A educação reconhecidamente é um dos fatores mais relevantes para o progresso econômico de indivíduos e nações. Em especial, destaca-se aqui a educação fundamental, a qual prepara o ser humano para a vida adulta, trazendo-lhe conhecimentos fundamentais para a vida em sociedade. Destarte, compreende-se que o grau de escolaridade da população, e principalmente, a qualidade do ensino oferecido refletem diretamente na qualidade de vida das pessoas, bem como no aprimoramento do exercício da democracia e da cidadania. Atualmente, no Brasil, a educação fundamental é acessível à praticamente toda a população, contudo existe uma preocupação no tocante à qualidade deste serviço público. Tal percepção advém da análise dos resultados mais recentes das avaliações em larga escala, tanto em âmbito nacional pelo Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB), como internacional (Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Estudantes - PISA). Verificando-se a evolução histórica destes indicadores, percebe-se um distanciamento entre o desempenho da educação brasileira e dos países desenvolvidos, desta forma, surgem indagações acerca das possíveis causas geradoras desta disparidade. Neste sentido, a adequada alocação de recursos e a gestão administrativo-pedagógica das escolas mostram-se como sendo pontos relevantes, e que podem auxiliar na resolução deste problema. Com o intuito de contribuir para a resolução desta problemática, definiu-se como objetivo geral desta tese, a proposta de práticas administrativo-pedagógicas que possam colaborar para a melhoria no desempenho de escolas municipais do ensino fundamental, de baixo nível socioeconômico, no IDEB. Para tanto, os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados envolveram uma abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Na primeira etapa, foi utilizada a técnica Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), em conjunto com a análise de quintil e regressão logística, para que fosse possível realizar uma análise das informações oriundas das bases de dados governamentais (FINBRA, Prova Brasil e Censo Escolar). Num segundo momento, foram realizados estudos de múltiplos casos no estado do Ceará, a fim de se obter em loco informações que pudessem auxiliar na compreensão e explicação do fenômeno estudado. Por fim, as informações advindas de ambas etapas foram cruzadas e analisadas, chegando-se à proposta de catorze práticas administrativo-pedagógicas, que provavelmente podem gerar reflexos positivos no desempenho das escolas municipais do ensino fundamental, de baixo nível socioeconômico no IDEB. / Education is admittedly one of the most relevant factors for the economic progress of individuals and nations. In particular, it\'s highlight here the fundamental education, which prepares the human being for adult life, bringing him elementaty knowledge for live in society. Thus, it is understood that the educational level of the population, and especially the quality of education offered, directly reflect the quality of life of the people, as well as the improvement of the exercise of democracy and citizenship. Currently, in Brazil, basic education is accessible to practically the entire population, however there is a concern regarding the quality of this public service. This perception comes from the analysis of the most recent results of large-scale evaluations both at the national level by the Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) and international (International Student Assessment Program - PISA). Verifying the historical evolution of these indicators, reveals a gap between the performance of Brazilian education and the developed countries, in this way, emerge questions about the possible causes of this disparity. In this sense, the adequate allocation of resources and the administrative-pedagogical management of the schools are shown as relevant points, and that can help in solving this problem. In order to contribute to the solution of this problem, the general objective of this thesis was to propose administrative and pedagogical practices that could contribute to the improvement of the performance of low socio-economic primary schools in IDEB. Therefore, the methodological procedures used here involved a quantitative and qualitative approach. In the first stage, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was used, together with quintile analysis and logistic regression, so that it was possible to perform an analysis of information from governmental databases (FINBRA, Prova Brasil and Censo Escolar). In a second moment, studies of multiple cases were carried out in the state of Ceará, in order to obtain information that could help in the understanding and explanation of the phenomenon studied. Finally, the information from both stages was cross-referenced and analyzed, reaching the proposal of fourteen administrative and pedagogical practices, which can probably generate positive effects on the performance of municipal schools of elementary education, of low socioeconomic level in the IDEB.

A educação reconhecidamente é um dos fatores mais relevantes para o progresso econômico de indivíduos e nações. Em especial, destaca-se aqui a educação fundamental, a qual prepara o ser humano para a vida adulta, trazendo-lhe conhecimentos fundamentais para a vida em sociedade. Destarte, compreende-se que o grau de escolaridade da população, e principalmente, a qualidade do ensino oferecido refletem diretamente na qualidade de vida das pessoas, bem como no aprimoramento do exercício da democracia e da cidadania. Atualmente, no Brasil, a educação fundamental é acessível à praticamente toda a população, contudo existe uma preocupação no tocante à qualidade deste serviço público. Tal percepção advém da análise dos resultados mais recentes das avaliações em larga escala, tanto em âmbito nacional pelo Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB), como internacional (Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Estudantes - PISA). Verificando-se a evolução histórica destes indicadores, percebe-se um distanciamento entre o desempenho da educação brasileira e dos países desenvolvidos, desta forma, surgem indagações acerca das possíveis causas geradoras desta disparidade. Neste sentido, a adequada alocação de recursos e a gestão administrativo-pedagógica das escolas mostram-se como sendo pontos relevantes, e que podem auxiliar na resolução deste problema. Com o intuito de contribuir para a resolução desta problemática, definiu-se como objetivo geral desta tese, a proposta de práticas administrativo-pedagógicas que possam colaborar para a melhoria no desempenho de escolas municipais do ensino fundamental, de baixo nível socioeconômico, no IDEB. Para tanto, os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados envolveram uma abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Na primeira etapa, foi utilizada a técnica Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), em conjunto com a análise de quintil e regressão logística, para que fosse possível realizar uma análise das informações oriundas das bases de dados governamentais (FINBRA, Prova Brasil e Censo Escolar). Num segundo momento, foram realizados estudos de múltiplos casos no estado do Ceará, a fim de se obter em loco informações que pudessem auxiliar na compreensão e explicação do fenômeno estudado. Por fim, as informações advindas de ambas etapas foram cruzadas e analisadas, chegando-se à proposta de catorze práticas administrativo-pedagógicas, que provavelmente podem gerar reflexos positivos no desempenho das escolas municipais do ensino fundamental, de baixo nível socioeconômico no IDEB. / Education is admittedly one of the most relevant factors for the economic progress of individuals and nations. In particular, it\'s highlight here the fundamental education, which prepares the human being for adult life, bringing him elementaty knowledge for live in society. Thus, it is understood that the educational level of the population, and especially the quality of education offered, directly reflect the quality of life of the people, as well as the improvement of the exercise of democracy and citizenship. Currently, in Brazil, basic education is accessible to practically the entire population, however there is a concern regarding the quality of this public service. This perception comes from the analysis of the most recent results of large-scale evaluations both at the national level by the Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) and international (International Student Assessment Program - PISA). Verifying the historical evolution of these indicators, reveals a gap between the performance of Brazilian education and the developed countries, in this way, emerge questions about the possible causes of this disparity. In this sense, the adequate allocation of resources and the administrative-pedagogical management of the schools are shown as relevant points, and that can help in solving this problem. In order to contribute to the solution of this problem, the general objective of this thesis was to propose administrative and pedagogical practices that could contribute to the improvement of the performance of low socio-economic primary schools in IDEB. Therefore, the methodological procedures used here involved a quantitative and qualitative approach. In the first stage, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was used, together with quintile analysis and logistic regression, so that it was possible to perform an analysis of information from governmental databases (FINBRA, Prova Brasil and Censo Escolar). In a second moment, studies of multiple cases were carried out in the state of Ceará, in order to obtain information that could help in the understanding and explanation of the phenomenon studied. Finally, the information from both stages was cross-referenced and analyzed, reaching the proposal of fourteen administrative and pedagogical practices, which can probably generate positive effects on the performance of municipal schools of elementary education, of low socioeconomic level in the IDEB.

This paper provides a systematic review of the literature that employs stochastic frontier analysis to measure the efficiency of higher education institutions. The overview opens with a look at the general development of the literature, before emphasis is laid on the methodical aspects. Focus is thereby placed on the necessary underlying assumptions and the employed specifications, discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Afterwards, the factors that were specified in the literature, including the input and output variables, as well as the determinants of efficiency, are discussed in detail. Based on the insights of the literature review, the paper highlights some of the existing deficiencies and ways forward. To our knowledge, the present study provides the first systematic review on the usage of the stochastic frontier analysis to measure efficiency in the higher education sector.

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of principals from around the world regarding the perceived skill set necessary for success before, during, and after the coronavirus pandemic. While many school facilities closed during the public health crisis, the learning continued. During the pandemic, educational leaders were tasked with creating environments that allowed students to thrive academically, behaviorally, and emotionally from beyond the classroom walls. By identifying the perceived skill set required to lead an effective school building before and then during the pandemic, a greater understanding of the future of education can be ascertained. The study involved interviewing fourteen school leaders from around the world (seven from the United States and seven internationally). The interview questions probed the perceived necessary skills for the functioning of successful school buildings prior to, during, and then after the coronavirus pandemic. The outcome of the study provides opportunities for school leaders and human resource personnel to identify characteristics essential for success in a world changed by the global pandemic. By analyzing the perceptions of necessary skills to lead successful schools during the coronavirus crisis through a comparative approach, a dedication of resources for improving the quality of the leadership within school buildings moving forward can be adapted. / Doctor of Education / The global coronavirus health crisis greatly impacted schools, learning, and leadership. Through a comparative approach, we have an opportunity to learn from each other and make crucial changes moving forward to garner more success. The influence of comparative education on school leadership preparation was identified in the review of literature. American and international school leaders who were impacted by the coronavirus was the specific area the researcher focused on for this study. This qualitative study focused on the perceptions of school leaders on the skills necessary for success before, during, and then after the health crisis. Data was collected through the interviews of fourteen school leaders (seven from the United States and seven from around the world). Through this study, the researcher identified seven findings and four implications. One limitation for this study was the small sample size. A suggestion for future research would be to investigate how important the vision of a school building is to the overall leadership attributes by interviewing the leadership teams and then the teachers they serve to discover if there is alignment by triangulating student assessment data, staff climate surveys, and student climate surveys.

O Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Ideb) é um importante indicador que tem como objetivo mensurar o desempenho dos estudantes ao final de cada uma das etapas do ensino fundamental e, consequentemente, identificar como está a qualidade da educação no país. Embora exista ao longo dos anos uma pequena evolução nos indicadores, ainda está aquém das metas estipuladas pelo governo. No mesmo sentido, também é baixo o desempenho dos estudantes no PISA (Programa Internacional de Avaliação dos Estudantes) quando se comparado aos demais países da OCDE (Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico). Em contrapartida, apesar do desempenho estudantil estar abaixo da média internacional, observa-se que os valores gastos em educação pelo governo brasileiro no ano de 2013 foram acima dos valores investidos pelos países da OCDE. Assim, diante da discrepância observada nos desempenhos dos alunos em testes padronizados dentro ou fora do país, questiona-se se os valores gastos em educação são mal administrados ou se estão sendo insuficientes. Com isso, faz-se necessário identificar quais práticas estão sendo desempenhadas pelas escolas para que obtenham desempenhos diferentes. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é propor práticas administrativo-pedagógicas que podem ser utilizadas como referência na gestão de escolas do ensino fundamental II e que colaborem para o seu desempenho no Ideb. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas, quantitativa e qualitativa, em que, na etapa quantitativa, foi desenvolvido um modelo de eficiência para que, por meio da Análise por Envoltória de Dados (DEA), fosse criado um ranking de eficiência relativa de escolas de ensino fundamental II considerando o nível socioeconômico, o investimento médio por aluno dos anos de 2009 a 2012 e o desempenho no Ideb de cada escola no ano de 2013. A partir do ranking criado, foi realizada a análise de quintil e a regressão truncada a partir das bases do Censo Escolar e Questionários da Prova Brasil. No intuito de compreender o fenômeno estudado, foram realizados estudos de casos em oito escolas de quatro municípios localizados no estado de São Paulo. Por fim, em compilação das duas etapas, chegou-se a treze práticas administrativo-pedagógicas como proposta do trabalho. As práticas envolvem diretores, secretários municipais, pais e professores em ações relativas as áreas financeiras, gestão de pessoas, operacional e pedagógica / The Basic Education Development Index (Ideb) is an important indicator that aims to measure the performance of students at the end of each stage of elementary education and, consequently, to evaluate the quality of education in Brazil. Although the results of last few years shown a slight evolution, it is still below the targets stipulated by the government. In the same sense, the performance of students in PISA (International Student Assessment Program) is also low especially when comparing Brazil\'s performance with other OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) countries. Although students\' performance is below international average in 2013, it is observed that the amount spent by the Brazilian government is well above the OECD average, thus, this discrepancy in results of Brazilian or international standardized tests are being questioned whether the amounts spent on education are mismanaged or whether the values are insufficient. So, it is necessary to identify which practices have being carried out by the best schools to obtain better performances. Considering these arguments, the main purpose of this thesis was to propose administrative and pedagogical practices that can be used as a reference in the management of elementary education II schools to collaborate for the performance in Ideb. The research was carried out in two stages, in the first one, the quantitative stage, an efficiency model was developed to be used with the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique, considering the socioeconomic level, the average investment per student from the years 2009 to 2012 and the performance school in the Ideb in 2013. The results of this stage showed a ranking of relative efficiency of elementary schools II, providing inputs to a quintile analysis and the truncated regression which used the bases of the School Census and Questionnaires of the Brazilian Exam (Prova Brasil) as independent variables. The second stage was then executed by case studies that were carried out in eight schools in four municipalities located in the São Paulo State. In the compilation of the quantitative and qualitative steps, there were found thirteen administrative and pedagogical practices that can assist in the management of elementary schools II with a higher socioeconomic level. The practices involve principals, municipal secretaries, parents and teachers in actions related to financial areas, people management, operational (didactic and infrastructure resources) and pedagogical resources

Evaluations of the Higher Education Sector are receiving increased attention, due to the rising expenditures and the absence of efficiency enhancing market pressure. To what extent universities are able to eliminate inefficiency is a question that has only partially been answered. This paper argues that heterogeneity among universities as well as persistent inefficiency hinder the institutions to achieve full efficiency - at least in the short run. Two standard and one novel specification of the Stochastic Frontier Analysis are applied to a new, comprehensive set of panel data to show how the standard efficiency evaluation changes when both aspects are taken into account. It is the first time that the idea of persistent inefficiency is considered in the analysis of the German Higher Education Sector. The comparison reveals that the disregard of heterogeneity distorts the estimation results towards lower efficiency values. The newly introduced specification improves the accuracy of the heterogeneity assumption and exposes that inefficiency tends to be long term and persistent rather than short term and residual. This implies that increasing efficiency requires a comprehensive change of the university structure.