<h2><strong>Summary</strong></h2><p><strong> </strong>Today we are probably on a point of change for the car industry. The last century was the century of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Fossil fuels were relative cheap, easy accessible and they have a high specific energy. The pollution and dependency on oil caused the last decade an increasing demand for alternatives. Alternatives for electric power plants and for car drives. Yet the turnover to hybrids is a fact and much research is done for pure electric vehicles. Research about the control of electric motors is by that become a hot topic.</p><p>To simulate an electric vehicle drive with an induction motor, a frequency converter is needed. This combination of motor and converter led to many possible experiments. With a few experiments already done and a broad theoretical background report this thesis provides a good bundle of information to start with further experiments. The experiments can become even broader when a flywheel is added as mass inertia momentum and a DC source on the DC-link. Both elements contribute for a better simulation of an electric motor in an electric vehicle.</p><p>What is described in this theoretical report about the combination of an induction motor and converter is only the tip of the iceberg. I had too less time to begin experimenting with the flying wheel. The DC-link voltage becomes ca. 540V. From the perspective of safety I could never work alone with the DC-link. Even with a companion it was too dangerous because the equipment of the Halmstad University is not made for such dangerous voltages. That’s why this thesis contains more theoretical background and less actual practical data.</p><p><strong></strong></p> / <h2>SAMENVATTING</h2><p><em>Momenteel bevinden we ons in een tijd van omslag. Na een eeuw waarin de brandstofmotor het transportlandschap domineerde, is er nood aan een alternatief. Fossiele brandstof zorgt voor schadelijke uitlaatgassen bij verbranding en de afhankelijkheid van andere landen voor de bevoorrading van fossiele brandstof blijft altijd een risicofactor. De eerste stap in deze verandering is gezet met de ontwikkeling van hybride wagens. De toekomst zal waarschijnlijk helemaal elektrisch worden. Daarom is het onderzoek naar de controle van elektrische motoren belangrijk.</em></p><p><em>In de universiteit van Halmstad zijn er verscheidene inductiemotoren aanwezig in het elektriciteitslabo. De doelstelling was dat ik een frequentieomvormer selecteerde, bestelde en parametreerde op basis van deze motoren. Daarnaast kreeg ik de vrijheid om een elektrische wagen te simuleren. Dit zou ik doen door een vliegwiel voor de traagheid en door een batterij na te bootsen om de DC-link te voeden. Al mijn informatie moest ik bundelen in deze thesistekst zodat het eventueel een handige bundel werd voor toekomstige studenten die willen werken met de convertor.</em></p><p><em>Ik had slechts 2 maanden de tijd om dit uit te voeren, metingen te doen en een theoretisch verslag te schrijven. Vanwege deze korte tijdspanne was het niet mogelijk het vliegwiel te implementeren. Daarnaast was de tussenkringspanning ongeveer 540V DC. Dit is zeer gevaarlijk zodat ze liever hadden dat ik de proeven met een gesimuleerde batterij liet varen. Dit verklaart enigszins waarom uitgebreide meetresultaten ontbreken en deze thesis vooral een bredere theoretische toets heeft.</em></p>

The core of any electric vehicle (EV) is the electric drive train, intended as the energy conversion chain from the energy tank (typically some kind of rechargeable battery) to the electric motor that converts the electrical energy into the mechanical energy needed for the vehicle motion. The need for on-board electrical energy storage is the factor that has so far prevented pure electric vehicles from conquering significant market share. In fact electrochemical batteries, which are currently the most suitable device for electrical energy storage, have serious limitations in terms of energy and/or power density, cost and safety. All those characteristics reflect in pure electric vehicles being outperformed by standard internal combustion engine (ICE) based vehicles in terms of driving range, time needed to refuel and purchase cost. Electric vehicles do have their distinctive advantages, being intrinsically much more efficient, operating at zero emissions at the pipe, and offering a higher degree of controllability that can potentially enhance driving safety. No wonder then, that electric energy storage technology has attracted considerable R&amp;D investments, resulting in new traction battery packs that are getting closer and closer to the industrial targets. In this scenario of EV technology gaining momentum, power electronics engineers have to come up with newer solutions allowing for more efficient and more reliable utilization of the precious on-board energy that comes in a form that cannot be directly utilized by the motor. At present, most of the research in the area of power electronics for automotive is focused in volume and cost reduction techniques. The increase in power density is pursued by developing components that can be operated at higher temperature, thus relieving the requirements on cooling. In this thesis, the focus is on the development of alternative topologies for the power electronics converters that make use of some peculiarities of the energy storage components and of the electrical drive train in general, rather than being a mere component-level optimization of well established topologies. A novel converter topology is proposed for hybridization of the energy source with a supercapacitor-based power buffer being used to assist the main traction battery. From the functional point of view, the topology implements a bidirectional DC/DC converter. Making use of the fact that the battery terminal voltage is close to constant, an arrangement for the supercapacitors is devised allowing for bidirectional power flow by using power electronics devices of lower ratings than the ones needed in conventional DC/DC converters. At the same time, much smaller magnetic components are needed. Theoretical analysis of the operation of the proposed converter is given, allowing for optimized design. A full-scale experimental prototype rated at 30 kW, intended for use in a pure EV, has been built and tested. Results validate the theory and show that no particular impediment exist to the deployment of the concept in practical applications. Another concept introduced in the thesis is an architecture where the traction inverter is embedded in the energy storage device. The latter is constituted by several modules, as in the case of modern Li-ion battery systems, and each module is equipped with a local power electronics interface, making it functionally equivalent to a controllable voltage source. The result is a modular, distributed system that can be engineered to have very high reliability and also to exhibit self-healing properties. A prototype with a minimum number of modules has been built and tested. Results confirm the effectiveness of the system, and make it a good candidate for deployment in applications where reliability is the most important requirement.

As hybrid and electric vehicles continue to evolve there is a need for better battery thermal management systems (BTMS), which maintain uniformity of operating temperature of the batteries in the vehicles. This thesis investigates the use of an indirect liquid cooled system, which can be applied to hybrid and electric vehicles. The design is modeled as part of the UOIT EcoCAR. The predominant focus of this indirect liquid cooled system is the entropy generation in each of the components within the system, as well as a total system analysis. Four main components of the system are the battery module, heat exchanger, pump, and throttle. The battery module coolant tubes and the entire heat exchanger model are developed. Various parameters are changed in each component, leading to a decrease in entropy generation depending on the variable changed. Of the four components identified, the heat exchanger produced the majority of entropy generation, which leads to an overall increase in system entropy generation. There are many factors to consider when designing a liquid cooled BTMS. The new model shows a unique ability to improve system performance by reducing the entropy generation in the BTMS. / UOIT

Summary  Today we are probably on a point of change for the car industry. The last century was the century of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Fossil fuels were relative cheap, easy accessible and they have a high specific energy. The pollution and dependency on oil caused the last decade an increasing demand for alternatives. Alternatives for electric power plants and for car drives. Yet the turnover to hybrids is a fact and much research is done for pure electric vehicles. Research about the control of electric motors is by that become a hot topic. To simulate an electric vehicle drive with an induction motor, a frequency converter is needed. This combination of motor and converter led to many possible experiments. With a few experiments already done and a broad theoretical background report this thesis provides a good bundle of information to start with further experiments. The experiments can become even broader when a flywheel is added as mass inertia momentum and a DC source on the DC-link. Both elements contribute for a better simulation of an electric motor in an electric vehicle. What is described in this theoretical report about the combination of an induction motor and converter is only the tip of the iceberg. I had too less time to begin experimenting with the flying wheel. The DC-link voltage becomes ca. 540V. From the perspective of safety I could never work alone with the DC-link. Even with a companion it was too dangerous because the equipment of the Halmstad University is not made for such dangerous voltages. That’s why this thesis contains more theoretical background and less actual practical data. / SAMENVATTING Momenteel bevinden we ons in een tijd van omslag. Na een eeuw waarin de brandstofmotor het transportlandschap domineerde, is er nood aan een alternatief. Fossiele brandstof zorgt voor schadelijke uitlaatgassen bij verbranding en de afhankelijkheid van andere landen voor de bevoorrading van fossiele brandstof blijft altijd een risicofactor. De eerste stap in deze verandering is gezet met de ontwikkeling van hybride wagens. De toekomst zal waarschijnlijk helemaal elektrisch worden. Daarom is het onderzoek naar de controle van elektrische motoren belangrijk. In de universiteit van Halmstad zijn er verscheidene inductiemotoren aanwezig in het elektriciteitslabo. De doelstelling was dat ik een frequentieomvormer selecteerde, bestelde en parametreerde op basis van deze motoren. Daarnaast kreeg ik de vrijheid om een elektrische wagen te simuleren. Dit zou ik doen door een vliegwiel voor de traagheid en door een batterij na te bootsen om de DC-link te voeden. Al mijn informatie moest ik bundelen in deze thesistekst zodat het eventueel een handige bundel werd voor toekomstige studenten die willen werken met de convertor. Ik had slechts 2 maanden de tijd om dit uit te voeren, metingen te doen en een theoretisch verslag te schrijven. Vanwege deze korte tijdspanne was het niet mogelijk het vliegwiel te implementeren. Daarnaast was de tussenkringspanning ongeveer 540V DC. Dit is zeer gevaarlijk zodat ze liever hadden dat ik de proeven met een gesimuleerde batterij liet varen. Dit verklaart enigszins waarom uitgebreide meetresultaten ontbreken en deze thesis vooral een bredere theoretische toets heeft.

The aim of this study is to find coherence between the theory of consumers‟ attitudes and the challenge of product acceptance. The relationship between consumer attitudes and product acceptance will be explored using the example of the Electric Vehicle (EV), an innovative and much debated product, in China. This study will analyze the attitudes of the Chinese consumers toward the EV and how these attitudes might affect the acceptance of this particular product. The reason China was chosen as the target market was because that country seems to be a non-researched area. 1 This study will shed some light on the mentioned concepts and offer findings from the Asian continent. These findings will be crucially important for the academic world, as they will be a solid base for future research. More importantly, this research can be used by marketers for their strategies in regards to EV sales in China.

In the next decade, electric vehicles (EV) will be heading to the road in a fast speed. Utility company would have no control over the future EV charging points or stations, and no direct control over periods and frequency of EV charging that could cause great effects to the existing distribution network operations if not well planned. Distribution system operation and expansion planning would become more complicated due to the high degree of uncertainty of the EV charging demand. Markov model is used in this study to calculate the probabilities and locations of EV charging. To mitigate the loading and voltage quality problem, feeder reconfiguration is proposed. The problem is formulated as an stochastic programming program with an objective function of minimizing total switching and system loss costs, and subject to radial structure of the distribution network and security constraints. The problem is solved by a binary particle swarm optimization technique. Test results indicate that feeder reconfiguration can be exercised to match loading patterns of different types of feeders (residential, commercial and industrial) with various stochastic charging scenarios, and consequently, reduce the impacts of EV charging and optimize the use of the existing network.

This research is focused on designing a new generation of CAD tools that could help a ”hybrid vehicle” designer with the design process to come up with better vehicle configurations. The conventional design process for any type of hybrid-electric vehicle would start from the vehicle performance criteria and continue by applying them to the physical models of different components of the vehicle. The final result would be strict and precise characteristics of all components in the vehicle; this scenario gives only one option for the desired vehicle. A new perspective is introduced in developing a new methodology in the art of design. This new method enables the designer to see a wider picture of what he is designing and have access to all his options and capabilities. The method is designed to help the designer ask the right questions about his design options, intelligently guide him through the design process by squeezing the space of solutions and take him to the final designed product. The new methodology is implemented in this research with the following capabilities: 1. The proposed tool allows the designer to choose any arbitrary set of variable to be known and leave the rest as the ones to be solved for; either they are vehicle component characteristic variables or performance measures. This provides a great amount of flexibility and success in designing a vehicle from any available information about it. 2. Instead of starting from single values, the new tool can work with a range of possible values for the known variables and suggest range of feasible values for the unknown variables. This provides the capability of refining the design even further and performing sensitivity analysis. 3. The proposed tool is a package that offers both design and simulation capabilities. It includes analytical performance simulation as well as simulation with arbitrary drive cycles and engine controllers. 4. Capability of 1D, 2D and 3D representation of any arbitrary set of design variables in the solution space. The idea is implemented in a pilot version software package for vehicle design.

This paper design a Digital-Singal-Processor based which cooperating with the technique of switching power supply to implement the Brushless DC motor driver for electric vehicle ,and use the asymmetry pulse-width modulation theorem in sinusoidal PWM switch to increase motion efficiency of motor and decrease the power depletion ,thus can improve the current- spike from analog controller effectively ,and prove the feasibility of the system.

System level parametric design of hybrid electric vehicles involves estimation of the power ratings as well as the values of certain parameters of the components, given the values of the performance parameters. The design is based on certain mathematical equations or ‘design rules’, which relate the component parameters and the performance parameters. The flow of the design algorithm is uni-directional and fixed, and cannot be altered. This thesis proposes a new method for such parametric design, called omni- directional design, which does not have a fixed sequence like the conventional design, but can start with any parameters of the designer’s choice. The designer is also able to specify the input parameters over a range, instead of a point (one, fixed value) input. Scenarios having a point input, but values of an output which can vary over a range for the point input, can also be studied.

Power-split hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) provide two power paths between the internal combustion (IC) engine and the driven wheels through gearing and electric machines (EMs) composing an electrically variable transmission (EVT). EVTs allow IC engine control such that rotational speed is independent of vehicle speed at all times. By breaking the rigid mechanical connection between the IC engine and the driven wheels, EVTs allow the IC engine to operate in the most efficient region of its characteristic brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) map. If the most efficient IC engine operating point produces more power than is requested by the driver, the excess IC engine power can be stored in the energy storage system (ESS) and used later. Conversely, if the most efficient IC engine operating point does not meet the power request of the driver, the ESS delivers the difference to the wheels through the EMs. Therefore with an intelligent supervisory control strategy, power-split architectures can advantageously combine traditional series and parallel power paths. In the first part of this work, two different power-split HEV powertrains are compared using a two-term cost function and steady-state backward-looking simulation (BLS). BLS is used to find battery power management strategies that result in minimized fuel consumption over a user-defined drive-cycle. The supervisory control strategy design approach amounts to an exhaustive search over all kinematically admissible input operating points, leading to a minimized instantaneous cost function. While the approach provides a valuable comparison of two architectures, non-ideal engine speed fluctuations result. Therefore, in the second part of the work, two approaches for designing control strategies with refined IC engine speed transitions are investigated using high-fidelity forward-looking simulation (FLS). These two approaches include: i) smoothing the two-term cost function optimization results, and ii) introducing a three-term cost function. It is found that both achieve operable engine speed transitions, and result in fuel economy (FE) estimates which compare well to previous BLS results. It is further found that the three-term cost function finds more efficient operating points than the smoothed two-term cost function approach. From the investigations carried out in parts one and two of this work, a two-phase control strategy development process is suggested where control strategies are generated using efficient steady-state BLS models, and then further tested and verified in high-fidelity FLS models. In conclusion, the FLS results justify the efficacy of the two-phased process, suggesting rapid and effective development of implementable power-split HEV supervisory control strategies.