<p>Two studies examined whether stereotypes can be created using different learning paradigms and whether the resulting stereotypes will have different properties that affect their activation, suppression, and explicit knowledge. In the Pilot Study, participants were able to learn to use clothing cues to predict membership using both an explicit paradigm that made declarative statements of group membership and an implicit paradigm based on feedback learning. In Study 1, implicit learners performed worse after a depletion task and better following a control task. Explicit learners did not change based on the depletion task. High trait self-control as measured by the Brief Self-Control Scale was shown to predict better performance in depleted implicit learners and worse performance in depleted explicit learners. In Study 2, participants in both the implicit and explicit learning conditions saw decreases in performance when trying to inhibit a previously learned cue. Trait self-control did not predict the ability to suppress the use of a specific cue. In both studies implicit learners made more accurate estimations of the cue probabilities, suggesting a stronger explicit knowledge of the relationship between the cues and group membership. These results provide initial evidence that the method of stereotype learning can have an impact on later stereotype usage although the mechanisms that lead to these differences require additional research.</p> / Dissertation

The current study tested the effect of ego resilience on engagement and achievement as mediated by social relatedness, using three waves of data and controlling for the stability of each construct as well as within wave correlations among study variables. Using structural equation modeling, we were able to control for the stability of each construct as well as the within wave correlations of residual error variances between constructs. The model also took into account the transactional properties of academic engagement and academic achievement. Furthermore, the study tested the moderation effects of gender on each theoretically-significant path. Despite the models having adequate fit indices, in the larger context of the model the hypothesis that ego resiliency predicts subsequent social relatedness was not supported in either reading or math revised models. Because of this, the overall study hypothesis that social relatedness would mediate the relationship between ego resiliency and subsequent academic engagement and achievement was not supported. However, there were several findings of interest. The results of this study were consistent with the reasoning that social relatedness helps children feel more accepted and supported by peers and teachers, therefore promoting more classroom engagement. Findings suggested that, while social interactions seem to impact students? academic engagement across in the subsequent year, their level of ego resilience at school entry appears to be an important long-term contributor to math achievement two years later. The moderation analyses indicated that ego resilience had more effect on boys? reading achievement and academic engagement two years later. Study limitations and implications were also discussed.

Thesis--Heidelberg. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 222-224).

Svarbus ir atsakingas gyvenimo tarpsnis tarp vaikystės ir suaugusiojo žmogaus yra vadinama paauglyste. Tai - didelių biologinių, kognityvinių, psichologinių permainų metas. 16-aisiais gyvenimo metais paaugliai pradeda intensyviau ieškoti savo tapatumo, t.y. intensyvaus savęs suvokimo. Tapatumas priklauso nuo savo kūno savybių įsisąmoninimo, jausmų raiškos, nuo minčių, vertybinių nuostatų. Tapatumo formavimasis paauglystėje labai svarbus kuriant suaugusiojo psichosocialinės raidos pamatą. Taip pat labai svarbų vaidmenį užima socialinė aplinka. Tokioje socialinėje aplinkoje, kurioje galimybės gerokai apribojamos, apribojamas ir asmenybės atsiskleidimas. Didelę įtaką tapatumo raidai turi savęs vertinimas. Teigiamas savęs vertinimas – tai kelias į asmenybės tapsmą. 14-17 m. gyvenimo metais savęs vertinimo poreikis sustiprėja. Šiame amžiaus tarpsnyje daug įtakos turi tėvų, mokytojų, bendraamžių vertinimai, nuomonės. Tyrime buvo panaudota EOMEIS-2 (Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status, the extended version)ir M.Rosenberg Savęs vertinimo skalė (RSV, 1965). Darbe palygintos tapatumo būsenų brandumas pagal klasę, mokymo įstaigą, šeimos sudėtį, tarp merginų ir vaikinų ištirta gimnazijoje ir vidurinėje mokykloje besimokančių paauglių savęs vertinimas pagal mokymo įstaigą, šeimos sudėtį,lytį. / It is commonly accepted in both scientific research and general knowledge that stability and quality of family relationships profoundly influence child development. The studies on adolescent development have obtained an increasing attention within this approach, especially in psychology. Among various social and age groups, adolescents represent the most interesting object for analysis. Beginning from physical maturation, adolescence is a life period between childhood and adulthood when a person is to achieves psychological development and self-confidence. Being highly dependant on personal identity development, self-esteem is crucial for personal emotional development and life fulfilment. The concerns of modern life styles and country development pose a challenge especially on teenagers being the one on the brink of personal development. New challenges and identity development affect their self-esteem. When self-esteem is positive, it gives a person an emotional comfort and represents a crucial factor for life success. The main purpose of the study is to investigate a correlation between personal identity of adolescents and their self-esteem and to estimate the impact of these two factors on personal development. The analysis concenrated on the teenagers at the age of 16-17 studing in gymnasiums and public schools. The aim aim of the work with these teenagers were to investigate their self-identity and indentity and the correlation between these two factors. Other... [to full text]

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between task and ego goal orientation and ZOF. The subjects consisted of interscholastic athletes of the men's varsity and junior varsity baseball, men's track and field, and women's track and field teams from a local Midwestern high school. By providing a more concise zone of optimal function (ZOF) by breaking down the zone into three components: psychological, physiological, and competitive (evaluated by the Sport Participation Questionnaire) the athletes may be able to manipulate their ZOF by using the characteristics of their task and ego orientation (evaluated by the TEOSQ). The data was analyzed by doing a series of factor analyses and multiple regressions. After finding four significant factors (two separate psychological, one physiological, one competitive) a multiple regression was employed to determine the relationship between the factors and task and ego orientaXon.Nearly significant was the regression with ego-oriented athletes and the thinking construct which consisted of items 16-18 of the Sport Participation Questionnaire. Also, significant were relationships of the task or ego score and the demographic findings. / School of Physical Education

This study investigated the ego development of a group of dropouts who had returned to school. The specific purpose was to explore and evaluate, systematically, the ego development of the former dropouts, and to compare their levels of ego development and their school performance to a group of students who were considered to be at risk to drop out of school. A group of students who were not considered to be at risk to drop out served as a control group. Seventeen high school students served as the subjects in this investigation. The main sources of data were: the results of the Washington University Sentence Completion Test for Ego Development that was developed by Dr. Jane Loevinger, grade and attendance reports, and interviews with the students and their teachers. The findings indicated that while the former dropouts had levels of ego development that were higher than the at risk subjects, the difference was not great enough to be statistically significant. The interviews were examined for indications of the subjects' levels of ego development in the manner in which they spoke about their experiences. The limitations of this investigation are considered, and some suggestions for further research are offered.

There have been few African studies that examined relationships between acculturation, a process where immigrants assimilate the culture of their host country, coping, acculturative stress and enduring involvement in leisure. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between cultural orientations and acculturative stress, coping, leisure participation, as well as ego involvement of Nigerian Canadians in leisure. The research participants (n=104), were English speaking Nigerian Canadians between the ages of 18-52 average age of 35, SD of just under 8. All research participants were born outside Canada. Most Nigerian Canadians (99%, n=103) had lived in Canada for a period of 1-10 years when data were collected. Each participant filled out a questionnaire that measured their African and Canadian cultural orientations, and acculturative stress, coping, leisure participation, and ego involvement in leisure. Composite scale scores were computed for the variables of African cultural orientation, Canadian cultural orientation, depression, discrimination, intergenerational conflicts, coping and ego involvement in leisure; after which ANOVAs were computed to determine between group differences for the median split groups on these variables. Kruskal Wallis H tests were then computed to determine between group differences with regards to demographic characteristics, transportation, housing and dress patterns. ANOVA was also computed to determine differences on number of children in households. Pearson Correlations were then computed to determine relationships between leisure participation and ego involvement on one hand, and depression, discrimination, intergenerational conflicts, and coping on the other hand. Results revealed significant differences between participants on African and Canadian cultural orientations, with the two High African groups showing higher African preferences, and the two High Canadian groups showing higher Canadian preferences than the two lower African and the two lower Canadian groups in each instance. Participants were not significantly different on acculturative stress and coping. Also, there were minimal between group relationships with respect to leisure participation and acculturative stress and coping; while no relationships were found for ego involvement in leisure.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1990. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-97). Also available via the Internet.