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This thesis is a case study where the authors investigate how SMEs can enter new markets, but especially the Chilean market. In this study, we got to share information from a company that has succeeded in establishing itslef in Chile and other parts of the world. Findings show that the motivation for the company to choose to establish itslef abroad is because it believes there is a great demand for its products, which leads to the company wanting to get closer to its customers. In addition, it is discussed that the strategy chosen when entering the market dpeends on internal factors such as resources and the company's long-term goals, as well as external factors such as the business environment and culture. This case study showed that the company's way of entering a market is to do so by having its own production to be able to operate it on its own, the company has chosen to have its own production in all its expansions except one. The conclusion to this was that the particular market was not profitable enough to invest all their resources and also because the initiative came from outside the company.

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Title: Goal ambiguity and operationalization of goals in the public sector - A study within the Swedish Armed Forces Authors: Emmy Krusberg & Amanda Sörgårn  Tutor: Kim Eriksson & Maria Mårtensson Hansson Examiner: Elin Funck Introduction: While management by objectives is a commonly used method within the public sector, it has been subject to varied criticism from previous researchers. This is what sparked our initial interest to conduct this study. The Swedish Armed Forces has described the objectives of the regulatory letter as unclear and unspecified. Thus, a certain goal ambiguity can be detected. This goal ambiguity creates space for interpretation among the parties involved in regard to translation and operationalization of the objectives.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to fill a gap regarding operationalization of goals which are characterized by goal ambiguity. We intend to describe the process from generally expressed goals to concrete actions. There generally expressed goals create opportunities for goal ambiguity and interpretation, which in turn affect the translation that results in the actual actions. The empirical context for the study is the Swedish Armed Forces.  Method: The study has a qualitative research approach, where the empirical data collection consists of a document study and interviews at the Swedish Armed Forces.  Conclusion: The Swedish government controls the Swedish Armed Forces through instructions and regulatory letters. The Swedish Armed Forces initially operationalizes these documents within the headquarters, and later throughout the various units and levels of the organization. The achieved goal completion is reported back upwards in the organization before it finally reaches the government through an annual report. A conclusion can be drawn that a certain goal ambiguity, and strategic goal ambiguity, occurs, through various forms and on various levels within the organization. Goal ambiguity is reduced through the translation and operationalization of goals, which requires that the operationalization process is well-functioning to achieve goal completion.

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Under the arctic circle in Boden, Sweden, H2 Green Steel, a carbon-neutral steel processing company, plans to build one of the most innovative sustainable steel mills in Europe. Boden is located in Norrbotten, the northernmost county in Sweden and home to the Sami people. The Indigenous group and one of Sweden's minorities have lived in this area for more than a thousand years. Their traditions like reindeer herding have survived to the present day. The Sami have suffered different injustices since establishing national borders, including those committed by the mining industry.  This thesis uses an ethnographical approach to examine the coexistence between the Sami People and the mining industry. David Schlosberg's Environmental Justice Theory is applied to identify and detect environmental justice principles in the case of H2 Green Steel. The goal of this study is to identify ways for both groups to coexist in a more sustainable manner. The study illustrates several views from different stakeholders. It shows that the mining industry has the potential to minimize injustice to the Sami community and to protect the environment through effective measures. / Justo bajo el círculo polar ártico, en Boden (Suecia), se encuentra H2 Green Steel, una empresa procesadora de acero. La compañía planea ser CO2 neutral en su operación, aparte de construir una de las fábricas de acero más innovadoras de Europa. Boden se encuentra en Norrbotten, el condado más septentrional de Suecia, hogar también de los Sami, un Grupo Indígena y una de las minorías de Suecia. Los Sami han vivido en la zona durante más de mil años y sus tradiciones, como el pastoreo de renos, se siguen practicando en la actualidad. Los Sami han sufrido diferentes injusticias desde el establecimiento de las fronteras nacionales de los países nórdicos, entre ellas las cometidas por la industria minera.  Esta tesis utiliza un enfoque etnográfico para examinar la coexistencia entre el pueblo Sami y la industria minera. Se aplica la teoría de la justicia ambiental de David Schlosberg para identificar y detectar los factores de justicia ambiental en el caso de H2 Green Steel, y la industria minera en general. El objetivo es estudiar si hay una manera de que ambos grupos coexistan de forma más sostenible.  El estudio ilustra varios puntos de vista de diferentes actores involucrados, y muestra que la industria minera tiene el potencial de minimizar las injusticias con las comunidades locales, el pueblo Sami y además de proteger el medio ambiente con medidas eficaces. / Unterhalb des Polarkreises in Boden, Schweden, plant H2 Green Steel, ein kohlenstoffneutrales Stahlverarbeitungsunternehmen, den Bau eines der innovativsten nachhaltigen Stahlwerke in Europa. Boden liegt in Norrbotten, dem nördlichsten Bezirk Schwedens und Heimat der Sami. Diese indigene Gruppe gehört zu den schwedischen Minderheiten und lebt seit mehr als tausend Jahren in diesem Gebiet. Ihre Traditionen wie die Rentierzucht sind bis heute erhlaten geblieben. Seit der Festlegung der nationalen Grenzen haben die Sami unter verschiedenen Ungerechtigkeiten gelitten, darunter auch solche, die von der Bergbauindustrie begangen wurden.   In dieser Arbeit wird mit Hilfe eines ethnografischen Ansatzes die Koexistenz zwischen dem samischen Volk und der Bergbauindustrie untersucht. Die Theorie der Umweltgerechtigkeit von David Schlosberg wird angewandt, um Prinzipien der Umweltgerechtigkeit im Fall von H2 Green Steel zu identifizieren und zu erkennen. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, Wege für eine nachhaltigere Koexistenz beider Gruppen zu finden.  Die Studie veranschaulicht verschiedene Sichtweisen der verschiedenen Interessengruppen. Sie zeigt, dass die Bergbauindustrie das Potenzial hat, die Ungerechtigkeit gegenüber der samischen Gemeinschaft zu minimieren und die Umwelt durch wirksame Maßnahmen zu schützen.

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Women are underrepresented as managers in the Swedish labor market. The economy branch isone of the most equal branches in the private sector, with 50,8 percent employed women.Though, only 39 percent of the managers are women. The aim of this study is to investigate whywomen are underrepresented as managers in the economy branch within the private sector. Thisqualitative interview study is based on five semi-structured interviews of female managers in theeconomy branch in order to grasp a deeper understanding as to why women areunderrepresented, obstacles that can occur in female managers´ career as well as the impact ofthose obstacles. The results show that the male-dominated culture that exists in manager roles aswell as norms and stereotypes that exist regarding women and leadership, create obstacles forwomen and makes it more difficult for them to get and keep a manager position. Additionally,those obstacles minimize women´s dedication to climbing up in an organization's hierarchy.

Background: The world is facing major challenges to become sustainable and many ofthose are connected to the use of fossil fuels. Today’s environmentally friendly energy technologies are established increasingly, often in big investments by nations to provideto the electric grid. The conditions to replace fossil fuel-based solutions with sustainableones are, however different depending on the settings and requirements. One example of tough conditions are where there is a need for electricity, but no grid to rely on. The operations need to be fully self-sustaining on electricity, which comes with challenges. The solutions today are often to use a diesel generator. There is much research on conversions to sustainable alternatives to diesel generators, but only for long term use, usually in remote villages. A blind spot in the research topic is where the need for short-term andoff-grid electricity, for example, construction sites or infrastructure investments. Objectives: The aim of his research is to examine the conditions for sustainable solutions to replace electricity generators where there is no grid to rely on and short-term. The conditions are examined from a decision maker perspective to understand how decision-makers value and chooses electricity generators. Methods: The execution of the research aimed to get an educated understanding of which characteristics that are important for electricity generators under the the circumstances of short-term and self sustaining electricity need. Interviews with decision-makers at companies that are in these settings are conducted to identify underlying reasoning for how they value electricity generators and why. Further, this understanding and the characteristics are analysed with the theory of creative destruction and product diffusion. Results: The results shows that reliability, a robust value chain, price and portability is important characteristics that decision-makers value for these solutions and that sustainable options are perceived as lacking of those characteristics.Conclusions: From what users are aware of, the conditions for sustainable electricity generators to replace fossil-based ones do not seem promising today in the settings ofoff-grid and short-term operations, even though there is a demand among some for it to happen.

One of the biggest challenges for society nowadays is the environmental crisis that is characterized by the continuing growth, and depletion of Earth's natural resources combined with vast amounts of carbon dioxide emissions putting a strain on the world's ecosystem. To tackle this impending calamity and preserve our way of life, countries, and companies are creating new innovations and solutions. One of these solutions is the implementation of a circular development model where resources are used to their fullest potential while at the same time minimizing the potential negative effects such as carbon emissions. A practical implementation of a circular business model is industrial symbiosis (IS), a relatively new concept where different actors come together to utilize waste/by-products generated through production to be used as raw material in the production of another product. While the field concerning industrial symbiosis has seen extensive research in both technological and supply chain management, we identified that previous research is lacking when it comes to the field of risk management in the IS-supply chain. More specifically, operational risk management in the IS-supply chain was found to be under-researched, thus this was chosen by us for our study with the addition of how sustainability affects the risk management process.    The main purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how the operational risk management process is managed within the IS-supply chain, and how the triple bottom line of sustainability influences this process. The study consists of three main themes, namely industrial symbiosis supply chain management, operational risk management, and the triple bottom line of sustainability. The study addressed the research question which was formulated as follows: “How are operational risks managed within the industrial symbiosis supply chain, and how does the Triple Bottom Line influence the process of operational risk management?”.    To answer the research question and address the purpose of the thesis, a qualitative study was conducted with a focus on industrial symbiosis in Sweden. The interviews were conducted with managers from different companies that operate within an industrial symbiosis. The interviews themselves were semi-structured consisting of the three main themes. The sample for the interviews was selected based on position, experience, and knowledge concerning the relevant topics of the study.   The data gathered through the interviews were analyzed by using a thematic analysis and led us to our findings. The results showed that companies within the IS-supply chain all utilize one of two main methods concerning risk management. These are either a form of system/program/model or they do not use anything special at all and instead rely on themselves, communication, checklists, etc. This greatly depended on what type of company it is and the IS-supply chain itself as the materials used in the supply chain differ between different symbioses. Furthermore, the results also showed how the TBL affects the risk management process, and from the analysis, we concluded that only two of the aspects are considered, namely the economic and environmental. While the social aspect is still addressed in their companies, we did not see any particular pattern that related the aspect to operational risk management within the IS-supply chain. The study proposed a unique model of operational risk management in the IS-supply chain considering the triple bottom line of sustainability.