O planejamento de produção é um elemento essencial para as empresas, pois permite definir os volumes a serem produzidos, conforme a estimativa de demanda e a capacidade produtiva disponível. Este trabalho contribui para o planejamento da produção, integrando variáveis e parâmetros que podem ajudar na maximização do resultado econômico das organizações. Esta dissertação apresenta três objetivos principais relacionados a esse tema: (i) identificar os problemas e as variáveis que precisam ser analisadas no desenvolvimento de métodos que se adéquam às necessidades das áreas envolvidas; (ii) desenvolver algoritmo para integrar as variáveis identificadas e os dados empresariais, de forma a viabilizar a aplicação do modelo, baseado em programação matemática e distribuições de probabilidade; (iii) aplicar os modelos propostos, a fim de avaliar sua utilidade e discutir os resultados obtidos. O estudo realizado revela a importância do uso de métodos formais de planejamento da produção integrados à definição do preço do produto. A definição de preços ou volumes de produção diferente dos valores ótimos pode afetar substancialmente o lucro global do sistema produtivo. / Production planning is an essential tool for companies, since it establishes the volumes to be produced, according to estimated demand and available production capacity. This work contributes with production planning field by integrating variables and parameters that impact the economic results of the organizations. This study presents three main objectives: (i) identification of issues and variables that need to be analyzed to develop methods suited to the needs of the areas involved, (ii) development of algorithms to integrate the identified variables and business data, in order to enable the application of the model, based on mathematical programming and probability distributions, (iii) application of the proposed models to evaluate their usefulness and discuss results. The study reveals the importance of using production planning formal methods that integrate products’ prices. The establishment of prices or production volumes different from optimum values may substantially affect production system global profit.

O planejamento de produção é um elemento essencial para as empresas, pois permite definir os volumes a serem produzidos, conforme a estimativa de demanda e a capacidade produtiva disponível. Este trabalho contribui para o planejamento da produção, integrando variáveis e parâmetros que podem ajudar na maximização do resultado econômico das organizações. Esta dissertação apresenta três objetivos principais relacionados a esse tema: (i) identificar os problemas e as variáveis que precisam ser analisadas no desenvolvimento de métodos que se adéquam às necessidades das áreas envolvidas; (ii) desenvolver algoritmo para integrar as variáveis identificadas e os dados empresariais, de forma a viabilizar a aplicação do modelo, baseado em programação matemática e distribuições de probabilidade; (iii) aplicar os modelos propostos, a fim de avaliar sua utilidade e discutir os resultados obtidos. O estudo realizado revela a importância do uso de métodos formais de planejamento da produção integrados à definição do preço do produto. A definição de preços ou volumes de produção diferente dos valores ótimos pode afetar substancialmente o lucro global do sistema produtivo. / Production planning is an essential tool for companies, since it establishes the volumes to be produced, according to estimated demand and available production capacity. This work contributes with production planning field by integrating variables and parameters that impact the economic results of the organizations. This study presents three main objectives: (i) identification of issues and variables that need to be analyzed to develop methods suited to the needs of the areas involved, (ii) development of algorithms to integrate the identified variables and business data, in order to enable the application of the model, based on mathematical programming and probability distributions, (iii) application of the proposed models to evaluate their usefulness and discuss results. The study reveals the importance of using production planning formal methods that integrate products’ prices. The establishment of prices or production volumes different from optimum values may substantially affect production system global profit.

O planejamento de produção é um elemento essencial para as empresas, pois permite definir os volumes a serem produzidos, conforme a estimativa de demanda e a capacidade produtiva disponível. Este trabalho contribui para o planejamento da produção, integrando variáveis e parâmetros que podem ajudar na maximização do resultado econômico das organizações. Esta dissertação apresenta três objetivos principais relacionados a esse tema: (i) identificar os problemas e as variáveis que precisam ser analisadas no desenvolvimento de métodos que se adéquam às necessidades das áreas envolvidas; (ii) desenvolver algoritmo para integrar as variáveis identificadas e os dados empresariais, de forma a viabilizar a aplicação do modelo, baseado em programação matemática e distribuições de probabilidade; (iii) aplicar os modelos propostos, a fim de avaliar sua utilidade e discutir os resultados obtidos. O estudo realizado revela a importância do uso de métodos formais de planejamento da produção integrados à definição do preço do produto. A definição de preços ou volumes de produção diferente dos valores ótimos pode afetar substancialmente o lucro global do sistema produtivo. / Production planning is an essential tool for companies, since it establishes the volumes to be produced, according to estimated demand and available production capacity. This work contributes with production planning field by integrating variables and parameters that impact the economic results of the organizations. This study presents three main objectives: (i) identification of issues and variables that need to be analyzed to develop methods suited to the needs of the areas involved, (ii) development of algorithms to integrate the identified variables and business data, in order to enable the application of the model, based on mathematical programming and probability distributions, (iii) application of the proposed models to evaluate their usefulness and discuss results. The study reveals the importance of using production planning formal methods that integrate products’ prices. The establishment of prices or production volumes different from optimum values may substantially affect production system global profit.

The aim of this thesis is to work out demand for various kinds of commodities of current consumption by conducting a survey. From the polled data, a function of price demand elasticity of selected commodities is drawn up, on which suggestions to sellers for turnover maximization is based.

Co-users of alcohol and nicotine are the largest group of polysubstance users worldwide. Although pharmacotherapies are available for alcohol (EtOH) or tobacco use disorders individually, it may be possible to develop a single pharmacotherapy to treat heavy drinking tobacco smokers through capitalizing on the commonalities in their mechanisms of action. Towards this goal, several models of concurrent access to EtOH and nicotine were explored as potential preclinical models of co-use using female alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Additionally, potential pharmacotherapeutics for the treatment of EtOH and nicotine co-use disorder were tested using different variations of our model. Treatments tested included (1) varenicline, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist with high affinity for the α4β2* subtype; (2) r-bPiDI, a subtype-selective antagonist at α6β2* nAChRs; (3) (R)-modafinil, an atypical inhibitor of the dopamine transporter (DAT); and (4) naltrexone, a clinically available µ-opioid receptor antagonist used to treat alcohol use disorder (AUD). Results from the current dissertation show success in developing a translational animal model in female P rats for co-use of EtOH and nicotine under which pharmacologically relevant levels of both EtOH consumption and nicotine intake are achieved. Additionally, our model was successfully used in testing potential pharmacotherapeutics for the treatment of EtOH and nicotine co-use disorder. Although none of the drugs tested were effective as a monotherapy, results from testing the known smoking cessation agent varenicline and the known AUD treatment naltrexone indicate that our model is effective for selectively measuring changes in EtOH and nicotine intake separately, which suggests the beneficial utility of this model for future treatment research. Furthermore, by applying behavioral economic principles to our findings, we found that EtOH acts as an economic substitute for nicotine. Additionally, our behavioral economic analyses revealed that when the cost of nicotine is changed via response requirements vs dose per infusion, there are differences in the elasticity of demand for concurrently available EtOH and nicotine. Finally, the relatively flat consumption curve for EtOH following varenicline pretreatment suggests that pretreatment with varenicline acts to disrupt the relationship between EtOH and nicotine such that EtOH no longer acts as an economic substitute for nicotine.

The study examines the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes in the short- and long run in Sweden. The time period for the study is 17 years and covers the years 1996-2012. The results of the study shows that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes in the long run is higher than in the short run for the Swedish consumers, which is in line with previous studies in the area. The fact that the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes is higher in the long run, indicates that the substitution effect has a significant impact on the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes in the long run. The study was conducted in two parts where the authors investigated the effect of cigarette tax on cigarette prices and in addition the cigarette prices impact on the demand for cigarettes in Sweden. The combined result of the study demonstrates that increasing the cigarette tax by 10 per cent means that the demand for cigarettes is reduced by 5 per cent, while government revenues from the cigarette tax will increase by 4.5 per cent. The result in this paper shows why the state's incentive to raise the cigarette tax is twofold, since a tax increase will generate health benefits through reduced consumption and generate increased revenues to the state. These incentives are also shown to have a greater impact in the long term. / Studien undersöker efterfrågans priselasticitet på cigaretter på kort- och lång sikt i Sverige. Tidsperioden för undersökningen är 17 år och omfattar åren 1996-2012. Studiens resultat visar att efterfrågans priselasticitet på lång sikt är högre än på kort sikt för de Svenska konsumenterna, vilket ligger i linje med tidigare studier inom ämnet. Det faktum att priselasticiteten för cigaretter är högre på lång sikt indikerar på att substitutionseffekten har betydande effekt för efterfrågans priselasticitet på cigaretter på lång sikt. Studien har genomförts i två delar där författarna undersökt cigarettskattens effekt på cigarettpriset och i sin tur cigarettprisets effekt på efterfrågan på cigaretter i Sverige. Det kombinerade resultatet i studien påvisar att en ökning av cigarettskatten med 10 procent medför att efterfrågan på cigaretter minskar med 5 procent, samtidigt som statens intäkter från cigarettskatten ökar med 4,5 procent. Resultatet i denna uppsats visar därför att statens incitament till att höja cigarettskatten är tvådelad, då en skatteökning genererar hälsovinster genom minskad konsumtion samt genererar ökade intäkter till staten och att dessa incitament har en större påverkan på lång sikt.

This diploma thesis deals with the question of whether do public subsidies cause wasteful use of pharmaceuticals, and if so then to what extent. The hypothesis is tested on the Czech republic data for the years 2005-2012. The biggest contributions are defining the health system as an intra-temporal problem, which tells us that lower values of discount rate implies higher level of wasteful use. I express the environmental issues, which are caused by unprofessional pharmaceutical disposal. You can find the price (-0,11), the income (-0,2) and the cross-price (-0,14) elasticity of demand for pharmaceuticals in the empirical part. These estimates are obtained with the help of the Kuhn-Tucker method. Using the 2OLS method Model 2 comes with the major findings. With 10% increase of public subsidies, consumers tend to waste 13,2% more pharmaceuticals.

American policy makers primarily embrace a deterrent-based policing agenda to curb illicit drug trafficking and use that relies on the principles of the economic price elasticity of demand (Boynum & Reuter, 2005). This counter-drug platform includes three fundamental programs: arresting offenders, seizing illicit drugs, and eradicating horticultural sources of illicit drugs (U.S. DEA, 2015). One of the main goals of these programs is to deter illegal trafficking and use by increasing the price of illicit substances so they are no longer attractive to consumers. The United States has weathered various drug use epidemics during its history, and currently it is facing a heroin and opioid epidemic (Dean, 2017). The present multi-dimensional study is guided by three broad goals: to assess the dynamics of illicit drug pricing and the economic price elasticity of demand perspective; to evaluate whether drug trafficking organizations respond to theoretically deterrence based counter-drug law enforcement efforts; and to assess why law enforcement activities are (or are not) effective in controlling illegal drug markets. To accomplish these three broad goals, four separate yet linked focal points comprised of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods evaluations of official data are examined. The findings in the study call into question the current American counter-drug law enforcement agenda being used to address the ongoing heroin epidemic. Furthermore, the results shine light on various shortcomings in overall U.S. counter-drug policy. Finally, the study calls for a new approach to address illicit drug trafficking and use in the U.S.

i Abstract In this work, we describe a novel methodology to analyse the price elasticity of demand. This method combines an artificial neural network that serves as the model of the behaviour of the customers and a subsequent simulation based on this model. We present the validation of our approach using a real-world dataset obtained from an e-commerce retailer and demonstrate its advantages, notably the ability to estimate the elasticity in distinct price points and the inclusion of the complete pricing situations (not only product's own price). JEL Classification C45, C44, C15, D12 Keywords price elasticity of demand, artificial neural net- work, agent-based model Title A simulation based analysis of price elasticity of demand Author's e-mail Supervisor's e-mail

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