In this thesis is wrote up a complete procedure of stator core stiffness determination using finite element method (FEM), subsequently, the stator core stiffness database was created according to this procedure. In the next chapter is carried out a sensitivity analysis of one chosen stator core, which led to identifying parameters that affected its stiffness the most. Finally, a modal analysis of one synchronous machine was performed using FEM, in order to determine the effect of stator core stiffness on modal characteristics of the machine. Several modal shapes and corresponding natural frequencies were computed in this analysis, then only a few shapes with the highest core effect were chosen and compared.

The electrification of automobiles has emerged as the sustainable powertrain solutionto meet United Nations sustainable development goals of sustainable cities andcommunities, affordable and clean energy, and climate action. The success of theelectrification depends on the efficiency of traction motors. Hence, the automobileindustry is dedicated to improving the performance of electrical traction machinesfor high performance and sustainability. The thesis aims to build various electricalmachine’s concept designs and quantify their behaviour on sustainability andperformance. The thesis objective is to design Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM),Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM), and Permanent Magnet SynchronousReluctance Motor (PM­SynRM). The thesis work comprises of accurate performanceestimation and optimisation of these electrical machines through a finite element based method. The in­house scripts are developed to estimate the performance, electrical losses, and efficiency of these electrical machines through flexible open-source tools. The performance of PMSM with rare-­earth magnet Neodymium Ferrite Boron(NdFeB) and without rare­-earth magnet (ferrite) is done to evaluate the role of bothmagnets in producing torque density. The SynRM is evaluated and optimized usinggenetic algorithms in the thesis. The electrical machines are designed without the useof rare-­earth magnets to eliminate the degradation of the environment and reduce thecost and weight of the motor. / The electrification of automobiles has emerged as the sustainable powertrain solutionto meet United Nations sustainable development goals of sustainable cities andcommunities, affordable and clean energy, and climate action. The success of theelectrification depends on the efficiency of traction motors. Hence, the automobileindustry is dedicated to improving the performance of electrical traction machinesfor high performance and sustainability. The thesis aims to build various electricalmachine’s concept designs and quantify their behaviour on sustainability andperformance. The thesis objective is to design Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM),Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM), and Permanent Magnet SynchronousReluctance Motor (PM­SynRM). The thesis work comprises of accurate performanceestimation and optimisation of these electrical machines through a finite element based method. The in­house scripts are developed to estimate the performance, electrical losses, and efficiency of these electrical machines through flexible open-source tools. The performance of PMSM with rare-­earth magnet Neodymium Ferrite Boron(NdFeB) and without rare­-earth magnet (ferrite) is done to evaluate the role of bothmagnets in producing torque density. The SynRM is evaluated and optimized usinggenetic algorithms in the thesis. The electrical machines are designed without the useof rare-­earth magnets to eliminate the degradation of the environment and reduce thecost and weight of the motor.   Sammanfattning på svenska / Abstract in Swedish Elektrifieringen av bilar har framstått som en hållbar drivlinelösning för att mötaFörenade Nationernas hållbara utvecklingsmål för hållbara städer och samhällen, medprisvärda och rena energi och klimatåtgärder. Framgången med elektrifieringen berorpå effektivitet på motorer för framdrivningen. Därför är bilindustrin dedikerad tillatt förbättra prestanda för elmotorer för hållbarhet och hög prestanda. Avhandlingensyftar till att bygga olika konceptdesign för elmotorer för framdrivning och kvantifieraderas beteende på hållbarhet och prestanda. Uppsatsmålet är att utforma Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM),Synchronous Reluktance Motor (SynRM) och permanent magnetassisterad SynRM(PM­SynRM). Examensarbetet består av noggrann prestationsuppskattning ochoptimering av dessa elektriska maskiner genom finit element metod (FEM). Deskripten för att hantera FEM för elektormagnetisk design är in­house utveckladeför att uppskatta flexibelt prestanda, elektriska förluster och effektiviteten hos dessaelektriska maskiner genom att använda öppen källkod. Prestanda för PMSM med en sällsynta jordartsmagnet (NdFeB) och PMSM utansällsynta jordartsmagnet (ferrit) räknades fram för att utvärdera båda magneternasroll för att producera vridmomentdensitet. SynRM och PM­SynRM maskinernautvärderas och optimeras med hjälp av genetiska algoritmer i avhandlingen.De studerade elektriska maskinerna är designad utan användning av sällsyntajordartsmagneter för att eliminera miljöförstöring och minska motorns kostnad ochvikt.

In the recent decades, an increased interest into multiphase machines has developed due to certain beneficial properties they have over the standard three- phase machines. Proper modelling of a multiphase machine allows access to higher degrees of freedom given by the ability to control higher order harmonic frames. This feature is of particular interest in the area of parameter estimation as it may provide an opportunity to implement methods that are not feasible in three- phase machines. Modelling of a real six- phase machine meant for marine application with a functioning control structure is carried out on MATLAB/Simulink; considering nonlinear relations, cross coupling and saturation effects, the model includes the machine’s behavior in the fundamental frame as well as the next two higher order harmonic frames. Stator resistances and permanent magnet flux linkage are estimated online and simultaneously during various operating points. It is shown that stator resistance may be accurately estimated by means of DC test signal injections into the highest order harmonic frame; thus, minimizing torque ripple and additional loss generation. Permanent magnet flux linkage is accurately estimated via reactive power calculations on the fundamental frame which remains undisturbed by the aforementioned test signals. / Under de senaste decennierna har intresset för flerfasmaskiner ökat, på grund av i vissa avseenden, fördelaktiga egenskaper i jämförelse med traditionella trefasmaskiner. En väl genomförd modellering av flerfasmaskiner möjliggör högre grader av frihet givet förmågan att kontrollera frekvensplan av högre ordning. Denna funktion är av särskilt intresse inom parameteruppskattning, då det kan ge möjligheter att implementera metoder som är omöjliga i trefas maskiner. En modell av en verklig sexfasmaskin, byggd för en marin tillämpning och med ett givet styrsystem, har skapats i MATLAB/Simulink. Modellen tar hänsyn till ickelinjära förhållanden, korskopplingar och mättning. Den inkluderar även maskinens egenskaper i det fundamentala frekvensplanet och de två nästkommande frekvensplanen av högre ordning. Statorresistansen och permanentmagneternas sammanlänkade flöden uppskattas i realtid för olika driftsförhållanden. Det visar sig att statorresistansen kan uppskattas noggrant genom inmatning av en DC testsignal i högsta ordningens frekvensplan vilket minimerar momentrippel och extra förluster. Permanentmagneternas flöden kan uppskattas noggrant genom beräkning av den reaktiva effekten i det fundamentala frekvensplanet som är opåverkat av de ovan nämnda testsignalerna.

Neue elektrische Antriebskonzepte ermöglichen es, eine hohe Funktionalität in einem eingeschränkten Bauraum unterzubringen. Damit steigt auch in der Landwirtschaft das Interesse an elektrischen Antrieben. Die Projektgruppe Elektrische Maschinen und Antriebe der HTW Dresden beteiligt sich mit der TU Dresden an einem Projekt, bei dem beginnend mit der elektrisch angetriebenen Dreschtrommel umfassend an einem Mähdrescher untersucht wird, wie diese Antriebe in einzelne Funktionselemente integriert werden können. Neben der Auslegung der Antriebe werden Verfahren erarbeitet, die Verluste im Motor mit hoher Genauigkeit zu berechnen. So können in Zukunft passgenaue Kühlkonzepte für diese Antriebstechnik entwickelt werden. Anforderungen gerade im Bereich der Elektromobilität fordern den Blick für neue Materialien, deren elektromagnetisches und thermisches Verhalten werden in ihrem Einfluss auf die Erwärmung untersucht. Analytische und kombinierte Berechnungsmethoden in 2D-FEM gestatten die vereinfachte Rechnung unter Berücksichtigung von Grundwelle und entstehenden Harmonischen zu qualifizieren. Verlustberechnungen aus der transienten FEM-Rechnung ermöglichen diese Verbesserung. Die Methode wird am Beispiel der elektrischen Dreschtrommel mit den berechneten Verlustverteilungen beschrieben. Neue Methoden der 3D-FEM, wie sie die Software Ansys bietet, werden für die Nutzung von Einflüssen der Wirbelstromeffekte und in Auswertung für die Segmentierung von Permanentmagneten dargestellt. Die exemplarisch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse liefern einen Beitrag für weitere Schneidwerksantriebe am Mähdrescher, aber auch darüber hinaus in Projekten mit Herstellern elektrischer Maschinen. / New concepts for electrical drives make it possible to put a high functionality into a restricted structural form. Thereby the interest in electrical drives increases also in the farming. The project team Electrical machines and drives of the HTW Dresden participates together with the TU Dresden in a project, where starting with the electrically driven threshing cylinder is comprehensively examined at a combine harvester, how these drives can be integrated into single function elements. Besides the dimensioning of the drives are developed methods to calculate losses in the engine with high precision. So custom-fit cooling concepts can be developed for this drive technology in future. Requirements just in the area of the electric mobility call looking for new materials, whose electromagnetic and thermic behavior are examined in her influence on the warming. Analytical and combined computation methods in 2D-FEM allow the simplified calculation under consideration of the fundamental wave and the arising harmonic ones. Loss calculations by means of the transient FEM calculation make possible this improvement. The method is described at the example of the electrical threshing cylinder with the calculated loss distributions. New methods of the 3D-FEM, as the software of Ansys offers, are presented for the use of influences of the eddy current effects and in evaluation for the segmentation of permanent magnets. The exemplarily got knowledge provides a contribution for further cut header drives at the combine but also furthermore in projects together with manufacturers of electrical machines.

Implanter une machine électrique dans un véhicule hybride pose avant tout des problèmes d’encombrement. Sous-dimensionner la machine semble légitime compte tenu de l’usage qui en est fait sur véhicule. Par contre, cela suppose que les aspects thermiques soient pris en compte non seulement lors de l’utilisation, mais aussi lors de la conception de la machine. Le phénomène majeur limitant la densité de puissance massique des machines électriques est l’échauffement interne des bobines et des aimants. La modélisation thermique de la machine est complexe compte tenu de la diversité des sources de chaleur et de la coexistence de différents modes de transferts thermiques : conduction dans la matière, convection avec l’eau de refroidissement, conduction, convection et rayonnement dans l’entrefer. En termes de géométrie, si une première approche peut être réalisée en ne considérant que des flux de chaleur radiaux, la composante axiale doit nécessairement être prise en compte dès lors qu’on veut tenir compte aussi des extrémités de machine, et notamment de la chaleur produite par les roulements et les têtes de bobines. Ainsi pour pouvoir analyser pertinemment les transferts thermiques dans la machine, des méthodes numériques de type CFD ont été utilisées pour caractériser le transfert thermique par convection. La caractérisation des échanges thermiques par convection naturelle et forcée a été réalisée à l’intérieur d’une machine synchrone à aimants permanents internes (MAPI). Des relations empiriques ont été proposées afin de prendre en compte le couplage entre la thermique et l’aérodynamique dans les cavités des machines électriques totalement fermées. Afin de valider la pertinence des modèles numériques dans le cadre de ce travail, des mesures thermiques à l’aide des moyens d’essais de l’UTC ont été réalisées. Les résultats de cette étude sont utilisés pour construire des circuits thermiques équivalents qui prennent en compte les phénomènes thermiques complexes dans les machines électriques fermées utilisées dans les véhicules hybrides et électriques. Ces recommandations de conception permettront l’optimisation de l’effort investi pour le refroidissement de la machine électrique dans ses différentes phases de fonctionnement. / The integration of an electrical machine into modern hybrid vehicles is associated with new technical constraints such as the integrability into small volume without losing certainly in performance. Therefore, the development of compacter electrical machines is a well-founded argument for car manufacturers as well as electrical machine designers. On the other hand, this finding assumes that the thermal aspects are undertaken not only during the operation of the electrical machine, but also during the design process. The internal heat generated in different areas impacts strongly the power density and the magnet health which deeply reduce the electrical machine reliability. Heat transfer modeling inside electrical machines is a tricky task because of the strong coupling between the different physics governing their operations. Indeed, the generated losses spread inside the electrical machine through three heat transfer modes which are: conduction (heat diffusion), convection(heat transport) and radiation (heat scattering). In terms of geometry, if a first approach can be carried out by considering only radial heat fluxes, the axially-transferred heat must be undertaken when it is also necessary to consider end caps effects, and particularly the heat released by the bearings. In order to carry out relevantly the thermal analysis of a permanent magnets synchronous machine, CFD based methods are used to characterize the convective heat transfer inside this machine over a large operating range. Both natural and forced convection are analyzed and the corresponding heat transfer coefficients are numerically-estimated. Empirical equations are proposed in order to take into account the coupling between thermal and fluid dynamics inside the cavities of the studied totally-enclosed machine. These correlations are integrated then into a detailed and reduced thermal network. Experimental tests are carried out using a test bench in order to measure temperature distribution in different areas of the electrical machine. Afterward, a comparison between estimated and measured temperatures shows that the results of the numerically-enhanced thermal network are in a good agreement with measurements. Thus, the proposed recommendations based on CFD modeling allow the convective heat transfer to be characterize quickly and precisely. These correlations are useful for upcoming studies dealing with convection inside automotive electrical machines as well as high speed electrical machines.

This master‘s thesis deals with problems of optimization of cooling in electrical machines. This work includes introduction to the theory of mathematical optimization and brief introduction to optimization problems. This thesis deals with using of program Ansys Workbench for the thermal analysis in electrical machines and optimization of their cooling. Thesis contains thermal analyse of specific asynchronous motor with the squirrel cage and optimization of its cooling.

The main purpose of the thesis Automatic measurement of induction machine using LabVIEW was to develope an automated measuring system, which is used to perform tests of induction motors. The algorithm of the system is programmed in LabVIEW. In the practical part of this thesis, a measurement of the motor Atas Elektromotory Náchod a.s. T22VT512 is carried out, in order to verificate functions of the algorithm, and to perform tests of the motor to analyse losses. Another part of the work is dedicated to the electromagnetic calculation of the motor T22VT512. For this purpose, two softwares with different principles of calculation have been used. Firstly, the calculation is solved by an analytical based software called RMxprt. Secondly, the software Maxwell 2D is used to make the calculation of electric and magnetic fields by the finite element method.

Neue elektrische Antriebskonzepte ermöglichen es, eine hohe Funktionalität in einem eingeschränkten Bauraum unterzubringen. Damit steigt auch in der Landwirtschaft das Interesse an elektrischen Antrieben. Die Projektgruppe Elektrische Maschinen und Antriebe der HTW Dresden beteiligt sich mit der TU Dresden an einem Projekt, bei dem beginnend mit der elektrisch angetriebenen Dreschtrommel umfassend an einem Mähdrescher untersucht wird, wie diese Antriebe in einzelne Funktionselemente integriert werden können. Neben der Auslegung der Antriebe werden Verfahren erarbeitet, die Verluste im Motor mit hoher Genauigkeit zu berechnen. So können in Zukunft passgenaue Kühlkonzepte für diese Antriebstechnik entwickelt werden. Anforderungen gerade im Bereich der Elektromobilität fordern den Blick für neue Materialien, deren elektromagnetisches und thermisches Verhalten werden in ihrem Einfluss auf die Erwärmung untersucht. Analytische und kombinierte Berechnungsmethoden in 2D-FEM gestatten die vereinfachte Rechnung unter Berücksichtigung von Grundwelle und entstehenden Harmonischen zu qualifizieren. Verlustberechnungen aus der transienten FEM-Rechnung ermöglichen diese Verbesserung. Die Methode wird am Beispiel der elektrischen Dreschtrommel mit den berechneten Verlustverteilungen beschrieben. Neue Methoden der 3D-FEM, wie sie die Software Ansys bietet, werden für die Nutzung von Einflüssen der Wirbelstromeffekte und in Auswertung für die Segmentierung von Permanentmagneten dargestellt. Die exemplarisch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse liefern einen Beitrag für weitere Schneidwerksantriebe am Mähdrescher, aber auch darüber hinaus in Projekten mit Herstellern elektrischer Maschinen. / New concepts for electrical drives make it possible to put a high functionality into a restricted structural form. Thereby the interest in electrical drives increases also in the farming. The project team Electrical machines and drives of the HTW Dresden participates together with the TU Dresden in a project, where starting with the electrically driven threshing cylinder is comprehensively examined at a combine harvester, how these drives can be integrated into single function elements. Besides the dimensioning of the drives are developed methods to calculate losses in the engine with high precision. So custom-fit cooling concepts can be developed for this drive technology in future. Requirements just in the area of the electric mobility call looking for new materials, whose electromagnetic and thermic behavior are examined in her influence on the warming. Analytical and combined computation methods in 2D-FEM allow the simplified calculation under consideration of the fundamental wave and the arising harmonic ones. Loss calculations by means of the transient FEM calculation make possible this improvement. The method is described at the example of the electrical threshing cylinder with the calculated loss distributions. New methods of the 3D-FEM, as the software of Ansys offers, are presented for the use of influences of the eddy current effects and in evaluation for the segmentation of permanent magnets. The exemplarily got knowledge provides a contribution for further cut header drives at the combine but also furthermore in projects together with manufacturers of electrical machines.

Electrical machines with more than three phases are usually called multiphase electrical machines and they can have several advantages compared to conventional three-phase electrical machines such as a lower content of space-harmonics, lower torque ripple and better fault tolerance. This degree project involves rewinding of a three-phase induction machine into an asymmetrical six-phase machine. The winding design is based on simulations of a machine model in a finite element method software and the method "the star of the slot" that computes winding layouts. A six-phase drive is developed based on an existing printed circuit board prototype that is not operating according to its original specifications. Debugging of the prototype is performed and solutions to the problems are identified. Design and layout improvements for better electromagnetic compatibility are also implemented. The drive including the electrical machine is tested and confirmed to be working according to the specifications. Speed control based on indirect rotor field orientation is implemented and tested for the six-phase induction machine as well with the machine connected as a standard three-phase induction machine. / Elektriska maskiner med fler än tre faser kallas vanligtvis flerfasiga elektriska maskiner och kan ha flera fördelar jämfört med konventionella trefasiga elektriska maskiner, som lägre innehåll av övervågor, lägre rippel i vridmomentet och bättre feltolerans. Detta examensarbete involverar omlindning av en trefasig asynkronmaskin till en asymmetrisk sexfasig asynkronmaskin. Lindningsdesignen baseras på simuleringar av en maskinmodell i mjukvara baserat på finita element metoden och metoden kallad the star of the slotsom räknar ut lindnings ritningar. En sexfasig drivlina utvecklas baserat på en existerande kretskorts prototyp som inte fungerar enligt dess ursprunliga specifikationer. Felsökning av prototypen utförs och lösningar till problemen identifieras. Design- och layoutförbättringar för bättre elektromagnetisk kompatibilitet implementeras också. Drivlinan med den elektriska maskinen inkluderad testas och bekräftas fungera enligt dess specifikationer. Hastighetsreglering baserad på indirekt rotorfälts orientering implementeras och testas för den sexfasiga asynkronmaskinen samt även med maskinen kopplad som en standard trefas asynkronmaskin.

Tradicionalmente, la detección de faltas en máquinas eléctricas se basa en el uso de la Transformada Rápida de Fourier ya que la mayoría de las faltas pueden ser diagnosticadas con ella con seguridad si las máquinas operan en condiciones de régimen estacionario durante un intervalo de tiempo razonable. Sin embargo, para aplicaciones en las que las máquinas operan en condiciones de carga y velocidad fluctuantes (condiciones no estacionarias) como por ejemplo los aerogeneradores, el uso de la Transformada Rápida de Fourier debe ser reemplazado por otras técnicas. La presente tesis desarrolla una nueva metodología para el diagnóstico de máquinas de inducción de rotor de jaula y rotor bobinado operando en condiciones no estacionarias, basada en el análisis de las componentes de falta de las corrientes en el plano deslizamiento frecuencia. La técnica es aplicada al diagnóstico de asimetrías estatóricas, rotóricas y también para la falta de excentricidad mixta. El diagnóstico de las máquinas eléctricas en el dominio deslizamiento-frecuencia confiere un carácter universal a la metodología ya que puede diagnosticar máquinas eléctricas independientemente de sus características, del modo en el que la velocidad de la máquina varía y de su modo de funcionamiento (motor o generador). El desarrollo de la metodología conlleva las siguientes etapas: (i) Caracterización de las evoluciones de las componentes de falta de asimetría estatórica, rotórica y excentricidad mixta para las máquinas de inducción de rotores de jaula y bobinados en función de la velocidad (deslizamiento) y la frecuencia de alimentación de la red a la que está conectada la máquina. (ii) Debido a la importancia del procesado de la señal, se realiza una introducción a los conceptos básicos del procesado de señal antes de centrarse en las técnicas actuales de procesado de señal para el diagnóstico de máquinas eléctricas. (iii) La extracción de las componentes de falta se lleva a cabo a través de tres técnicas de filtrado diferentes: filtros basados en la Transformada Discreta Wavelet, en la Transformada Wavelet Packet y con una nueva técnica de filtrado propuesta en esta tesis, el Filtrado Espectral. Las dos primeras técnicas de filtrado extraen las componentes de falta en el dominio del tiempo mientras que la nueva técnica de filtrado realiza la extracción en el dominio de la frecuencia. (iv) La extracción de las componentes de falta, en algunos casos, conlleva el desplazamiento de la frecuencia de las componentes de falta. El desplazamiento de la frecuencia se realiza a través de dos técnicas: el Teorema del Desplazamiento de la Frecuencia y la Transformada Hilbert. (v) A diferencia de otras técnicas ya desarrolladas, la metodología propuesta no se basa exclusivamente en el cálculo de la energía de la componente de falta sino que también estudia la evolución de la frecuencia instantánea de ellas, calculándola a través de dos técnicas diferentes (la Transformada Hilbert y el operador Teager-Kaiser), frente al deslizamiento. La representación de la frecuencia instantánea frente al deslizamiento elimina la posibilidad de diagnósticos falsos positivos mejorando la precisión y la calidad del diagnóstico. Además, la representación de la frecuencia instantánea frente al deslizamiento permite realizar diagnósticos cualitativos que son rápidos y requieren bajos requisitos computacionales. (vi) Finalmente, debido a la importancia de la automatización de los procesos industriales y para evitar la posible divergencia presente en el diagnóstico cualitativo, tres parámetros objetivos de diagnóstico son desarrollados: el parámetro de la energía, el coeficiente de similitud y los parámetros de regresión. El parámetro de la energía cuantifica la severidad de la falta según su valor y es calculado en el dominio del tiempo y en el dominio de la frecuencia (consecuencia de la extracción de las componentes de falta en el dominio de la frecuencia). El coeficiente de similitud y los parámetros de regresión son parámetros objetivos que permiten descartar diagnósticos falsos positivos aumentando la robustez de la metodología propuesta. La metodología de diagnóstico propuesta se valida experimentalmente para las faltas de asimetría estatórica y rotórica y para el fallo de excentricidad mixta en máquinas de inducción de rotor de jaula y rotor bobinado alimentadas desde la red eléctrica y desde convertidores de frecuencia en condiciones no estacionarias estocásticas. / Vedreño Santos, FJ. (2013). Diagnosis of electric induction machines in non-stationary regimes working in randomly changing conditions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34177