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This thesis investigates women’s participation on the 18th century housing market in Stockholm. General and independent participation, including the distribution of marital status among female buyers and sellers are investigated for four years (1725, 1745, 1765 and 1785). Original hand-written sources, circa 700 of them, have been examined. Some have been quantified and analysed with descriptive statistics and some have undergone qualitative analysis. Institutional theory and theoretical factors, that builds on ideas about women’s work and of never-married and ever-married women, guides the analysis which focuses on development over time and distribution of marital status among independently participating women. The research focus is then narrowed to analyse the women that independently bought property, who they were and how they made use of the properties they bought. If and how they utilised their property for commercial activities, as a strategy for securing their livelihood, is examined. Women participated throughout the investigated period, with some fluctuations related to law changes, both independently and together with others (often their husbands). Marital status had a major impact on women's participation and when it comes to the women who bought property, kept it, and used it to secure their livelihood, an overwhelming majority were widows. The analysis show that previous research may have overestimated wives' independent participation on the housing market. When several sources are examined in parallel, it turns out that many of the wives that shows up in the protocols were actually widows.

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A new capitalistic era known as the knowledge economy has emerged since the middle of the 20thcentury, identified by ‘knowledge-based work’ and ‘immaterial labor’ generating innovation inleading-edge sectors, and recognized as a driver for economic change and future growth. As aspatial consequence, the importance of regions as economic entities has increased. Where regionsoften are dependent on innovative activities to generate competitive advantage and prospect. Topromote a socially inclusive regional economic development, scholars stress the significance of addressing issues of gender, particularity in male-dominated occupations such as knowledge-intensive industries, where masculine cultures tend to be deeply rooted. However, the regional learning and innovation literature is criticized for being firm-centric, gender-blind and ignoringthe wider existence of the knowledge worker, thus reproducing patterns of gender constraintssuch as barriers of equal advancements, discriminatory practices and social exclusion. This thesisaims to address these ignored issues by conducting a social network analysis on formal andinformal network within firms in the knowledge economy, and examine how individual characteristic might affect a workers position within these networks. A case study of Umeå ICT-industry was carried out where intra-firm social networks were analyzed of 16 firms and 204 workers. The result from the analysis indicates that female knowledge worker tends to be sociallyexcluded within the informal network of these firms, while at the same time more dependent ona well-connected social position to be able to advance to a more influential position within firm’sformal networks. These findings support earlier claims that there is a need to incorporate a genderperspective into future research agendas as well as regional economic policymaking.

This paper is about the extensive reform in the local municipality in Sweden 1972. In this paper about economic history, you can read about the different processes between politics and companies regarding economic politics and structure in the industry. How the process was planned, if there were any concerns among the companies about this transformation and who from the local municipality that took responsibility in this process and how the discussion went. This paper is a comprehensive study of political protocols and companies’ protocols during the years from 1967 to 1972 concerning this major reform.

I analyze regional variation in the prevalence of press freedom and newspapers involved in socio- religious debate in 19th century colonial India, and test empirically whether they have had a persistent effect on values held by current day Indians. I find that press freedom is associated with a higher prevalence of socio-religious newspapers in colonial presidencies. Further, I find that the prevalence of 19th-century newspapers involved in socio-religious debate in colonial presidencies is associated with higher levels of postmaterialist and emancipative values in corresponding current day Indian states. Building on work by Denzau and North (1994), and Coyne and Leeson (2009), I consider a mechanism where mass media allowed reformist Hindus to coordinate socio-religious beliefs and to build shared mental models with an increased emphasis on values aligned with self- expression, individual autonomy and female emancipation. I use an instrumental variable method that exploits regional variation in press regulations throughout the territories of British India that I argue resulted from exogenous variation in personal beliefs of colonial administrators and the emergence of liberal political beliefs in Europe at the time.