Energin är ett begrepp som används dagligen i vårt samhälle. Energin kan inte skapas men däremot kan den omvandlas till olika former, förbrukas och lagras i vissa fall. Men att omvandla energi från en form till en annan form för att sedan lagra den är en av dagens stora utmaningar inom tekniken då vi måste följa de regler som naturen dikterar. Forskning på detta område har pågått i flera decennier för att kunna ta fram lämpliga och effektiva sätt att lagra energi på. Svänghjul-system är ett sådant sätt där man kan lagra energi under begränsad tid. I mitt examensarbete har jag utnyttjat kunskapen som jag har lärt mig från elektronik kurserna för att konstruera en effektförstärkare med strömkontroll som användes för att driva ett svänghjul-system. Förstärkaren har byggts med elektronikkomponenter och styrs från datorn med m.h.a. styrprogrammet LabVIEW som kommunicerar med hårdvaran och kontrollerar svänghjulets rörelse.

<p>This thesis is the result of the author’s interest in music and electronics, namely the design and manufacturing of a stereo sound system with an active crossover. In short it can be stated that an active crossover has many advantages over its traditional passive counterpart. The active design naturally results in a more complex system comprised of a multiple number of components. </p><p>This report deals with the theoretical aspects of preamplifiers, crossovers and power amplifiers as well as power supply and control. The section about design accounts for the layout of the system and simulation results show how the system should work. The section regarding construction presents the practical stages of the project. Finally, measurements that were made are presented. </p><p>The constructed system contains a large number of components and subsystems. Despite that the subsystems has not been fully optimised regarding amplitude characteristics, noise and distortion the sound is euphonious. The sound is very detailed and well defined, except some problems with the bass that have to be solved. Another problem that needs attention is the relatively high noise level generated by the preamplifier.</p>

This thesis is the result of the author’s interest in music and electronics, namely the design and manufacturing of a stereo sound system with an active crossover. In short it can be stated that an active crossover has many advantages over its traditional passive counterpart. The active design naturally results in a more complex system comprised of a multiple number of components. This report deals with the theoretical aspects of preamplifiers, crossovers and power amplifiers as well as power supply and control. The section about design accounts for the layout of the system and simulation results show how the system should work. The section regarding construction presents the practical stages of the project. Finally, measurements that were made are presented. The constructed system contains a large number of components and subsystems. Despite that the subsystems has not been fully optimised regarding amplitude characteristics, noise and distortion the sound is euphonious. The sound is very detailed and well defined, except some problems with the bass that have to be solved. Another problem that needs attention is the relatively high noise level generated by the preamplifier.

<p>The purpose with the report is to show that it is possible to design a class-D amplifier, using a programmable FPGA mounted on a developing card from Xess and a H-bridge. The FPGA was programmed in VHDL which is the language the software from Xilinx use to implement a logical function into the FPGA The logical function corresponds to a modeling of the music signal and the modeling can be described as a comparator which compare the music signal with a triangle wave and as a out signal produce a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal. The report is also a review and evaluating of two different modulating technologies, AD- modeling and BD-modeling. A detailed part about how the H-bridge was designed and how it works. The result of this project is a working audio amplifier to a significant lower price than the products in todays market.</p>

The purpose with the report is to show that it is possible to design a class-D amplifier, using a programmable FPGA mounted on a developing card from Xess and a H-bridge. The FPGA was programmed in VHDL which is the language the software from Xilinx use to implement a logical function into the FPGA The logical function corresponds to a modeling of the music signal and the modeling can be described as a comparator which compare the music signal with a triangle wave and as a out signal produce a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal. The report is also a review and evaluating of two different modulating technologies, AD- modeling and BD-modeling. A detailed part about how the H-bridge was designed and how it works. The result of this project is a working audio amplifier to a significant lower price than the products in todays market.

Modern wireless communication techniques employed in the Wi-Fi® protocol, such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing exhibit analogue signals with high peak-to-average power ratio. Therefore, power amplifiers for Wi-Fi suffer from low efficiency when operating in back-off mode, away from their maximum efficiency at peak power. In recent years, digital power amplifiers have been developed to replace their analogue equivalent, taking advantage of easier scaling and circumventing transition frequency issues. Since the digital power amplifier technology for Wi-Fi application is recent, it has not yet replaced robust analogue amplifiers in industrial context. This work proposes to investigate the feasibility and complexity to replace an analogue amplifier with its digital counterpart, with at least the same specification. Among several possible architectures, the reverse class D is chosen for its apparent simplicity. It achieves low power loss into transistors parasitics by operating in square-current mode instead of voltage mode, hence displaying a current-based RF-DAC behaviour. After elaborating the core design with simple efficiency enhancement techniques specific to reverse class D, the layout of the circuitry has been designed. Post-layout simulations have shown the reverse class D digital amplifier designed in CMOS 22nm achieves the required specification of 18dBm average output power with -28dB error vector magnitude in the 2.4GHz range. This basic architecture achieves 19% average drain efficiency, a small improvement over its analogue equivalent currently in use. / Moderna trådlösa kommunikationstekniker som används i Wi-Fi®-protokollet, till exempel ortogonal frekvensdelningsmultiplexering, uppvisar analoga signaler med hög variation i amplitud. Därför har effektförstärkare för Wi-Fi låg verkningsgrad eftersom de arbetar i back-off-läge, långt ifrån sin maximala verkningsgrad vid hög uteffekt. Under de senaste åren har digitala effektförstärkare utvecklats för att byta ut deras analoga motsvarigheter. Eftersom digitala effektförstärkare för Wi-Fi är nya, har de ännu inte ersatt robusta analoga förstärkare i industriella sammanhang. I detta arbete föreslås en undersökning av genomförbarheten och komplexiteten i att ersätta en analog förstärkare med dess digitala motsvarighet, med åtminstone samma specifikation. Bland flera möjliga arkitekturer har den strömbaserade klass D valts på grund av sin enkelhet. Den uppnår låg effektförlust i transistorparasiter genom att arbeta i strömsläge istället för i spänningsläge, och fungerar som en strömbaserade RF-DAC. Efter att ha utarbetat kärnkonstruktionen med enkla tekniker för effektivitetsförbättring som är specifika för strömbaserade klass D har kretsens layout utformats. Simuleringar efter layouten har visat att den digitala förstärkaren i strömbaserade klass D som konstruerats i CMOS 22nm uppnår den nödvändiga specifikationen på 18 dBm genomsnittlig uteffekt med -28 dB felvektorstorlek vid 2,4 GHz. Denna arkitektur uppnår en genomsnittlig verkningsgrad på 19%, vilket är en liten förbättring jämfört med den analoga motsvarighet som för nuvarande används.