In the first chapter of my master's thesis, I consider the life and works of Edward Bond. However, rather than approach this topic from a purely chronological perspective, I consider Bond's unique artistic activity and place it in its critical and historical context. My research emphasizes the significance of Bond's artistic activity in the successful fight against censorship in British theatre. My second chapter explores the idea of 'cool drama.' In this section I utilize commentary from preeminent dramatists in the 1990s who spoke about Bond's pervading cultural influence. I also outline my own views on 'brutal drama' and consider its influence. The third chapter of my work focuses on Bond's 1973 drama 'The Sea,' including the origins of the text, its historical context, and the main dramatic problems of the work. Here I also delve into a summary and analysis of the text, not only from a historical perspective, but also according to my own interpretive analysis. This chapter further contains a cataloging of international productions of 'The Sea', as well as original theoretical analysis of two performances produced in the Czech Republic. I examine and contrast these two productions from the perspective of direction, space, and costume design. In chapter four, I present the practical part of my work while laying out and defending the intellectual and creative concepts behind it. This chapter is divided into several sections. In section A, I present my key interpretive themes, meticulously analyzing the issues and illuminating the way in which they are reflected in my work. I also present the historical background and analysis of my main ideas. I continue in chapter four with a presentation of the sources that were essential influences for the visual elements of my work. I follow with a detailed description of how these sources served as particular artistic solutions in my creative process. I closely analyze their particular dramatic characters, their development and their interactions. I describe the costumes and carefully outline their concrete qualities, such as their materials, colors, silhouettes, movement, and historical elements, all of which are supported with visual attachments. Following this, I consider the search for space of dramatic quality, as well as the overall perception and treatment of particular scenes. I explain each dramatic situation and support it with photographs. The introduction and conclusion contain the opening and final thesis, and I provide an overarching reflection of the work's quality and importance. I conclude the work with a message of gratitude to those who supported me during this project, as well as a list of my research sources.

The repertoire of soloistic for cello is far narrower than those of other concertante instruments. So we tend to think that we know well of all the regularly performed cello concertos, in which the Elgar Concerto is among them.However, besides the concerto itself and some populare songs, variations or marches, there is little knowledge about the and work of the composer. Moreover, we have to take into account the massive influence of Jacqueline deu Pré, whose very personal and passionate performance has become an almost absolute point of refernece, above the annotations of Elgar himself. My work aims to give a broader approach to Edward Elgar ande his cwork, and to give an interpretation proposal, after having consulted the composers´marks and recordings, and contrast it with the opinions of other prestigious cellist ( Han-Na Chang and Kazimierz Michalik).

Rezende, Alan Marcos Silva de R467a Apropriações de teorias de Edward Lee Thorndike para o ensino dos saberes elementares matemáticos em revistas pedagógicas brasileiras / Alan Marcos Silva de Rezende ; orientadora Ivanete Batista dos Santos. – São Cristóvão, 2016. 98 f. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática) – Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. O 1. Matemática - Estudo e ensino. 2. Solução de problemas. I. Thorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee), 1874-1949. II. Santos, Ivanete Batista dos, orient. III. Título. CDU: 37.091.3:51 / Submitted by David Antonio Costa (david.costa@ufsc.br) on 2017-02-14T13:16:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALAN MARCOS SILVA DE REZENDE - DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1419609 bytes, checksum: 9b89d0a32e73164bb091bf2e4fdefaf9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T13:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALAN MARCOS SILVA DE REZENDE - DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1419609 bytes, checksum: 9b89d0a32e73164bb091bf2e4fdefaf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11 / Neste texto são apresentados resultados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi identificar indícios de apropriações de teorias de Edward Lee Thorndike para o ensino dos saberes elementares matemáticos em revistas pedagógicas que circularam no Brasil entre 1920 e 1960. Para isso, foram examinadas revistas pedagógicas que circularam à época, por exemplo, Revista do Ensino, Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos e Revista de Ensino. Como referencial teórico foram utilizadas obras de Thorndike, como: The Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology (1905), The Thorndike Arithmetics (1917), The new methods in Arithmetic (1921) e The Psychology of Arithmetic (1922). Como resultados, foi possível constatar que as teorias de Thorndike começaram a ser apropriadas por meio das revistas pedagógicas brasileiras a partir de referências às obras The Thorndike Arithmetics (1917) e The Psychology of Arithmetic (1922), citadas, respectivamente, na Revista do Ensino, de 1930 do estado de Minas Gerais, e por Murgel (1929), cujas datas são anteriores a publicação da obra traduzida A Nova Metodologia da Aritmética, de 1936. Os autores dos artigos efetuaram interpretações e usos de princípios para o ensino dos saberes elementares matemáticos, em relação, principalmente, à aspectos da resolução de problemas e aos testes, para criticar os problemas com enunciados fantasiosos, que dificilmente seriam vistos pelos alunos em uma situação real, e às maneiras de despertar o interesse do aluno, trabalhando o raciocínio e a formação de hábitos por meio do controle do tempo para a aprendizagem e do acompanhamento do desenvolvimento escolar. Tais identificações estavam associadas às orientações para professores à época. Assim, é possível afirmar que houve apropriação das teorias de Edward Lee Thorndike em revistas pedagógicas que circularam entre 1920 e 1960 no Brasil.

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M.Th. / The counseling' of Jay E Adams must be seen against the background of the rise of the Pastoral Care Movement and, together with it, the propagating of the eductive method of counseling which lays excessive emphasis on the needs of man and the inner potential of man to arrive at a solution of his own problems. Against a humanistic form of counseling, Adams stresses in particular the Scriptures as the counselor's textbook, and the role of sin in human suffering. His counseling has been judged and criticised in various circles, frequently without adequate substantiation or a satisfactory alternative. This dissertation is aimed at researching Adams' counseling thoroughly so that an alternative can be offered from a pentecostal perspective. First a comprehensive exposition was given of the core elements of Adams' counseling, that served as a foundation to discuss the positive and negative criticism of his work. The paradigms underpinning pentecostal thinking in general was also discussed, as the argument in this study was based on a pentecostal framework. Among other things the nature of man, the love and mercy of God, sin and the role of evil were examined. The author feels that no one specific model or technique of counseling can be promoted. Every person and every situation is unique. Therefore every counseling session will also be unique. For this reason it was decided to give guidelines rather than develop a model. Pentecostal counseling was approached from the perspective of systems-thinking and communicative action theory but was also directed by basic assumptions, among other things, that Jesus Christ is the centre of every counseling session (through the operation of the Holy Spirit) and that the congregation as a whole is the object of counseling. Finally the conclusion was reached that pentecostal counseling could definitely find common ground with the counseling of Jay E Adams, with certain adjustments based on pentecostal paradigms.

Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy, G.C.M.G., C.B., was in many respects a typical British colonial governor of the nineteenth century. His family was a branch of the noble Kennedy family headed by the Scottish Earls of Cassillis. His immediate ancestors were country squires in long possession of an ample and prosperous estate at Cultra, County Down in Northern Ireland. They were directly connected by marriage with the families of the Earls of Enniskillen and of Londonderry. Like other great landowners in their region, the Kennedys were resident and "improving" landlords, efficiently conscious of their obligations to their dependents. They were a typical service family, marked by a high degree of mental and physical vigour. They were members of the Church of England and Ireland and were intensely loyal to the British connection. The younger sons attained to good rank in the navy, the army and the colonial service. Arthur Edward was born at Cultra on April 9, 1809. He was brought up by pious and enlightened parents in a secure and happy home--the fifth child in a family of eleven children. He was educated at home by private tutor until 1823, when at the age of fourteen he went up to Trinity College, Dublin, for a year of contact with his fellows. His formal education was the typical classicism of the early nineteenth century--a process decried today, but nevertheless an integral part of a whole system that was highly effective for his class. The main effect of his youth was by its security to develop in him an assurance of the worth of his own ideas, a confident and gracious bearing, and a true kindliness. During his youth and young manhood, Arthur was influenced by several strong currents of thought that showed plainly in his later life. His class assumed that it was possessed of a monopoly of political wisdom. His outlook was therefore never democratic. Rather was it inspired by a belief that he was responsible for the welfare of people placed under his care. His region and his family were Tory. He became a Conservative in politics--influenced by the liberalism of his age. The basic influence of his childhood was the sturdy independence of the country squire--carried down to him from his eighteenth century ancestors by oft-repeated maxims. Arthur always held a firm belief in the virtue of self-reliance. He readily absorbed the policy of laissez-faire. Another major influence on his life was the strong force of Evangelical religion. It not only reinforced his family training in pious, upright and honourable conduct, but also helped to produce a certain narrow intensity and an intolerance of other opinion when he was sure that any chosen course of action was basically right. It possibly contributed to his habit of blunt statement of his belief or opinion. The strong humanitarianism predominant in the United Kingdom during his youth joined with Evangelicalism to produce in him a true feeling of brotherhood towards subject native peoples, a solicitude for the welfare of the African negro, a sincere interest in prison reform and the rehabilitation of convicts, a determination to curb the evils of liquor traffic and a desire to foster Bible societies and the Sunday school movement. Yet Arthur Kennedy was a typical product of his age in that his ideas were a product of compromise. Though he was never a radical in outlook, it is probable that he was influenced to some extent by Benthamite proposals so vigorously advanced during the period of his young manhood. Certainly his attitude toward education was broader than that of the average Evangelical. That attitude was to result in enlightened, practical and effective action for the establishment of common non-sectarian schools. He likewise gave strong support to mechanics' institutes and literary institutes. One of the finest products of the enlightenment of his childhood home was a sincere religious tolerance. In 1827 Arthur entered the army as an ensign in the 27th (or Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot. In the same year he transferred to the 11th Regiment of Foot because that unit suddenly had the prospect of active service in defence of the liberty of Portugal. The hope was disappointed and his regiment spent ten years of garrison duty in the Ionian isles. At the beginning of 1838, however, it was hurried to North America to suppress any further outbreak of rebellion in the Canadas and to ward off any attack from across the American border. At the beginning of 1839 Great Britain and the United States were brought very close to war over the Maine-New Brunswick boundary. The 11th Regiment was moved into the disputed territory and was there in the Madawaska forests during this dispute until its settlement in March. At that time Lieutenant Kennedy returned to Britain to be married. On the return of the 11th Regiment to the United Kingdom in 1840, he sold out and purchased a captaincy, unattached, on half-pay. For a time he entered imperial politics in the election campaign of 1841. However, when it appeared again that war might break out with the United States, he purchased a captaincy in a regiment that was being moved to strengthen the British army in North America, the 68th Regiment of Light Infantry. He was destined, however, to serve till 1844 in simple garrison duty in Canada. Kennedy was always interested in politics. During his army service in New Brunswick and in Canada, he had his one opportunity to observe colonial governors in action before he in turn became a governor. In the main he observed men--Sir John Harvey, Lord Sydenham and Sir Charles Metcalfe--who succeeded in uniting the functions of chief minister with that of governor. On the whole he saw successful opposition to the adoption of responsible government. In all the governors he observed, except Sir Charles Bagot, he saw men who successfully implemented their determination that the function of the governor was to govern. It is probable that these examples had a distinct bearing on his own ideas. He was always to prefer the more authoritative forms of government. His army experience was likewise instrumental in turning his mind toward a belief in the value of prompt punishment for any offence. Yet his officer's code deepened his habit of paternal care for the welfare of those placed under his charge. The sum of the influences of his army period on Kennedy was to reinforce his aptitude for crisp and efficient action and to deepen his tendency toward imperiousness. It was on May 18, 1839, that Arthur Kennedy married Georgina Macartney—daughter of a family very similar to his own. They had three children, Elizabeth, born in Montreal in 1842, Arthur, born in London in 1845, and Georgina, born in Ireland in 1846. In 1846 Captain Kennedy entered the humane service of relief of distress during the Irish famine. Early in 1847 he was a supervising inspector of relief measures under Sir John Burgoyne. From the fall of 1847 to 1851 he was a Poor Law inspector in Kllrush, County Clare, where he was responsible for the welfare of some eighty thousand people. In this service he faced danger of smallpox or fever, threats or actual attack on his person with equal indifference. Efficient in the management of his union, he demanded efficiency from his subordinates or ruthlessly drove them from the system. He was tireless and self-sacrificing in the service of the deserving poor. Yet he was determined that all able-bodied men should rely on their own exertions. When it became necessary to give them relief, he did so only in the work-house, and there he saw to it that they gave full return in hard work. His action was wisely based on his firm belief in the value of self-reliance. In this efficient union a larger part of expenditure was made for the benefit of those really in need of help than in any other union in this most distressed part of Ireland. Thereafter his memory was held in affectionate regard. In 1852 Arthur Kennedy was made governor of the negro colony of Sierra Leone. His regime was marked by encouragement of education. It was notable also for the first organized attention to sanitary reform that the colony had known--minor in degree but in advance of the age. The work was carried on not by the state, but by a voluntary improvement society under Kennedy’s leadership. The governor ruthlessly suppressed the vicious practice of selling apprenticed negro children to slavers just outside the colony--an abuse that had been the despair of his predecessors. There was some suspicion among his detractors that he had used arbitrary methods in achieving this desirable end. Sierra Leone depended on trade. Kennedy's management of trade regulations was characterized by a high degree of administrative skill. His handling of finances was likewise admirable. His flair for courtly language and ceremony, coupled with a true feeling of brotherhood with the negro, made him successful in handling complicated extra-territorial relations. As a result of that success a rich trading region, the Sherbro country, was brought Into closer relations with Britain--and in due course became part of the colony. While the governor was just and friendly in his dealings with nearby native chiefs, he was firm in his demands for reparation in the one instance when a British subject was seriously wronged during his regime. This union of courtesy, just dealing and firmness made his handling of relations with nearby tribes a real success. British prestige was thereby increased and trade improved. In spite of the importance of all trade relations, the governor refused to use money from the colonial treasury to build a wharf for the ships of the African Steamship Company and thereby earned some unpopularity from the ship captains of that powerful company. In Sierra Leone as elsewhere. Governor Kennedy was notable for his reverent attendance at the services of the Church of England. In this colony he sat with equanimity under a negro clergyman. In this colony the form of government made the governor supreme. He had sole charge of executive affairs and his Legislative Council was entirely appointive, consisting mainly of highly competent negro officials. These men were extremely loyal to Britain because of their gratitude for that country's blows against the slave trade. Their tendency was to be almost excessively deferential to the Queen's representative. The courtesy with which Governor Kennedy treated them, not only in official matters but in social affairs also, must have deepened their disposition to agree with his opinions and decisions with little debate. Sierra Leone proved to be the very type of colony in which Kennedy could most successfully improve the interests of the people and of the empire. Yet this experience tended to ingrain more deeply into him his early tendencies to dominance and to forthright statement of his opinion on every matter. These qualities of vigorous domination of any situation were shown as he returned home on the steamship Forerunner. When the ship was wrecked by the master's incompetent handling, the forceful governor controlled a panic-stricken crew and saved many lives. In 1855 Captain Kennedy was appointed to the governorship of the struggling colony of Western Australia. Handicapped by a mistaken land policy at its foundation, and further hampered by the application of the Wakefield land system when it was too late, this colony had been the scene of continued gloom and economic depression. In 1850 the system of transportation of convicts to this colony had been accepted in the hopes that the accompanying large imperial expenditures and assisted free immigration would bring prosperity. However, the impact of these expenditures, in the absence of increased production, resulted in such a high rate of importation that the colony plunged into a new depression. In that situation the influx of assisted free immigration was an embarrassment. It was necessary to establish the dole and to ask that immigration be stopped. The colonial treasury was in as bad shape as the economic condition of the people. In 1855, when Kennedy arrived, there were no funds available to pay the salaries of the officials, and the colony was deep in debt. Moreover, the imperial government, in view of its large expenditures in the colony for convicts, had just put Into force a reduction of grants in aid of government. Thus the new governor arrived when the people were in a surly mood of anger against a poor land system, an authoritative form of government and the failure of heavy imperial expenditures on convicts to cure the financial ills of the colony. Governor Kennedy met the financial bankruptcy of Western Australia with vigorous ruthlessness. He cut down the number of government employees, reduced expenditures, demanded work in return for the dole, and forced his appointive Legislative Council to agree to measures of greatly increased taxation. Although he was met with hatred for these stern measures, he succeeded in bringing the colony's decline to a halt. Kennedy's unpopularity was increased when he turned his attention to the evils of the liquor traffic. He saw that one of the most harmful features of this trade was the possession of licences by conditionally pardoned convicts who used their position to draw ticket-of-leave men into trouble and then blackmail them. Although the only condition of their pardon was that they might not return to the United Kingdom, Kennedy pushed through a law denying conditional pardon men the right to hold liquor licences. In this action he had the support of the leaders of his church, but his enemies rightly marked it as an arbitrary withdrawal of the rights of free men. This feature of the law was not confirmed by the home government. The efficient but unloved governor had in the meantime turned his attention to positive measures for bringing prosperity. Under his careful supervision his efficient Executive Council worked well and successfully to devise a completely new land system, the only one that had ever given general satisfaction in this colony. In a new spirit of confidence the people began to take up farming and pastoral lands. The governor had in the meantime been pushing forward a systematic policy of exploration for good pastoral land. This policy was successful. A great new area of suitable land was discovered in the northwest. Within a decade these vigorous and well-planned measures were to bring to Western Australia the first prosperity it had ever known. Still Kennedy was not popular. The reason anger was stirred so strongly against him was his stubborn adherence to any policy once marked out by careful investigation. He had clashed with vested interests over liquor licences. He came into conflict with vested interests again when he tried to bring lightermen in the ports under more efficient regulation. His greatest unpopularity was occasioned when he wisely refused to build a railway for the benefit of a private copper mining company. The governor made his decision on the basis of unduly fluctuating prices for copper on world markets. However, his enemies were able to stir up great anger against him because there was now a fat surplus in the colonial treasury, and his refusal to build the railway was regarded as parsimonious. Kennedy had other plans for that surplus. Without bothering to consult his Legislative Council, he spent it on a great programme of public works. Moreover, he earmarked a like sum from the revenues of the next year, although his term of office was up. His successor was forced to follow along the lines Kennedy had laid down and to regularize his domineering action. Yet the colony in the new prosperity brought by Kennedy’s wise measures was well able to afford these well-planned expenditures. One of the finest aspects of Kennedy's administration was his supervision of the convict system. The colonists did not like his policy because they rightly charged that he thought first in terms of imperial interest. He refused to use the convict labour to build many great public buildings for the use of the colonists. Instead, he kept the convicts away from the towns. His policy--in which he had the close cooperation of a humane and efficient comptroller of convicts--was as quickly as possible to get the convicts out of prison into work on road-building and land-clearing, and from there into private employment on ticket-of-leave. During this period of ticket-of-leave the men had strict supervision but were given every encouragement to succeed. This policy of trying to rehabilitate men by the healing power of hard work in the open country was one of true vision. Arthur Kennedy's governorship of Western Australia was marked by his imperious acceptance of the responsibility laid on his shoulders by an authoritative system of government. His tendency to dominance made him unpopular. Yet this man not only brought the colony into full stride of the only prosperity it had ever known, but his wise superintendence of the convict system gave to those convicts a greater chance to succeed in their new home. That was a gift of great worth to the colony. In 1862 Arthur Edward Kennedy was rewarded for his successful governorship of Western Australia by the order of Companion of the Bath. We see him at that time, still in the first part of his career as a colonial governor, enlightened, humane, efficient and upright, but marked by a stubborn adherence to his own plans and by a tendency to imperiousness that had been deeply ingrained In his character by the nature of his early governorships. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is divided into four main sections as outlined in the following paragraphs. After a brief introduction setting out the purposes and limitations of the thesis, we examine Marlowe’s critical reputation from his own time to the present. We find that he was largely ignored as a playwright until he was "rediscovered" by the Romantic critics at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These critics created the myth of Marlowe as a passionate young rebel against an orthodox world, a myth that persisted well into the twentieth century. When we come to the twentieth century, we divide Marlowe critics into the Romantic (those who maintain the image of Marlowe as a rebel against orthodoxy) and the anti-Romantic (those who view him as a traditionalist). Representative works from each group are examined. It is then decided that this thesis, while it does not deny the validity of the Romantic approach, is anti-Romantic since it seeks to emphasize the traditional side of Marlowe’s writing. We then proceed to a discussion of the morality play in order to set out a working definition of the genre. This is done by an examination of the sources and the history and development of the morality and by a more extensive examination of its outstanding characteristics. We find that there is present at least one of three basic themes: the conflict of good and evil for the soul of man, contempt of the world, and the debate of the Heavenly Virtues for the soul of man after death. Certain stock characters constantly reappear, the most important of which are the Everyman type, the Vice, the Devil, the Worldly Man, the Good and Evil Angels, and Death. Two basic structural types are used, the first showing a central character who is influenced by alternating groups of good and evil figures, and the second making use of a comic subplot, alternating scenes of moral didacticism with scenes of comic relief. Other characteristics of moralities are found to be the extensive use of debate and the lack of a realistic space-time concept. We then define the morality as a didactic play using one or more of the characteristic themes, stock characters, and one of the structural patterns outlined above. We then proceed to compare Edward II with this definition. Thematically, we find that the conflict between good and evil for control of man’s soul is present in the conflict between the nobles and Gaveston for control over the king. This is developed in the morality fashion, showing the central figure succumbing to vice, repenting, and ultimately gaining salvation. The theme of contempt of the world is also present particularly in the story of Mortimer and Isabella, whose rise and fall is found to follow the pattern of the "Worldly Man" morality. We then proceed to show that thematically Edward II is a combination of two morality play types, the "good and evil conflict" type and the "Worldly Man" type, and that the conflicting roles that characters are required to play in these two structures sometimes gives rise to character ambiguity. An examination of the character types present in the play shows that Edward plays the Everyman role in the "good and evil" structure and the Heavenly Man in the "Worldly Man" structure, Mortimer’s character is found to be ambiguous because he is forced to play a virtuous counsellor within one structure and the Worldly Man in the other. The same applies to Isabella. Less important characters lack this ambiguity and function in a more straightforward manner. Kent represents Moderation, Gaveston is the Vice, Spencer and Baldock are assistant Vices, Lightborn is Death, and Prince Edward is Justice. Structurally, Edward II follows the pattern of a central character coming under the influence of good and evil characters alternately. Debate is of limited importance in the play and the concept of time is loose, as is the concept of space. The thesis concludes that although there are a number of morality play elements in Edward II, the play cannot be regarded as a morality because it does not teach an overt lesson. Although certain precepts are embodied in the text of the play, Marlowe himself seems to withold moral judgment on the action. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

A warming Southern Ocean (SO), due to climate change and global warming, has many implications on the sub-Antarctic Islands in the SO. Due to the distance away from continental land these islands experience an oceanic climate, making them the perfect sentinels to climate change in this sector of the Southern Ocean. Studies have proposed that climate changes reported at the Prince Edward Islands (PEIs) correspond in time to a southward shift of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) particularly the Subantarctic Front (SAF). While other studies have shown distinctive trends in ocean and atmospheric parameters such as sea surface temperature (SST), air temperature, sunshine, rainfall, air sea level pressure and wind speed and direction from the 1950s to the early 2000s, the aim of this study is to update those studies to a more recent time with updated time series. Among the changes recorded is an increase in SST and air temperature, which is a strong indication of the changing local and global climate. Using linear regression, this study showed that the rates of increase from 1949 to 2018 of the SST (0.022°C/year), minimum (0.0072°C/year) and maximum air temperatures (0.016°C/year) are smaller than estimated in previous studies. The increasing trend in SST and air temperature reported by previous papers has actually stopped since the 2000s, which reduces the formerly reported trend (0.028°C/year). Although the in-situ measured SST data had gaps, a good correlation with in-situ SST and large scale satellite derived Reynolds SST help to corroborate the covariation between SST, in-situ SST and air temperature giving weight to the hypothesis of a reversal of the positive temperature trends reported by others. The change in decadal variability a decrease in air pressure of 4 hPa since the late 1990s to late 2000s, which coincided with a decrease in minimum and maximum air temperatures of 1°C over the same period; decrease in westerly wind and an increase in the northerly component of the wind, which would explain the decrease of inshore sea surface temperature a while thereafter. This study further corroborates previous findings of a continued decrease in rainfall, while the sunshine has largely remained the same. The seasonal cycle of the air pressure is significantly associated with that of rainfall, showing that the bimodal high air pressure signature resulting from the Semi-annual Oscillation (SAO) is associated with a decrease in rainfall. The Southern Annual Mode (SAM) was significantly yet weakly correlated with the SST (0.24), rainfall (-0.25) and air pressure (0.16), indicating that it does have an impact at the PEIs but not as strong as previously speculated. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has very weak and insignificant relationships with the parameters examined except for a weak relationship with in-situ SST, sunshine and air pressure. These new insights, especially at the decadal timescale, could further our insight on how subAntarctic islands have responded to climatic changes.

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