the sequential pilot Projects of the Adult Basic Education Society, it is suggested that literacy programs can be both created and evaluated with a clearer understanding of adult educational design. Applying the guidelines to differing circumstances should eliminate errors that might occur without such a structure.In carrying out the study, data were gathered in Pakistan through personal interviews, tapes and written records kept in detail by the Adult Basic Education Society for pilot projects from 1963 to 1973. The major goals, specific objectives and basic assumptions of the Adult Basic Education Society were reconstructed as those that existed at the beginning of the program in 1963, and the changes and alterations that occurred during; the subsequent ten year period, together with the rationale for the changes, were delineated.

The hypothesis of the thesis is that Canadian teachers have sought to gain some control over their professional lives through organisation. The study traces the evolution of the Canadian teachers' organizations from a period of vigorous ascendency between 1916 and 1921 to the middle of the 1950s. By then the organizations had formed their main features and shaped their occupational ideology. The simplest theoretical statement, framework, or model of the thesis is that teachers have attempted to escape from or at least to modify the bureaucratic environment which prescribed the conditions of their vocation. While teachers largely united in seeking this escape, they were not of one mind as to the appropriate means or alternatives: professionalism, unionism, or a combination of both. To most teachers, professionalism and unionism seemed polar and incompatible. The conclusion reached in the study is that teachers’ organizations evolved as "professional unions," largely because of the teachers' need to cope with their salaried and employee status while clinging to the aspiration of professionalism and public service. The thesis rests extensively on primary sources: the records and files of the teachers' organizations, journals of the organisations, contemporary newspapers and magazines, and documents housed in the various archives of Canada. The thesis is not a definitive study of all the issues that have concerned teachers or their organizations. Rather, it is keyed to those issues and situations that have involved a debate over unionism and professionalism, or which have caused teachers to adopt more militant postures. Admittedly the study is pro-teacher, essentially a result of the sources consulted. A deliberate attempt, however, has been made to record the teachers' reactions to their own historical experience, the trustees, and government. The study is divided into six chapters. The first, tracing the years of formation and survival (1915-1930), explains the causes for teacher organization and the teachers' goals. It probes their occupational ideologies. The second chapter investigates the teachers' strikes of the 1920's, and ponders the meaning of these strikes and the issues of teacher militancy. The third chapter deals with the impact of the depression and the war (1930-1945) on the evolution of the organized profession. This chapter reveals the extent of economic retrenchment on teachers' salaries, the spirit of organizational experimentation, and the renewed militancy as the depression receded and the war ensued. The fourth chapter shows how the teachers' "professional unionism" is rooted in their acceptance of the essentials of trade unionism. The fifth chapter records the teachers' courtship with organized labour--affiliation. In particular, it traces in detail the experiment of the British Columbia Teachers' Federation with affiliation, with public admission of trade unionism. The last chapter deals with the achievement of statutory or automatic membership, an organizational development which is singularly the most significant in the history of the Canadian teaching profession. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

曾家洛. / "2006年9月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(leaves 121-127). / "2006 nian 9 yue" / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zeng Jialuo. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 121-127). / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章： --- 學術硏究回顧與理論分析- 有待開發的香港天主教教會辦學硏究 --- p.10 / Chapter 第二章： --- 慈幼會團體的學校文化：從蘊釀到形成 --- p.32 / Chapter 第三章： --- 一九四九年前香港慈幼會學校的發展：典型工作時期 --- p.54 / Chapter 第四章： --- 一九四九年後慈幼會辦學情況： 香港社會變遷與慈幼會學校的轉型 --- p.68 / Chapter 第五章： --- 慈幼會學校裡的宗教教育´ؤ天主教信仰的更新 --- p.91 / Chapter 第六章： --- 結語 --- p.110 / 參考書目 --- p.121 / 附錄一：香港慈幼會學校資料 --- p.128 / 附錄二 ：香港仔兒童工藝院1934-1947年槪況資料 --- p.131 / 附錄三：香港教友總人數年表(1954-1969) --- p.133 / 附錄四：1954-1969慈幼會學校學生槪況 --- p.134

The purpose of this study is (1) to determine the fundamental differences in the American Federation of Teachers and the National Education Association and (2) to evaluate these organizations in terms of criteria basic to the organization of any group. It is hoped that a microscopic analysis and evaluation of these two teacher organizations, representing both union and non-union groups, will cast some beneficial light upon weaknesses and strong points of both groups and result in recommendations which will be of benefit in the work of individual teachers as well as to the organizations.

Thesis (M. Ed.) -- University of Limpopo, 1981 / Refer to the document