Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Resumo: O Problema do Planejamento da Expansão de Sistemas de Transmissão é um problema de otimização combinatória, cujo objetivo é buscar o atendimento de requisitos de cargas a custos mínimos de investimentos, percebendo um horizonte de longo prazo. A perspectiva do planejamento otimizado deve ser feita observando duas possiblidades: o planejamento estático e o planejamento multiestágio. No planejamento estático, o planjedor procura responder as questões onde e que tipos de elementos de transmissão precisam ser adicionados ou construídos para integrar a solução do sistema futuro. No entanto, quando a estratégia de expansão ótima abrange todo um período, o planejador deseja saber quando o circuito deve ser instalado, trata-se de um planejamento multiestágio. Em ambas alternativas, a resolução do problema do planejamento deve abranger duas etapas consecutivas: a modelagem matemática e a técnica de solução para resolver essa modelagem. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma proposta de planejamento estático utilizando aMetaheurística GRASP como técnica de solução para o problema do planejamento. / Abstract: The Problem of Expansion Planning of Transmission Systems is a combinatorial optimization problem whose goal is to seek the assistance of cargo requirements at minimal cost investment, realizing a long-term horizon.The prospect of planning should be optimized observing two possibilities: planning static and multistage planning. In planning static, designer seeks to answer the questions where and what types of transmission elements need to be added or built to integrate the solution of the future system. However, when the optimal expansion strategy covers the whole period, the planner wants to know when the circuit must be installed, it is a multistage planning. In both alternatives, solving the problem of planning should cover two consecutive steps: mathematical modeling and solution technique to solve this modeling.This work presents a planning proposal using the static technique as GRASP metaheuristic solution to the problem of planning. / Mestre

Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Banca: Carlos Roberto Mendonça da Rocha / Banca: Edgar Manuel Carreño Franco / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi apresentado uma nova modelagem matemática para problemas de Planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão ao longo prazo que permite uma mudança no conceito de expansão de sistema de transmissão. Nos problemas de planejamento da expansão de sistemas de transmissão tradicionais apenas as adições de linhas candidatas são consideradas. Neste trabalho um novo conceito de planejamento da expansão do sistema de transmissão é encontrar uma nova solução para a topologia base onde todas as linhas estão temporariamente desconectadas e a implementação dessas linhas são reconsideradas quando elas podem voltar à sua posição anterior. Portanto as linhas da topologia de base não será restabelecida se impedir o desempenho do sistema. Depois um novo problema é resolvido para encontrar o plano futuro da rede do sistema elétrico, com a adição de novas linhas de candidatas na topologia base modificada. A fim de encontrar um plano mais eficiente para a rede futura, a metodologia proposta é implementada usando a linguagem de modelagem para a programação matemática (AMPL) e solucionada usando o solver comercial CPLEX. A fim de validar a abordagem proposta e fazer alguma comparação com o método na literatura, três sistemas de testes são realizados, tais como: o sistema de 24-Bus IEEE teste com 41 linhas de candidatas, um estudos de casos práticos do sistema de 46-Bus do Sul do Brasil com 79 linhas de candidatas, e do sistema colombiano 93-Bus com 155 candidatas. Para sistemas de grande porte, a fim de facilitar a implementação do modelo matemático, uma estratégia é apresentada para reduzir o espaço de busca das barras em que a geração ou a demanda. Nos problemas de planejamento da expansão da transmissão geralmente nos deparamos com um problema de programação não-linear inteira mista (PNLIM) usando o modelo DC, o que torna impossível usar o solver linear ... / Abstract: In this work and in order to solve the long-term transmission expansion planning problems, a novel mathematical model which is based on a change in the concept of expanding a transmission system is presented. In traditional transmission system expansion planning, only the additions of candidate lines are considered. In this work, a new concept of transmission system expansion planning is to find a new solution for the base topology where all the lines are temporarily disconnected and the implementation of these lines are reconsidered when they may return to their previous position. Therefore, the lines of the base topology will not be reconnected if they prevent the system performance. Afterwards a new problem is solved to find the future plan of the electrical system network with the addition of new candidate lines in the modified base topology. In order to find a more efficient plan for the future network, the proposed methodology is implemented using a Modeling Language for Mathematical Programming (AMPL) and solved using the commercial solver of CPLEX. In order to validate the proposed approach and make some comparison with the method in the literature, three test systems are conducted such as: the 24-Bus IEEE test system with 41 candidate lines, a practical case studies of 46-Bus South Brazilian system with 79 candidate lines, and the 93-Bus Colombian system with 155 candidates. For large-scale systems, in order to facilitate the implementation of the mathematical model, a strategy to reduce the search space of the buses in which the generation or demand has been presented. In the transmission expansion planning problems, usually we face with a mixed integer non-linear programming problem (MINLP) using the DC model, which make it impossible to use the linear solver of CPLEX. The strategy to overcome this problem is using the disjunctive linear model, which is a DC linear equivalent model. The ... / Doutor

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin. / Banca: Jean Marcos de Souza Ribeiro / Banca: Luiz Carlos Gomes de Freitas / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta a modelação, metodologia de projeto e os principais resultados de simulação para um elemento eletromagnético de transmissão indutiva de energia elétrica sem fios, aplicado em postos de abastecimento de Veículos Elétricos (VE) puros. A estrutura proposta é composta por no mínimo dois indutores, sendo um deles o emissor e o outro o receptor de energia. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica das estruturas dos sistemas utilizados para a transmissão de energia eletromagnética sem fios (wireless) e, predominantemente, as mesmas utilizam-se de indutores com formatos espirais cilíndricos ou quadrados, para formar os elementos para transmissão de energia. Neste contexto, este trabalho baseou-se apenas em indutores com formato espiral cilíndrico, sendo estes analisados com base nas teorias do eletromagnetismo, partindo-se da Lei de Biot Savart e da Terceira Lei de Maxwell, com o intuito de obter-se os principais parâmetros de projeto para o elemento de transferência indutiva de potência (IPT - Inductive Power Transfer), quais sejam: Indutância Mútua (emissor/receptor), Indutância Própria (emissor) e Fator de Acoplamento (emissor/receptor). A fim de comprovar a exatidão da metodologia teórica desenvolvida, adotaram-se modelos computacionais utilizando-se o software Comsol ®, onde se construiu o modelo físico do elemento de transmissão de energia (IPT), para cada caso analisado. Os resultados obtidos decorrentes da modelação teórica proposta são inéditos e o trabalho pioneiro em determinar algebricamente um método de cálculo para o acoplamento mútuo entre indutores com geometrias espirais cilíndricas que, quando comparados com os resultados de simulações obtidos através do Comsol ®, demonstraram-se praticamente exatos. Considerando-se a aplicação num estudo de caso de transmissão de energia sem fios (WPT - Wireless Power Transfer), para um Veículo Elétrico (VE) puro em escala... / Abstract: This work proposes a modeling, design methodology and shows the main simulation results to the development of a Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) element, applied to pure Electric Vehicles (EV). The proposed structure is composed of at least two inductors, composing a transmitter and an energy receiver with weak magnetic coupling among them, considering a far-field energy-transfer method. Considering a literature review for the structures of the systems used for Wireless Power Transmission (WPT), it was observed the use of cylindrical spiral or square shapes, predominantly, in order to compose the inductive elements for power transmission. In this context, this work was based only on inductors with cylindrical spiral shape, which was analyzed based on electromagnetism theories. The proposed methodology starts from the Biot Savart Law and the Third Maxwell Law, in order to obtain the key design parameters for the inductive power transfer element (IPT - Inductive Power Transfer), which are: Mutual Inductance (transmitter / receiver), Self Inductance (transmitter) and Coupling Factor (transmitter / receiver). In order to prove the accuracy of the developed theoretical methodology, was adopted a computational model using the Comsol® software, considering a physical model for the designed IPT element. The results obtained from the proposed theoretical modeling are original and this is a pioneering work in determining algebraically a calculation method for mutual coupling between cylindrical spiral inductors that, when compared with the simulation results obtained by Comsol®, demonstrated practically exact. Furthermore, considering the application in a small-scale case study to WPT, for a pure Electric Vehicle (EV), an important contribution presented in this work is the analysis of arrangements for the inductive element of power transmitter, presenting its advantages and disadvantages and the best configuration for the case study. It should ... / Mestre

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Industry, which forms the lifeblood of South Africa’s economy, is under threat as a result of increased electricity pricing and unstable supply. Wheeling of energy, which is a method to transport electricity generated from an Independent Power Producer (IPP) to an industrial consumer via the utility’s network, could potentially address this problem. Unlike South Africa’s electricity landscape, which is highly regulated and monopolized by Eskom, most developed countries have deregulated their electricity market, which has led to greater competition for electricity supply. This thesis, presents an evaluation of the economic viability and technical concerns arising from third party transportation of energy between an IPP and an industrial consumer. IPP’s are able to generate electricity from various renewable distributed generation (DG) sources, which are often physically removed from the load. In practice, electricity could be generated by an IPP and connected to a nearby Main Transmission Substation (MTS) in a region with high solar, wind or hydropower resources and sold to off-takers a few hundred kilometres away. Using two software simulation packages, technical and economic analysis have been conducted based on load data from two industrial sites, to determine the viability of wheeling energy between an IPP and off-taker. The viability will be evaluated based on levelized cost of electricity (LCOE); net present cost (NPC); DG technology; distance from the load; available renewable resources; impact on voltage profile, fault contribution, thermal loading of the equipment and power loss. The results from both case studies show that the impact of DG on the voltage profile is negligible. The greatest impact on voltage profile was found to be at the site closest to the load. Asynchronous and synchronous generators have a greater fault contribution than inverter-based DG. The fault contribution is proportional to the distance from the load. Overall, thermal loading of lines increased marginally, but decreased based on distances from the load. Power loss on short lines is negligible but there is a significant loss on the line between the load and DG based on the distance from the load. Electricity generated from wind power is the most viable based on LCOE and NPC. For larger wind systems, as illustrated by the second case study, grid parity has already been reached. Wheeling of wind energy has already proven to be an economically viable option. According to future cost projection, large scale solar energy will become viable by 2019. The concept of wheeling energy between an IPP and off-taker has technical and economic merit. Wheeling charges are perceived to be high, but this is not the case as wheeling tariffs consist of standard network charges. In the future, renewable energy will continue to mature based on technology and cost. Solar energy, including lithium-ion battery back-up technology, looks promising based on future cost projections. Deregulation of the electricity market holds the key to the successful implementation of energy wheeling as it will open the market up for greater competition.

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies enable easy access and control of a variety forms of information and data from numerous number of smart devices, and give rise to many novel applications and research areas such as smart home, machine type communications, etc. However due to the small sizes, sophisticated environment, and large number of devices in network, it is hard to directly power the devices from grid. Hence the power connectivity remains one of the major issues that needs to be addressed for related IoT applications. Wireless power transfer (WPT) and backscatter communications are provisioned to be prominent solutions to overcome the power connectivity challenge, but they suer strong efficiency limitation which becomes the barrier to universally popularize such technologies. On the other hand, network optimization is also a research focus of such applications which significantly affects the performance of the system due to the high volume of connected devices and different features. In this thesis we propose advanced techniques to overcome the challenges on the low efficiency and network design of the wireless information and power transfer systems. The thesis consists of two parts. In the first part we focus on the power transmitter design which addresses the low efficiency issue associated with backscatter communication and WPT. In Chapter 2, we consider a backscatter RFID system with the multi-antenna reader and propose a blind transmit and receive adaptive beamforming algorithm. The interrogation range and data transmission performance are both investigated under such configuration. In Chapter 3 we study wireless power transfer by the beamspace large-scale MIMO system with lens antenna arrays. We first present the WPT model for the beamspace MIMO which is derived from the spatial MIMO model. By constraining on the number of RF chains in the transmitter, we formulate two WPT optimization problems: the sum power transfer problem and the max-min power transfer problem. For both problems we consider two different transmission schemes, the multi-stream and uni-stream transmissions, and we propose different algorithms to solve both problems in both schemes respectively. In the second part we study the network optimization problems in the WPT and backscatter systems. In Chapter 4, we study the resource allocation problem for a RF-powered network, where the objective is to maximize the total data throughput of all sensors. We break the problem into two subproblems: the sensor battery energy utilization problem and the charging power allocation problem of the central node, which is an RF power transmitter that transmits RF power to the sensors. We analyze and show several key properties of both problems, and then propose computationally efficient algorithms to solve both problems optimally. In Chapter 5, we study the time scheduling problem in RF-powered backscatter communication networks, where all transmitters can operates in either backscattering mode or harvest-then-transmit (HTT) mode. The objective is to decide the operating mode of each transmitter and minimize the total transmission time of the network. We also consider both ideal and realistic transmitters based on different internal power consumption models for HTT transmitters. Under both transmitter models we show several key properties, and propose bisection based algorithms which has low computational complexity that solves the problem optimally. The results are then extended to the massive MIMO regime.

The thesis is devoted to the development of new algorithms for estimation of system frequency, power system phasors and transmission line fault location in the context of power system protection and control. A z-transform signal model combined with a nonlinear post-filtering scheme to estimate the operating frequency in a power system is first developed in the thesis. The signal model parameters are identified by an optimisation method in which the error between the model output and the actual signal that represents a voltage or current in the power system is minimised. The form and the structure of the signal model do not require iterations in the optimisation process for parameter identification. The system operating frequency is directly evaluated from the model parameters. Effects of noise and any frequency components other than the operating or supply-frequency on the accuracy are countered very effectively by applying a median post-filtering on the time series representing the frequency estimates derived from the model. Extensive simulation studies and comparisons with previously-published frequency estimation techniques confirm the high performance of the method developed in the thesis in terms of accuracy and time delay. With respect to power system phasor estimation, a method is developed based on waveform interpolation in the discrete time-domain to counter the spectral leakage errors arising in forming, by discrete Fourier transform (DFT), the supply frequency phasors representing power system voltages and currents when there are system frequency deviations from the nominal value. The interpolation scheme allows DFT evaluation to be performed with a time window length which is exactly equal to the fundamental period of the voltage or current waveform. Comparative studies presented in the thesis confirm the improvements achieved by the method proposed over other previouslypublished techniques in terms of accuracy and computing time. With the availability of accurate operating frequency and phasor estimates, an optimal fault location method based on multi-conductor distributedparameter line model is developed. The method is a general one which is applicable to any transmission line configurations, including multi-terminal lines. The fault location method is based on the minimisation of an objective function in which the fault distance is a variable. The objective function is formed from combining the phase-variable distributed-parameter equations of individual line sections from the fault point to the line terminals. The multivariable minimisation leads to high accuracy and robustness of the fault location algorithm in which any voltage/current measurement errors, including sampling time synchronisation errors, are represented in the estimation procedure as variables in addition to the fault distance. Extensive simulation studies are performed to verify that the method developed is highly accurate and robust. The thesis is supported by two international publications of which the candidate is a joint author.

The full capacity of the existing transmission lines is often underutilized due to the system stability requirements. Controllable network devices represent the effective means of improving the system stability, and their deployment allows better use of the existing transmission facilities and can help to avoid construction of new lines. This dissertation addresses system analysis and modeling of controllable network devices. Transient angle stability is one of the major requirements limiting transfer capability of the power transmission systems. The theoretical concepts of transient angle controllability using controllable network devices are considered in this dissertation. The main results are derived for a general transmission network structure and applied to series and shunt compensators as well as braking resistors. The proposed approach allows to quantify controllability and to relate it to the control device size, type and location in the transmission network. Transient stability controllers are needed to maximize the device effect on the transient angle stability enhancement. The transient stability controller functional structure is discussed and the design requirements for each component are specified. The examples of controller designs are presented. Emerging technologies such as Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensators and Synchronous Voltage Sources offer superior control capabilities and performance characteristics as compared to conventional compensators. Unlike conventional compensators, the new controllable network devices are very complex dynamical systems and require more comprehensive modeling for time-domain studies and controller designs. Detailed models of a Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator and a Synchronous Voltage Source for powerflow, transient stability, and electro-magnetic transient studies are presented. Finally, a detailed planning study for increasing transfer capability of the Montana transmission system using controlled series compensation is presented. A variety of design and performance requirements is considered in this study, which makes it a useful reference for similar planning projects. / Graduation date: 1996

D. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Discusses how to mitigate unnecessary and expensive damage to a power transmission grid, the purpose of this work are therefore: to identify the unique signature of various types of short circuit faults on electric power transmission lines. To formulate mathematical techniques for the characterisation of faults on the electric power transmission grid.To evaluate algorithms that can classify various types of short circuit faults on electric power transmission lines. To develop an ultra fast fault diagnosis system. In addition, this work would make a contribution in the following areas: filtering of decaying DC offset in post fault measurement, formulation of a features extraction algorithm for all short circuit faults on electric transmission lines, evaluation of efficient classiers and regression algorithms, and formulation of faults diagnostic scheme for electric power transmission lines.

M. Tech. Electrical Engineering. / Discusses energy as the basic necessity for the economic development of a country. Many functions necessary to present-day living grind to halt when the supply of energy stops. Energy exists in different forms in nature but the most important form is the electrical energy. Therefore, enhancing power flow in transmission systems is important for efficient power supply because a modern-day society requires a large amount of electrical energy for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes. Among the various means of enhancing power flow in transmission systems with the help of FACTS devices, this research work focussed on the aspect of improving the power system stability. Therefore, efficient supply of electric power to various customer load demands can be achieved when the future power system engineers and researchers carry out nonlinear modelling, bifurcation analysis and control of their system with FACTS devices such as TCSC for power system stability enhancement.

published_or_final_version / Electrical Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy