Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-24T20:35:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Santos, Claudia Gomes de Oliveira - Dissertação - 2013.pdf: 1950939 bytes, checksum: 050c57553672656134c6b1264cb562a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-24T20:42:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Santos, Claudia Gomes de Oliveira - Dissertação - 2013.pdf: 1950939 bytes, checksum: 050c57553672656134c6b1264cb562a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-24T20:42:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Santos, Claudia Gomes de Oliveira - Dissertação - 2013.pdf: 1950939 bytes, checksum: 050c57553672656134c6b1264cb562a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Boundary Element Method (BEM) has been successfully employed in the analysis of various engineering problems. The BEM consists in a mathematical modeling, for a numerical solution of a system of integral equations, and in their cores may appear singularities. This paper presents the Classical and Hypersingular formulation of the Boundary Element Method for dimensional elastostatic problems with smooth boundary geometry. The improper integrals arising from the singularities of the core in the hypersingular formulation are treated by Hadamard finite parts. In the discretization process two types of interpolation are used, one traditional and the other special. Traditional interpolation is used in all bondary elements that have no point , special interpolation ensures the continuity of the tangential derivative of displacements on the element that contains the point . To accomplish this, a theoretical mathematics study of related topics was performed. The hypersingular formulation developed in this work was implemented through the Intel Visual Fortran compiler. Some problems were analyzed and the obtained results were compared with those of analytical solution or through the Finite Element Method. The results achieved were satisfactory validating the proposed formulation / O Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC) vem sendo empregado com sucesso na análise de diversos problemas de engenharia. O MEC consisti em uma modelagem matemática, para resolução numérica de um sistema de equações integrais, e que em seus núcleos podem aparecer singularidades. Nesse trabalho apresenta a formulação Clássica e Hipersingular do Método dos Elementos de Contorno para problemas de elastostática bidimensional com geometria de contornos não suaves. As integrais impróprias que surgem da singularidade do núcleo na formulação hipersingular são tratados por partes finitas de Hadamard. No processo de discretização utiliza-se de dois tipos de interpolação, uma tradicional e outra especial. A interpolação tradicional é utilizada em todos os elementos de contorno que não tem o ponto , a interpolação especial garante a continuidade da derivada tangencial dos deslocamentos no elemento que contém o ponto . Para a realização deste, foi realizado um estudo teórico-matemático dos tópicos afins. Implementou-se a formulação hipersingular desenvolvidas no trabalho através do compilador Intel Visual FORTRAN. Foram analisados alguns problemas e os resultados obtidos comparados àqueles de solução analítica ou através do Método dos Elementos Finitos. Os resultados alcançados mostraram-se satisfatórios validando a formulação proposta.

The thesis deals with the optimal pose selection for geometric and elastostatic calibration for industrial robots employed in machining of large parts. Particular attention is paid to the improvement of robot positioning accuracy after compensation of the geometric and elastostatic errors. To meet the industrial requirements of machining operations, a new approach for calibration experiments design for serial and quasi-serial industrial robots is proposed. This approach is based on a new industry-oriented performance measure that evaluates the quality of calibration experiment plan via the manipulator positioning accuracy after error compensation, and takes into account the particularities of prescribed manufacturing task by introducing manipulator test-poses. Contrary to previous works, the developed approach employs an enhanced partial pose measurement method, which uses only direct position measurements from an external device and allows us to avoid the non-homogeneity of relevant identification equations. In order to consider the impact of gravity compensator that creates closed-loop chains, the conventional stiffness model is extended by including in it some configuration dependent elastostatic parameters, which are assumed to be constant for strictly serial robots. Corresponding methodology for calibration of the gravity compensator models is also proposed. The advantages of the developed calibration techniques are validated via experimental study, which deals with geometric and elastostatic calibration of a KUKA KR-270 industrial robot.

A combinação do Método dos Elementos de Contorno e do Método dos Elementos Finitos é o procedimento usualmente empregado na análise da flexão de placas interagindo com o solo. Usando-se da associação de ambos os métodos pode-se tirar vantagens de cada um deles e, consequentemente, chegar a uma técnica melhorada para tratar com problemas práticos. Contudo, a formulação do MEF não representa bem as tensões e os esforços concentrados ao longo do contorno, que podem ocorrer devido à maior rigidez da placa quando comparada com o meio solo, como a formulação do MEC faz. Por isso, a flexão de placas sobre base elástica é aqui proposta utilizando-se apenas das formulações do MEC, ou seja, tanto os problemas tridimensionais quanto os problemas de placas são tratados pela formulação de contorno para casos elastostáticos e elastodinâmicos. Duas diferentes formas de tratar problemas de flexão elastodinâmica de placas são discutidas, enfatizando possíveis instabilidades numéricas que as duas técnicas podem exibir. Finalmente, depois de propor a combinação dos problemas tridimensional e de placas, os resultados de exemplos numéricos apresentados mostram as vantagens e desvantagens da técnica proposta. / The combination of the boundary element and the finite element methods is the usually employed procedure to analyse plates in the bending interacting with the supporting soil. By using the association of both methods one can take the advantage of each method and consequently reach an improved technique to deal with practical problems. However, the FEM formulation can not represent well the stress and effort concentrations along the boundary, that may occur due to the higher plate stiffness when compared with the soil media, as the BEM technique does. Therefore, the plate bending on elastic foundation is proposed here using only BEM formulations, i.e. both the three-dimensional and the plate problems are formulated by boundary formulations for the elastostatic and elastodynamic cases. Two different ways to deal with the elastodynamic plate bending problem are discussed, emphasizing possible numerical instabilities that those techniques may exhibit. Finally, after proposing the combination of the three-dimensional and plate problems, results of numerical examples presented to show the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed technique.

A combinação do Método dos Elementos de Contorno e do Método dos Elementos Finitos é o procedimento usualmente empregado na análise da flexão de placas interagindo com o solo. Usando-se da associação de ambos os métodos pode-se tirar vantagens de cada um deles e, consequentemente, chegar a uma técnica melhorada para tratar com problemas práticos. Contudo, a formulação do MEF não representa bem as tensões e os esforços concentrados ao longo do contorno, que podem ocorrer devido à maior rigidez da placa quando comparada com o meio solo, como a formulação do MEC faz. Por isso, a flexão de placas sobre base elástica é aqui proposta utilizando-se apenas das formulações do MEC, ou seja, tanto os problemas tridimensionais quanto os problemas de placas são tratados pela formulação de contorno para casos elastostáticos e elastodinâmicos. Duas diferentes formas de tratar problemas de flexão elastodinâmica de placas são discutidas, enfatizando possíveis instabilidades numéricas que as duas técnicas podem exibir. Finalmente, depois de propor a combinação dos problemas tridimensional e de placas, os resultados de exemplos numéricos apresentados mostram as vantagens e desvantagens da técnica proposta. / The combination of the boundary element and the finite element methods is the usually employed procedure to analyse plates in the bending interacting with the supporting soil. By using the association of both methods one can take the advantage of each method and consequently reach an improved technique to deal with practical problems. However, the FEM formulation can not represent well the stress and effort concentrations along the boundary, that may occur due to the higher plate stiffness when compared with the soil media, as the BEM technique does. Therefore, the plate bending on elastic foundation is proposed here using only BEM formulations, i.e. both the three-dimensional and the plate problems are formulated by boundary formulations for the elastostatic and elastodynamic cases. Two different ways to deal with the elastodynamic plate bending problem are discussed, emphasizing possible numerical instabilities that those techniques may exhibit. Finally, after proposing the combination of the three-dimensional and plate problems, results of numerical examples presented to show the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed technique.

La thèse porte sur la sélection de poses optimales pour la calibration géométrique et élasto-statique de robots industriels utilisés pour l'usinage de pièces des grandes dimensions. Une attention particulière est accordée à l'amélioration de la précision de positionnement du robot après compensation des erreurs géométriques et élasto-statiques. Pour répondre aux exigences industrielles des opérations d’usinage, une nouvelle approche pour la définition d'essais pour la calibration de robots sériels et quasi-sériels est proposée. Cette approche est basée sur un nouveau critère de performance, orienté applications industrielles, qui évalue la qualité du plan d'essais pour la calibration via la précision de positionnement du manipulateur après compensation d'erreurs, et tient compte des spécificités de la tâche manufacturière à réaliser au moyen de configurations tests. Contrairement aux travaux précédents, l'approche développée requiert seulement une mesure des positions de points et non d’orientation de corps rigides à l’aide d’un système de mesure externe tel qu’un laser tracker. Cette méthode permet ainsi d'éviter les problèmes de non-homogénéité dans les équations d'identification. Par ailleurs, afin de prendre en compte l'impact du compensateur de gravité,qui induit une chaîne cinématique fermée, le modèle de raideur est étendu en y incluant certains paramètres élasto-statiques dont les valeurs dépendent de la configuration du robot. Une méthodologie pour la calibration des modèles de compensateurs de gravité est ainsi proposée. Les avantages des techniques développées pour la calibration de robots industriels dédiés à des opérations d’usinage sont validés et mis en évidence expérimentalement, à travers la calibration géométrique et élasto-statique du robot industriel KUKAKR-270. / The thesis deals with the optimal pose selection for geometric and elastostatic calibration for industrial robots employed in machining of large parts. Particular attention is paid to the improvement of robot positioning accuracy after compensation of the geometric and elastostatic errors. To meet the industrial requirements of machining operations, a new approach for calibration experiments design for serial and quasi-serial industrial robots is proposed. This approach is based on a new industry-oriented performance measure that evaluates the quality of calibration experiment plan via the manipulator positioning accuracy after error compensation, and takes into account the particularities of prescribed manufacturing task by introducing manipulator test-poses. Contrary to previous works, the developed approach employs an enhanced partial pose measurement method, which uses only direct position measurements from an external device and allows us to avoid the non-homogeneity of relevant identification equations. In order to consider the impact of gravity compensator that creates closed-loop chains, the conventional stiffness model is extended by including in it some configuration dependent elastostatic parameters, which are assumed to be constant for strictly serial robots. Corresponding methodology for calibration of the gravity compensator models is also proposed. The advantages of the developed calibration techniques are validated via experimental study, which deals with geometric and elastostatic calibration of a KUKA KR-270 industrial robot.

A pragmatic method for selecting components and devices from a database or parameterized models is developed in this thesis. The quantitative framework presented here is sufficiently general to accommodate an entire device assembly, a component, or a sub-assembly. The details pertaining to a device or a component are classified into three sets of variables: (i) user-specifications, s (ii) device parameters, p , and (iii) device characteristics, c . Functional, practical, and performance-related attributes that a user can provide comprise user-specifications. Since, most often, a specification cannot be specified as a single number, we allow the user to enter a range with lower and upper bounds. Device parameters comprise the geometry and material properties, and device characteristics include functional requirements and performance criteria. Thus, for a device, all its functional and utility attributes are contained in the union of sets s and c , whereas the geometry and the material properties are in set p . The equations governing the physical behavior of the device are written in terms of s , p , and c . These equations may sometimes be readily available; when they are not, it may be necessary to formulate them as required. By solving the governing equations along with the inequalities that arise from the lower and upper bounds on s , we obtain feasible ranges on p and c . Then, for any pair of device characteristics, a 2D feasible map is drawn, to visually portray the consequences of user-specifications. If the feasible map is null, small, or large, it indicates that the user-specifications are infeasible, stringent, or there is much scope for design, respectively. This can be inferred even before the designs are considered. Juxtaposed on the feasible map are points or lozenges corresponding to the quantitative attributes of the entries in the database. The ones that lie inside the feasible map can be reckoned as meeting the user-specifications and thus, enabling selection. On the other hand, if there is no database or none of the devices in the database lie inside the feasible map, we can identify the feasible ranges of all the design parameters for every point inside the feasible map. This information is useful to the designer to redesign and arrive at feasible designs by using parameterized models of the device. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed to facilitate the user-interaction. The utility of the selection framework is demonstrated with a variety of case-studies including miniature pumps, heat pulse-based soil-moisture sensors, springs, flywheels, compliant mechanisms, micromechanical suspensions, etc. The latter two use kineto-elastic characteristics of deformable components. The framework, when used for materials selection, can be seen as an extension of Ashby’s materials selection method. This is also illustrated with two examples.