Cette thèse s'intéresse aux effets de l'environnement concurrentiel de l'entreprise sur la rémunération incitative et sur l'effort de son dirigeant. Elle comporte trois essais, traitant chacun d'un aspect spécifique de cette problématique. En premier lieu, nous étudions, au travers d'un modèle théorique, le schéma de rémunération optimal et le niveau d'effort à l'équilibre. L'effet de la concurrence est analysé par l'entrée d'une entreprise sur un marché monopolistique. Ainsi, nous comparons les schémas de rémunération et le niveau d'effort du dirigeant entre ceux caractéristiques d'une situation de monopole et d'un duopole à la Cournot. Ce modèle est ensuite étendu à l'hypothèse d'aversion à l'inégalité. Nous montrons que l'entrée d'une entreprise affecte négativement la rémunération incitative et le niveau d'effort. Aussi, face à un dirigeant averse à l'inégalité, l'entreprise doit proposer une rémunération plus élevée afin d'implémenter le même niveau d'effort. En second lieu, nous examinons grâce à l'outil expérimental les prédictions théoriques de ces deux modèles. Nous confirmons ainsi que l'entrée d'une entreprise sur le marché réduit la rémunération incitative du dirigeant. En revanche, malgré cette réduction, le dirigeant continue à fournir le même niveau d'effort. Enfin, en troisième lieu, nous introduisons dans une nouvelle expérience la compétition entre les dirigeants en créant un différentiel de rémunération. Nous montrons que cette compétition permet à l'entreprise de réduire encore la rémunération de son dirigeant en duopole. De plus, le dirigeant compare sa rémunération avec le profit de son entreprise d'une part et avec celle de l'autre dirigeant d'autre part et cette double comparaison affecte son niveau d'effort. / This dissertation analyzes the effects of the competition on the managerial incentives and effort. The dissertation is made of three essays, each dealing with a particular aspect of the general setting. Firstly, based on a model, we focus on the compensation schemes and the effort level of the manager in equilibrium. We examine the effects of a firm entry on the monopolistic market on these schemes and on the effort level. In this model we then introduce an additional assumption that managers are averse to inequity. We show that the firm entry affects negatively both the incentive compensation and the effort level. Furthermore, the firm has to propose a high compensation so as to implement the same effort level if the manager is inequity averse. Secondly, we test the theoretical predictions of these models in the laboratory. We confirm that the firm entry reduces the incentive compensation. In return, the manager continues to supply the same effort level in spite of the reduction of the incentive compensation. Finally, we implement, in a new experiment, the competition between the managers. We show that the competition allows the firm to reduce the compensation for her manager in the duopoly environment. Furthermore, the manager compares his compensation to the firm's profit and to the other manager's compensation. These comparisons have significant effects on the manager's level of effort.

Le but de cette thèse est de lire les textes de Maine de Biran comme une philosophie de l’apparition du moi et de la genèse de la pensée réflexive. Les deux premiers chapitres mesurent la portée des critiques biraniennes de l’innéisme du sujet à l’époque de sa « révolution totale » de 1804. Il s’agit de ses critiques de Destutt de Tracy et de Locke. Ces deux prédécesseurs, présupposant l’idée du moi déjà formée et une réflexion déjà complète, laissaient incomplètes leurs recherches du sujet pensant. Par les critiques de ces deux penseurs, Biran approfondit sa conception de la « réflexion », en la fondant sur la naissance du moi. Les chapitres 3 et 4 thématisent les deux fruits de ces critiques, à savoir le parallélisme psycho-physiologique que Biran applique à la recherche de l’apparition du sujet d’une part, et de l’autre le concept de « réflexion » en tant que processus d’approfondissement du point de vue interne. Le chapitre 3 examine les considérations biraniennes sur l’apparition d’un individu voulant et conscient, en référant ses critiques de Xavier Bichat. Cette recherche concerne le passage entre l’involontaire et le volontaire, relié par la spontanéité. Le dernier chapitre explique le concept biranien de réflexion comme un processus de formation de la pensée réfléchie ayant la différence de degrés de profondeur. Ce chapitre montre que ce concept permet de relier la première aperception sensible à la « réflexion supérieure » qui fournit les notions métaphysiques, et que ce processus peut être analysé en deux aspects : redoublement de l’aperception et concentration vers l’aperception immédiate. / The purpose of this thesis is to read the texts of Maine de Biran as a philosophy of the appearance of the self and the genesis of reflective thinking. The first two chapters measure the reach of criticism which Biran did toward the supposition of the innate subject at the time of his "total revolution" of 1804. It is his criticism of Destutt de Tracy and Locke. Two predecessors, presupposing the idea of the self already formed and the reflection already completed, left their researches of the thinking subject incomplete. By critics of these two thinkers, Biran deepened his understanding of "reflection", and based it on the birth of the self. Chapters 3 and 4 examine two fruits of these criticisms, namely the psycho-physiological parallelism which Biran applies to the research on the appearance of the self, and the concept of "reflection" as the process of deepening the internal point of view. Chapter 3 examines considerations of Biran on the appearance of a willing and conscious individual, referring to his criticism of Xavier Bichat. This research concerns the transition between the involuntary and the voluntary, which the spontaneity connects. The last chapter explains the concept of reflection as a formation process of reflective thought with the difference of degrees of depth. This chapter shows that this concept serves to connect the first apperception to the "réflexion supérieure" that provides metaphysical notions, and that this process can be analyzed in two aspects: duplication of the apperception and concentration to the immediate apperception.

Un effort phonatoire intense ou prolongé peut causer des lésions des plis vocaux et une dysphonie. L’effort correspond à la perception, par un individu, de la force qu’il déploie pour réaliser une activité, ici la phonation visant à faire vibrer périodiquement les plis vocaux pour produire la voix dans la parole. L’évaluation de cet effort doit donc reposer, au moins, sur deux mesures, l’une perceptive et l’autre physique. Pour développer de telles mesures, il est nécessaire de dissocier l’effort phonatoire de la dysphonie, d’une part, et de l’effort articulatoire, d’autre part. Nous avons réalisé des expériences chez un grand nombre de sujets sains, en faisant varier l’effort phonatoire. Nous avons comparé les consonnes voisées et non voisées, ainsi que la parole vocale modale usuelle et non usuelle, c’est-à-dire différant par l’intensité, la hauteur et la qualité de la voix. Nous avons testé une mesure d’auto-perception de l’effort dans des comparaisons de syllabes par paires : le taux de difficulté ressenti pendant la production des consonnes voisées, par rapport aux non voisées. Le score moyen s’élevait à 22 sur 36, soit 61 pourcents. Nous avons aussi adapté une mesure acoustique de l’effort phonatoire : la fréquence fondamentale relative (RFFa). Les valeurs de RFFa, notamment à l’initiation de la voyelle post-consonantique, étaient plus basses, indiquant un effort plus important, pour les consonnes voisées que pour les non voisées et pour la voix forte-aigüe-pressée que pour la voix usuelle. Ces valeurs étaient cohérentes avec les mesures aérodynamiques réalisées. Nous avons également appliqué les deux mesures développées à des patients, dont nous présentons les cas. / An intense or prolonged phonatory effort can induce vocal fold lesions and dysphonia. The effort corresponds to the perception, by an individual, of the exertion to perform an activity, here the phonation aiming to create a periodic vibration the vocal folds in order to produce the voice during speech. Therefore, the evaluation of phonatory effort must rely, at least, on two measures, one perceptive and another physical. To develop such measures, it is necessary to dissociate phonatory effort from dysphonia, on the one hand, and from articulatory effort, on the other hand. We have conducted experiments in a large number of healthy subjects, by varying the phonatory effort. We compared voiced and voiceless consonants, as well as usual and unusual modal vocal speech, the last one differing in intensity, pitch, and voice quality. We tested a self-perception measurement in pair comparisons of syllables: the rate of difficulty felt during the production of the voiced consonants, compared to voiceless ones. The average score was 22 out of 36, or 61 percents. We also adapted an acoustic measure of phonatory effort: the relative fundamental frequency (RFFa). The values of RFFa, especially at the initiation of post-consonantal vowels, were lower, indicating a greater effort, for the voiced consonants than for the voiceless ones, and for the loud-high-pressed voice than for the usual voice. These values were consistent with the aerodynamic measurements we made. We also applied the two developed measures to patients and we presented their cases.

<p>  </p> <p>Some of the variability found in measures of mental workload (see e.g. Singleton et al. 1973; Wierwille and Connor 1983; Steelman-Allen et al. 2011; Casner and Gore 2010) may be due to the effort applied to the task by participants, rather than by the independent variable of interest. If true, capturing and removing the variation due to ‘applied effort’ could improve the ability of studies to detect effects of interest. </p> <p>While introducing participants to two sub-tasks derived from Multi-Attribute Task Battery II (Santiago-Espada et al. 2011), the study investigated the influence of applied effort on MATB-II performance measures of mental workload while holding other effects constant. Two groups of participants each completed easy and hard trials of MATB-II-derived sub-tasks. Treatment group of participants was offered an additional reward if they achieved a sufficiently high performance.</p> <p>The treatment group performed better by just under 4% in both easy and hard trials which provides a suggestion about the size of the effect of applied effort in this study. </p> <p>Additionally pilot error analysis was performed using Tracking task results. Error probability distributions did not fit known distributions and did not show consistent difference between treatment and control groups. Novel method of distribution “tails” comparison showed significant difference in extreme error durations, extents and delays between treatment and control groups.</p> <p>Measuring or controlling for applied effort can improve the ability of researchers to determine the effects of interventions on workload measures by reducing the amount of variability that is captured as error. Also, “tails” method seems to be a viable tool in comparing probability  </p>

Species associations of fifteen major commercial groundfish species in the northeastern Pacific ocean and their spatial and temporal characteristics were studied using Oregon bottom trawl logbook data, 1987 to 1993. Screening procedures were used to remove questionable data from the original logbook files, which resulted in the exclusion of information from 46% of the total available tows. Two multivariate methods, detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and Ward's method of hierarchical cluster analysis were used to derive the association patterns of species and species groups. A general linear model that was developed for the primary DCA axis suggested that the species associations are strongly correlated with depth, but minimally correlated with the other environmental variables that were examined (latitude, season, and year). The weak correlations between DCA axis 1 and the temporal variables indicate that species associations in the study region are fairly persistent over time. The same multivariate techniques were used to examine possible sampling effects due to changes in the participating trawl vessels that contributed logbook information. Depth and latitudinal distributions of species occurrence in the logbook were similar to distributions derived from National Marine Fishery Service triennial bottom trawl survey. However, the analysis also showed that the depth coverage by the survey is not broad enough to accurately characterize associations among species that are currently subject to commercial fishing activity. / Graduation date: 1998

In 2005, the North Carolina General Assembly and North Carolina Governor Mike Easley requested that the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) coordinate a study to investigate issues related to hunting on Sunday in North Carolina. In particular, NCWRC was most interested in identifying stakeholders and their views on hunting on Sunday, and estimating the potential impacts of hunting on Sunday on hunter recruitment and retention. I developed a 12-page questionnaire that was sent to a random sample of 2,400 licensed resident hunters in North Carolina. The questionnaire was used to assess their views and opinions about hunting on Sunday and to estimate the potential impacts of hunting on Sunday on hunting participation. The final response rate was 41.6%. The issue of hunting on Sunday in North Carolina was strongly polarized: 38% of respondents strongly supported hunting on Sunday and 39% strongly opposed. Older hunters and those who frequently attended church or another place of worship were most opposed to hunting on Sunday. Although many respondents originally voiced support, many of these same individuals opposed hunting on Sunday if some limitations were imposed. The exact effect on hunter recruitment was not determined by this research effort; however, I found evidence that the opportunity to hunt on Sunday may have some positive impact on hunting participation. Hunters who previously had taken an adult friend, family member, or youth hunting in North Carolina indicated they would do so again if presented with an opportunity to hunt on Sunday. However, the opportunity to hunt on Sunday had little influence on persuading hunters who had not previously taken an adult friend, family member, or youth hunting on Sunday to do so. Most respondents (60%) indicated they would hunt at least the same number of days or more days (37%) if hunting on Sunday was legalized. Specifically, respondents indicated that they would hunt an average of 7 additional days that did not involve an overnight stay and take an average of 1.9 more overnight hunting trips if hunting on Sunday was legalized. Thus, legalization of hunting on Sunday likely would increase hunting participation, but would have unknown effects on hunter recruitment and retention. In addition to assessing opinions about hunting on Sunday, I explored North Carolina hunters' satisfaction with hunting experiences, motivations for hunting, and constraints to hunting participation. Overall, North Carolina hunters were satisfied with both their hunting experiences during the 2005-2006 season and the previous 5 seasons. Satisfaction with hunting experiences in North Carolina was derived from many factors (e.g., see wildlife, spend time in the field/woods). Hunters in North Carolina identified a diverse array of motivations for hunting such as to experience natural surroundings, to enjoy the outdoors, and to enjoy solitude. North Carolina hunters responding to my survey identified constraints associated with time, not enough game animals, and confusing hunting regulations as major impediments to their hunting activity in North Carolina. The question of whether removing the current ban on hunting on Sunday in North Carolina would alleviate time constraints remains unanswered. Permitting hunting on Sunday may provide an additional day of hunting opportunities for North Carolina hunters; it also would provide a means to increase satisfaction with and motivations for hunting in North Carolina for some hunters. This research effort provided valuable information about hunting and hunters in North Carolina. Careful consideration of this information is needed to encourage hunter recruitment and retention, and to combat further declines in hunting participation; however, this information should be integrated with biologically-based management goals and objectives. / Master of Science

No description available.

L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est caractérisée par une augmentation progressive des résistances vasculaires pulmonaires, conduisant à l’insuffisance cardiaque droite et au décès. Malgré les traitements spécifiques, les patients hypertendus pulmonaires conservent une pauvre qualité de vie et une intolérance à l’effort marquée. Les causes de l’intolérance à l’effort en HTAP sont multiples et demeurent mal définies, encore aujourd’hui. Le présent mémoire a pour but l’exploration des différentes causes de l’intolérance à l’effort en HTAP, notamment l’oxygénation musculaire périphérique. Notre étude a permis de mettre en lumière que l’apport en oxygène au niveau des muscles était diminué en HTAP et que cette diminution pouvait influencer la tolérance à l’effort. Finalement, nous avons réalisé une étude pilote qui a démontré que l’utilisation de la ventilation non-invasive durant l’effort n’avait pas d’impact positif sur l’oxygénation et la perfusion des muscles périphériques ni sur la tolérance à l’effort.

No description available.

Performing a migration of a legacy system can often be a daunting task. However, there often comes a time where maintaining a legacy system is not profitable. At such a time, estimating how much effort is required to perform a migration can be vital for the legacy system holders. There is a lack of research that shows the effort distribution for migrations of small legacy systems.The contribution of this thesis is an effort distribution for a framework for migrations called Small System Migration Framework (SSMF) and SSMF. The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate how the effort is distributed over different activities when migrating a small legacy system. The goal of the thesis is to help provide a basis for the estimation process during migrations. This was done by documenting how effort is distributed over different activities contained in SSMF.This thesis takes an abductive approach, combining an inductive approach used in the creation of a framework and a deductive approach to document how effort was distributed during the migration. A framework was created using the literature study and this framework was used to conduct a migration.The result of this thesis was an updated framework and a table presenting the effort distribution of the migration. The framework showed factors that were influential when migrating the system. The effort distribution presents how effort is distributed over activities and shows which activities during the migration required more effort.Finally the thesis concludes that effort is highly centered around the preparation phase of the migration. Understanding legacy systems can be a challenge, lacking documentation and issues brought by the lack of maintenance results in high effort during this phase. Allocating more resources for the preparation phase and having access to people with experience during the preparation phase would likely make for a smoother transition with less unidentified problems appearing. / Att utföra en migration av ett ”legacy” system kan ofta vara en skrämmande uppgift. Det kommer dock ofta en tidpunkt då det inte längre är lönsamt att underhålla ett legacy system. Vid en sådan tidpunkt kan estimering av hur mycket insats som krävs för att utföra en migrering vara vital för ägarna av legacy systemet. Det finns en avsaknad av forskning som visar hur insats är fördelad för migrationer av små system.Bidraget av denna avhandling är ett ramverk för migrationer kallat Small System Migration Framework (SSMF) och en insats fördelning for SSMF. Ändamålet för avhandlingen är att evaluera hur insats är fördelad över olika aktiviteter vid migrering av små ”legacy” system. Målet med avhandlingen är att hjälpa förse en bas för estimeringsprocessen under migrering. Detta gjordes genom att dokumentera hur insats var fördelad över olika aktiviter i SSMF.Denna avhandling använde sig av ett abduktiv tillvägagångsätt, en kombination av ett induktivt tillvägagångssätt i skapandet av ett ramverk och ett deduktivt tillvägagångsätt i dokumenteringen av hur insats var fördelad under migrationen. En litteratur studie gjordes för att skapa ramverket och detta ramverk användes sedan för att göra en migrering.Resultatet av fallstudien var ett uppdaterat ramverk och en tabell som presenterar insatsfördelningen för en migrering. Ramverket visade faktorer som var inflytelserika vid migrering av systemet. Insatsfördelningen presenterade hur insats var fördelat mellan olika aktiviter och vilka aktiviteter som krävde mer insats under migreringen.Slutligen sammanfattar avhandlingen att insats är högt centrerad runt förberedelsefasen vid migrering. Att förstå legacy system kan vara en utmaning, bristande dokumentation och problem från bristande underhåll resulterar i hög insatsfördelning i denna fas. Allokering av mer resurser vid förberedelsefasen och att ha tillgång till personer med erfarenheter vid förberedelsefasen skulle troligen ge en mjukare övergång med mindre oidentifierade problem som visar sig.