Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Texas at Dallas, 2007. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-152)

M.Ing. / The study looks into the impact of harmonic distortion on power-plant equipment in general, and then focuses on the impact it has on power transformers operating near the thermal limit. The feasibility of the study is firstly evaluated and then the theory on harmonics and transformer losses is analysed. The study had been narrowed down to power transformers due to the high numbers of failures nationally and internationally attributed to unknown causes. A transformer model is then developed through theoretical considerations. Finally, a case study is done on the capability of a fully loaded transformer under harmonics conditions evaluated through transformer capability calculations and the proposed transformer model. Thereafter the transformer model developed is verified with measured results. The main impact of harmonic current distortion on power transformers is an increase in the rated power losses that results in a temperature rise inside the power transformer. The heat build-up can lead to degradation of insulation, which can shorten the transformer’s life and lead to eventual breakdown. The harmonic current distortion impacts transformer losses – namely, ohmic losses, the winding eddy current losses and other stray losses. All of these harmonic effects on transformer losses are verified theoretically, mathematically and practically. The harmonic impact on the transformer capability is then evaluated through a numerical example of a transformer feeding a harmonic load. The transformer capability is determined via two methods – namely, harmonic capability calculations in the standard “IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability when Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents”, [11] and a proposed transformer model derived from theoretical and mathematical analysis. The results show that an increase in the winding eddy current losses can decrease the maximum permissible nonsinusoidal load current substantially. If the load current of the transformer is derated accordingly it translates into a loss of the output power capacity of the power transformer. The standard recommended capability calculations for winding eddy current losses are conservative and not satisfactorily accurate. This results in a large loss of power capacity. The proposed transformer model includes a parameter that estimates the winding eddy current loss in the transformer that results in a smaller loss in power capacity. Furthermore, it was shown that the harmonic current distortion levels could exceed the permissible levels although the harmonic voltage distortion levels are within acceptable levels. The proposed transformer equivalent model is thereafter practically verified with experimental results of papers published by M.A.S. Masoum, E.F. Fuchs and D.J. Roesler, [19], [20] and [29].

Using the nonlinear Volterra series representation, analytical expressions for the third-order intermodulation distortion power and intercept point for a MESFET small-signal amplifier are derived when its equivalent circuit is bilateral and includes the gate-to-drain capacitance (CgJ explicitly as a nonlinear element. Previously developed analytical expressions treated Cgd as a linear element or incorporated it as part of gate-to-source and drainto- source capacitances (Cgs and Cds). These new analytical expressions are then compared with experimental data and good agreement is obtained. The analytical expressions are also used to study the variation of intermodulation distortion with input power, frequency, and source and load impedances. It is shown that the nonlinearity of Cgd contributes significantly to the intermodulation distortion power and the third-order intercept point and therefore should not be neglected in the analysis and design.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-111). Also available on the Internet.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become a popular modulation method in high-speed wireless communications. By partitioning a wideband fading channel into flat narrowband channels, OFDM is able to mitigate the detrimental effects of multipath fading using a simple one-tap equalizer. However, in the time domain OFDM signals suffer from large envelope variations, which are often characterized by the peak-to-average ratio (PAR). High PAR signals, like OFDM, require that transmission amplifiers operate at very low power efficiencies to avoid clipping. In this dissertation, we explore the problems associated with transmitted OFDM signals through peak limited channels. A large part of this work deals with analyzing different distortion metrics and determining which metrics are most useful. We find that the signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) is one of the most important metrics in assessing distortion in nonlinear channels. As part of this analysis, we compare sample-based SNDR and symbol-based SNDR and find that using the more comprehensive symbol-based metric as the objective in SNDR maximization algorithms leads to only marginal SNDR improvements. The SNDR perspective is also applied to existing PAR-reduction techniques to compare existing schemes and proposed new schemes. Part of this work involves deriving a SNDR maximizing adaptation of the popular PAR-reduction scheme, selected mapping (SLM). We also compare another popular PAR-reduction method, partial transmit sequence (PTS), to SLM through a variety of metrics including SNDR and found that for any given amount of complexity or side information SLM provided better performance. The next major piece of work in this dissertation addresses synchronization and channel estimation in peak-limited channels for OFDM. We build off of existing work that shows that embedded synchronization energy is a more bandwidth efficient means of synchronization than preamble-base methods. With this, we demonstrate a method for generating embedded sequences that have low PAR, and thus minimize the PAR of the combination OFDM symbol/embedded sequence among all embedded sequences. Next, we extend this work to sequences called joint synchronization-pilot sequences (JSPSs) by deriving the symbol-estimate mean squared error (MSE) pilot placements for the JSPSs and by showing how the JSPSs can be used with SLM for blind detection. Finally, the dissertation concludes with a derivation of the SNDR-optimal transmitter/receiver pairs. Using functional analysis, we show that the SNDR-optimal receivers for peak-limited transmitters are not linear. Instead they follow non-linear functions that depend on the noise and signal distributions.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (January 22, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-111). Also available on the Internet.

Orientador: Luís Carlos Origa de Oliveira / Co-orientador: João Luiz Afonso / Co-orientador: Priscila da Silva Oliveira / Banca: Júlio Borges de Souza / Banca: Falcondes José Mendes de Seixas / Banca: Arnulfo Barroso de Vasconcellos / Resumo: Com vistas à mitigação das distorções harmônicas, sempre que possível, são adotadas medidas operacionais relacionadas à adequação das cargas geradoras de harmônicas, fazendo-se uso de tecnologias menos poluentes, multiplicação do número de pulsos em instalações conversoras de grande porte, alteração da topologia das redes elétricas, entre outras. Ocorre, que, em diversas vezes, tais medidas são inviáveis sob o ponto de vista econômico, ou mesmo insuficientes para garantir o funcionamento adequado do sistema e/ou atender os limites estabelecidos pelas normas e recomendações técnicas. Nesses casos, torna-se indispensável o uso de equipamentos especiais para atenuação de distorções harmônicas. O uso de filtros e dispositivos de compensação constituem as técnicas mais aplicadas para redução das componentes harmônicas. Essas técnicas podem ser separadas em dois grandes grupos, dependendo do modo operacional, ativo ou passivo, sendo ambos amplamente conhecidos e aplicados nos mais distintos setores da engenharia. Considerando a aplicação de estruturas compensadoras em sistemas elétricos a quatro fios com carregamentos monofásicos não lineares, apresenta-se nesta tese um novo arranjo de compensação harmônica que incorpora simultaneamente filtragem ativa e passiva, e que apresenta todas as funcionalidades no que tange à compensação harmônica de um filtro ativo de quatro braços. Nessa perspectiva, a filtragem harmônica das componentes de sequências positiva e negativa é realizada por um filtro ativo de três braços, enquanto que, a filtragem das harmônicas homopolares fica atribuída ao supressor eletromagnético de sequência zero. Considerando o mesmo nível de potência a ser processado, presume-se que os custos dos dispositivos eletromagnéticos sejam menores quando comparados aos dispositivos de estado sólido, notadamente as chaves eletrônicas e ... / Abstract: With a view to mitigate harmonic distortion, whenever possible are adopted operational attitudes related to the suitability of harmonic generating loads, making use of cleaner technologies, multiplying the number of pulses in large converting installations, changes in electric grid topology, among others. Occurs that, in several times, such attitudes are not feasible under the economic point of view or even insufficient to ensure proper system operation and/or meet the limits set by standards and technical recommendations. In these cases, it becomes necessary to use special equipments to mitigate harmonic distortion. The use of filters and compensation devices constitute the techniques applied to reducing harmonic components. These techniques can be separated into two major groups, depending on the operating mode, active or passive, both widely known and applied in the most diverse sectors of engineering. Considering the expectation of compensating structures application in four-wire electrical systems with single-phase nonlinear loads, this thesis presents a new arrangement of harmonic compensation that incorporates both active and passive filtering, and that presents all the features regarding the harmonic compensation of a four-arm active filter. In this perspective, the harmonic filtering of positive and negative sequences components is performed by a three-arm active filter, while the filtering of zero sequence harmonics is attributed to the electromagnetic zero sequence suppressor. Considering the same power level to be processed, it is assumed that the costs of electromagnetic devices are smaller when compared to solid state devices, notably the electronic switches and sensors, which can be eliminated of the four-arm active filter when the responsibility to compensate homopolar harmonic is of the electromagnetic suppressor, which is a robust and reliable device. This thesis, therefore, ... / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-25Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:20:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000800686.pdf: 3904332 bytes, checksum: a3f8ecaf0d754273e5066a9998daf0b7 (MD5) / Com vistas à mitigação das distorções harmônicas, sempre que possível, são adotadas medidas operacionais relacionadas à adequação das cargas geradoras de harmônicas, fazendo-se uso de tecnologias menos poluentes, multiplicação do número de pulsos em instalações conversoras de grande porte, alteração da topologia das redes elétricas, entre outras. Ocorre, que, em diversas vezes, tais medidas são inviáveis sob o ponto de vista econômico, ou mesmo insuficientes para garantir o funcionamento adequado do sistema e/ou atender os limites estabelecidos pelas normas e recomendações técnicas. Nesses casos, torna-se indispensável o uso de equipamentos especiais para atenuação de distorções harmônicas. O uso de filtros e dispositivos de compensação constituem as técnicas mais aplicadas para redução das componentes harmônicas. Essas técnicas podem ser separadas em dois grandes grupos, dependendo do modo operacional, ativo ou passivo, sendo ambos amplamente conhecidos e aplicados nos mais distintos setores da engenharia. Considerando a aplicação de estruturas compensadoras em sistemas elétricos a quatro fios com carregamentos monofásicos não lineares, apresenta-se nesta tese um novo arranjo de compensação harmônica que incorpora simultaneamente filtragem ativa e passiva, e que apresenta todas as funcionalidades no que tange à compensação harmônica de um filtro ativo de quatro braços. Nessa perspectiva, a filtragem harmônica das componentes de sequências positiva e negativa é realizada por um filtro ativo de três braços, enquanto que, a filtragem das harmônicas homopolares fica atribuída ao supressor eletromagnético de sequência zero. Considerando o mesmo nível de potência a ser processado, presume-se que os custos dos dispositivos eletromagnéticos sejam menores quando comparados aos dispositivos de estado sólido, notadamente as chaves eletrônicas e ... / With a view to mitigate harmonic distortion, whenever possible are adopted operational attitudes related to the suitability of harmonic generating loads, making use of cleaner technologies, multiplying the number of pulses in large converting installations, changes in electric grid topology, among others. Occurs that, in several times, such attitudes are not feasible under the economic point of view or even insufficient to ensure proper system operation and/or meet the limits set by standards and technical recommendations. In these cases, it becomes necessary to use special equipments to mitigate harmonic distortion. The use of filters and compensation devices constitute the techniques applied to reducing harmonic components. These techniques can be separated into two major groups, depending on the operating mode, active or passive, both widely known and applied in the most diverse sectors of engineering. Considering the expectation of compensating structures application in four-wire electrical systems with single-phase nonlinear loads, this thesis presents a new arrangement of harmonic compensation that incorporates both active and passive filtering, and that presents all the features regarding the harmonic compensation of a four-arm active filter. In this perspective, the harmonic filtering of positive and negative sequences components is performed by a three-arm active filter, while the filtering of zero sequence harmonics is attributed to the electromagnetic zero sequence suppressor. Considering the same power level to be processed, it is assumed that the costs of electromagnetic devices are smaller when compared to solid state devices, notably the electronic switches and sensors, which can be eliminated of the four-arm active filter when the responsibility to compensate homopolar harmonic is of the electromagnetic suppressor, which is a robust and reliable device. This thesis, therefore, ...

M.Ing. / This study covers the problem of a periodic distortion and it's electronic compensation. The description and definition of power transfer in a single-phase electrical network is investigated. The various techniques for achieving optimal power transfer are then derived. From this the principle of the compensation of reactive power in an electrical power network is derived using the definition of power transfer. In order to evaluate and illustrate this principle a system configuration, consisting of a controlled source of reactive power is used. Due to the complexity of the system it was initially decided that a computer simulation would serve as an analytical aid. This provides the opportunity to conduct a thorough investigation into the functioning of the proposed compensator. Using the knowledge thus gained. an experimental system was developed. The simulated system is compared to practically obtained results in an experimentally developed compensator in order to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the simulation. The study then concentrates on the characterization of the two systems as applied in the compensation of reactive power. This analysis also contributes to the identification of deficiencies in the system. The study then concludes with a critical evaluation of the work and suggestions for improvement. This includes the optimization of the total system and the application in industrial power networks.