The Větrníky national nature reserve, located in the South Moravian region north of the village of Letonice, is one of the largest steppe reserves in Southern Moravia. This whole area is characterized by the presence of both stable and active landslides, and the occurrence of suffosion sinkholes has been monitored there in the long-term. The aim of the thesis was to investigate whether it was possible to observe subsurface phenomena, caused by the washing out of fine rock particles by ground water, by means of geophysical methods. This phenomenon is known as suffosion. The measurements took place in the areas where the suffosion manifestation was very distinctive, that is around two sinkholes that were visible on the surface. In order to identify the suffosion structural-geological causes and their manifestations at a given location, the gravimetric and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods were used in the first stage of the research. Measured data was further processed and geologically interpreted. The gravimetric method has proved suitable when identifying rocks affected by suffosion, in which case we assume that their density is lower than the density of the surrounding rocks. Using the ERT method, it was possible, in the vertical profile, to distinguish the sandy-gravelly sediments...

La détection de cavités en milieu urbain est importante pour prévenir différentes causes d'accidents liés à des possibles effondrements. Les cavités sont aussi des cibles d'intérêts pour les archéologues, car les cavités oubliées sont de potentielles sources de matériel révélant des usages passés. Ces cavités sont de tailles différentes, d'origine anthropique ou non, en milieu extérieur ou sous des bâtiments. Leur taille, ainsi que les propriétés physiques du milieu extérieur dans lequel elles se situent, permettent l'utilisation de différentes méthodes géophysiques. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'utilisation de deux méthodes géophysiques, le radar de sol et la tomographie par mesures de résistivité électrique, pour localiser et déterminer les cavités métriques à sub-métrique dans le proche sous-sol (6 premiers mètres). Les mesures de radar de sol sont sensibles aux variations de permittivité diélectrique entre la cavité et le milieu extérieur. Nous montrons par des modélisations numériques un effet sur l'amplitude de la réfléchie en fonction du déport qui permet de discriminer entre une cavité vide et une cavité pleine d'eau. Nous étudions aussi l'amplitude de la réfléchie à incidence normale sur le toit d'une cavité à section carrée en fonction de sa profondeur et de sa taille. Nous mettons en évidence une relation logarithmique profondeur versus taille de cavité pour laquelle l'amplitude de la réfléchie est maximum pour les fréquences de prospection typiques du radar de sol. Par ailleurs nous confirmons qu'alors que les mesures radar permettent de déterminer avec précision les dimensions d'une anomalie dans un sous-sol homogène et peu conducteur, les mesures de résistivité électrique permettent elles de déterminer des zones de hautes résistivités à l'emplacement des cavités. Nous couplons ces deux méthodes géophysiques dans deux études de cas, en utilisant la profondeur des interfaces déterminées sur des radargrammes pour contraindre les modèles de résistivité inversés par l'ajout d'information a priori. / The detection of cavities in urban areas is important to prevent different causes of accidents related to possible collapse. The cavities are also interesting targets to archaeologists because forgotten cavities are potential sources of material revealing past uses. These cavities are of different sizes, of anthropogenic origin or not, in an outdoor setting or under buildings. Their size and the physical properties of the external environment in which they are located, allow the use of different geophysical methods. We focused on the use of two of them, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), to locate and determine cavities in the near subsurface (first 6 meters). GPR data are sensitive to variations in dielectric permittivity between the cavity and the external environment. We show by numerical modelling an effect on the amplitude of the reflected signal depending on the offset which could enable discrimination between an empty cavity and a cavity filled with water. We also study the amplitude of the reflected wave at normal incidence on the roof of a cavity of square cross section in terms of its depth and size. We show a logarithmic relationship between the cavity size and its depth at which the amplitude of the reflection is maximum for frequencies of typical exploration with GPR. Furthermore, we confirm that while GPR data determine accurately the size of an anomaly in homogeneous low conductive medium, ERT helps to determine areas with high resistivity at the location of cavities. We combine these two geophysical methods in two case studies, using the depth of interfaces detected on radargrams as a priori information to constrain the inversion of electrical resistivity models.

Landslide characterization and hazard assessments require multidisciplinary approaches that connect geologic processes with geotechnical parameters. Field monitoring of hydrologic variables such as water content and water potential, coupled with geoelectrical measurements that can establish relationships used for geotechnical and landslide hazard investigations is deficient. This study brings together different techniques to develop a methodology that connects geoelectrical measurements and shear strength. A field-based framework was established that includes (1) analysis of long-term soil moisture fluctuations within different landslides (2) establishment of constitutive and new equations that test the use of electrical conductivity to predict soil-water relationships and shear strength (3) using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to support and facilitate the prediction of shear strength in a slope. Hydrologic conditions including volumetric water content, water potential, and electrical conductivity in the soil were measured at three active landslides in Kentucky. The in-situ electrical conductivity used within the framework is valid as a predictor of suction stress and shear strength. The ERT supports interpretations of landslide failure zones, landslide type, lithologic boundaries, and changes in moisture conditions, but also is able to utilize the methodology to calculate shear strength, and provide a spatial view of shear strength in the slope. The practical application of this framework is to support landslide hazard assessment and further understand the long-term influence of moisture conditions in hillslope soils. These parameters are pertinent to investigating the stability of landslides that are often triggered or reactivated by rainfall.

Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact d’une installation de stockage de déchets nondangereux sur l’eau souterraine. L’ISDND d’Étueffont (90) dont le mode d’exploitation associedes prétraitements mécanique et biologique (broyage et maturation aérobie) comporte un casiernon sécurisé ainsi qu’un casier étanche. La caractérisation des lixiviats sur 21 ans (1989-2010)montre une dégradation rapide des déchets. Un état de stabilisation est atteint en fin de suivi. Lesprétraitements ont permis d’accélérer la dégradation des déchets et de réduire le potentiel polluantde l’ISDND. Les lixiviats sont traités in situ par lagunage naturel. Bien que cette technique soitpeu répandue pour le traitement des lixiviats, elle offre pourtant des abattements significatifs (75-90 %) de la matière organique, des matières en suspension, de l’azote et du phosphore. Lesprécédentes études ayant démontré une contamination de l’eau souterraine par les lixiviats, unedélimitation du panache de contamination a été entreprise en combinant des prospectionsgéophysiques du secteur (tomographie de résistivité électrique) et des analyses physico-Chimiquesde l’eau. Les résultats montrent une infiltration des lixiviats à la base du casier non sécurisé ainsiqu’au travers de la géomembrane du casier sécurisé. Une légère infiltration des eaux de lagunagea aussi été observée au niveau des lagunes. Le panache a une étendue limitée et se concentreessentiellement sous la base de l’ISDND. L’ensemble des résultats a permis de cibler les zonescontaminées et de définir les paramètres physico-Chimiques à surveiller dans le cadre du suivipost-Exploitation auquel est soumise l’ISDND jusqu’en 2031. / The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of a landfill on groundwater quality.Municipal solid waste from the Etueffont landfill (Belfort area, France) was mechanically andbiologically treated (shredding and aerobic composting) before being disposed of in an unlinedarea and in a lined cell. The leachate characterization performed over a 21-Year period (1989-2010) showed a rapid degradation of waste. A steady state was reached at the end of themonitoring. Waste pretreatment enhanced the rate of biodegradation and reduced the pollutionpotential of the landfill. The leachate produced was treated on site in a natural lagooning. Whilelagooning is not a widespread practice for leachate treatment, significant removal (75-90 %) oforganic matter, suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus was observed. In previous studies,groundwater contamination was highlighted around the landfill. As a consequence, geophysicalinvestigations of the area by electrical resistivity tomography and physico-Chemical analyses wereconducted in order to delineate the contamination plume. The results showed leachate infiltrationinto the soil below the unlined part of the landfill and leakage through the watertightgeomembrane of the lined cell. Seepage of wastewater into the soil below the lagoons was alsoobserved. The extent of contamination plume was limited and was mostly limited to the landfillboundaries. The results of this work allowed to determine the location of the contaminated areasand helped to choose the appropriate physico-Chemical analytes of the post-Closure groundwatermonitoring program, which will be applied to the landfill until the end of 2031.

No description available.

Les Champs Phlégréens, situés dans la métropole napolitaine (Italie du sud), forment l’une des plus grandes structures volcaniques au monde. Depuis 1950, ce complexe volcanique manifeste un regain d’activité, qui s’est amplifié au cours de la dernière décennie. Cette accélération s’exprime au travers d’une intensification de la sismicité, de la déformation du sol ainsi qu’une extension de la zone de dégazage. L’ensemble des récentes études s’accorde à dire que le système s’achemine actuellement vers un point critique, sans toutefois pouvoir préciser quand et où pourrait avoir lieu une éventuelle éruption. Cette difficulté à prédire l’état réel du système est principalement associée à la présence d’un système hydrothermal relativement développé. Aux Champs Phlégréens, il est en effet difficile de déconvoluer les signaux provenant du forçage magmatique de ceux résultant de la réponse hydrothermale. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc d’améliorer les connaissances actuelles du système hydrothermal superficiel du volcan de la Solfatara, lieu où se concentre actuellement la reprise d’activité. Pour cela, une approche multidisciplinaire a été menée en deux phases : l’imagerie géophysique du volcan puis la modélisation de son système hydrothermal.La tomographie haute-résolution de résistivité électrique 3-D du cratère a permis de reconnaître les principales formations géologiques et leurs connexions avec les structures et écoulements hydrothermaux. L’interprétation du modèle de résistivité électrique a été réalisée grâce à un ensemble de mesures superficielles complémentaires : flux de CO2, température, potentiel spontané, capacité d’échange cationique et pH du sol. Deux panaches à dominante liquide ont été identifiés : la mare de boue de la Fangaia et la fumerole de Pisciarelli. À la Fangaia, une étude conjointe des modèles de résistivité électrique et de vitesses du sous-sol (obtenues par l’INGV) établit la présence de forts gradients, à la frontière entre panache hydrothermal et zone de dégazage diffus. Au niveau du principal secteur fumerolien, le modèle de résistivité électrique et la localisation des sources acoustiques révèlent clairement l’anatomie d’une zone fumerolienne. Deux conduits séparés, saturés en gaz, alimentent les fumeroles de Bocca Grande et de Bocca Nuova, depuis un même réservoir de gaz situé à ~50 mètres de profondeur. L’intense dégazage diffus produit à proximité de ces fumeroles occasionne la condensation de vapeur. Le modèle de résistivité électrique met en évidence la circulation souterraine de cet important volume d’eau, canalisée à l’intérieur d’une zone fracturée.En utilisant l’ensemble de ces informations structurelles, un modèle thermodynamique des écoulements multiphasiques de la principale zone fumerolienne a été réalisé. Ce modèle reproduit fidèlement les observables des fumeroles : température, flux et rapport CO2/H2O. Il valide l’imagerie géophysique et confirme l’interaction entre la circulation d’eau de condensation et l’un des conduits fumeroliens. Ainsi, cette simulation explique, pour la première fois par un effet d’interaction superficiel, les différentes signatures géochimiques des deux fumeroles : Bocca Nuova et Bocca Grande. L’approche multidisciplinaire, employée dans cette thèse, constitue une nouvelle étape vers une meilleure connaissance des interactions hydrothermales. Celles-ci doivent être prise en compte dans l’objectif de réaliser des modélisations dynamiques précises permettant d’appréhender in fine l’état réel du système volcanique. / The Campi Flegrei caldera is located in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy), and it is one of the largest volcanic systems on Earth. Since 1950, this volcanic complex shows significant unrest, which accelerated over the last decade with a rise in the seismic activity, ground deformation, and the extent of the degassing area. Recent studies indicate that the volcanic system is potentially moving toward a critical state, although their authors remain unable to point out when and where a possible eruption could take place. The difficulty of predicting the real volcanic state is here mainly related to the hydrothermal system. Indeed, at the Campi Flegrei, it is difficult to separate the magmatic input signal from the hydrothermal response. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to improve our knowledge on the shallow hydrothermal system of the Solfatara volcano, where most of the renewal activity takes place. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed in two steps: first a geophysical imagery of the volcano and second the modeling of its hydrothermal system.The 3-D electrical resistivity tomography of the crater allows to recognize the main geological units, and their connection with hydrothermal fluid flow features. The interpretation of the resistivity model has been realized thanks to numerous soil complementary measurements: CO2 flux, temperature, self-potential, Cation Exchange Capacity and pH. We identify two liquid-dominated plumes: the Fangaia mud pool and the Pisciarelli fumarole. In the Fangaia area, the comparison between electrical resistivity and velocity models reveals strong gradients related to a sharp transition at the border between the hydrothermal plume and the high diffuse degassing region. Combining electrical resistivity model with hydrothermal tremor sources localization reveal the anatomy of the main fumarolic area. Two separated conduits, gas-saturated, feed the two fumaroles Bocca Grande and Bocca Nuova. These conduits originate from the same gas reservoir located 60 m below the surface. The intense degassing activity, produced in the vicinity of fumaroles, creates large amounts of vapor condensation. The resistivity model reveals this condensate circulation, within a fractured area.All these results are incorporated into a multiphase flow model of the main fumarolic area. The simulation accurately reproduces the fumaroles observables: temperature, flux and CO2/H2O ratio. The model validates the geophysical imagery and confirms the interaction between Bocca Nuova fumarolic conduit and the condensate flow. Hence, this simulation explains for the first time the distinct geochemical signature of the two fumaroles due to a shallow water-interaction. The multidisciplinary approach performed in this thesis constitutes a new step toward a better understanding of hydrothermal interactions. Those phenomena have to be taken into account in order to perform dynamic modelling, and thus apprehend the real state of the volcanic system.

This theses is focused on the description of subsurface in the area of interest - Kopaninský and Jenínský stream catchment - and consequently thy most accurate interpretation depth of impermeable bedrock. Geophysical multicable metod (ERT - electrical resistivity tomography") was selected for field measurements. This method of geophysical survey provides the information on subsurface structures, verifies hypotheses and brings new information on the lithological and structural conditions below the surface. ERT measurements were performed automatically by geoelektrical ARES device in combination with inteligent electrodes. The data obtained by field measurements were plotter in the form of resistive sections (using ReS2DInv software) which were used for the later interpretation. The given results determine the depth and process of impermeable bedrock which are important for more accurate data inputs like for modeling rainfall-runoff processes especially in the field of calibration and validation of each adjustment of models as well as for the next other hydrogical analyzes and studies carried out in the research projects. The purpose of this work is to determine the depth of impermeable bedrock and could serve as a data input for MIKE SHE hydrological modeling.

The diploma thesis deals with time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (TL-ERT) of active slope deformations. Slope deformations represent one of the important land-forming processes. Frequently, they can cause considerable property damages and can endanger health and lives of inhabitants. Therefore, we can consider them as potentially dangerous so complete understanding of their dynamics, and their mechanisms of origin, is essential. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) then represents an effective geophysical tool for slope deformation investigation. Within diploma thesis, the evaluation of the several different time-series of the ERT measurements was performed. Based on findings of the one- year (August 1013 to July 2014) monitoring of resistivity changes by ERT, and also, based on daily and hourly recurrences of measured resistivity data, the optimum measuring interval has been determined, namely 12 hours. The most applicable electrode arrays and their combinations were suggested based on a testing of different electrode configurations. The results of detailed measurement with 1 m electrode spacing offered the idea of shortening of the total length of the present permanent TL-ERT profile as well as shortening the electrode spacing. These conclusions and proposed adjustments then resulted in...

No description available.

GPR data interpretation is often difficult due to complex geological environments, reflections ambiguity and time-depth conversion uncertainty. Thanks to the geophysical fields interoperability it is possible to compare results of related survey methods. Radargrams from three model sites were processed and interpreted in an usual way to uniformly amplify all recorded reflections. Results were compared with ERT and EM (DEMP) data within integrated interpretation. GPR data interpretation was extended and new geological and geomorphological interpretations were uncovered. The GPR processing sequence was modified and simplified following outcomes from the integrated interpretation to ease different methods results comparison. Adapting a velocity model to precise time- depth conversion hasn't showed improvements. Key words: ground penetrating radar, electrical resistivity tomography, dipole electromagnetic profiling, integrated interpretation, integrated inversion, GPR processing optimization, sedimentary environment, velocity model