There are some alternatives of artificial lift methods to increase the production of oil well or to keep it producing. Sucker rod pumping (SRP) and electrical submersible pumping (ESP) systems are selected for the design and economical evaluation of thirteen oil wells of R field. Although selected wells are already producing artificially, they are redesigned for SRP and ESP. LoadCalC software developed by Lufkin and SubPUMP developed by DSSC are used for SRP and ESP designs respectively. For economic evaluation, the rate of return (ROR) of each design is calculated for ten year period. In technical comparison, advantage of higher production ability with lower power consumption was observed in ESP applications. In wells which have lower production than 100 bpd, SRP takes the advantage as it has the ability of low volume lifting. In economical comparison it was observed that using both methods together was given better result. By increasing the number of wells that were applied ESP, 3.61% of increment in ROR was obtained relative to the present status.

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Bannwart, Marcelo Moreira Ganzarolli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T03:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Betonico_GustavodeCarvalho_M.pdf: 2382106 bytes, checksum: a84e8f76b2a2dcf28078dd9283ecef59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um modelo para determinação da temperatura do motor de uma bomba centrífuga submersa (BCS) sob condições variáveis de vazão e carga. Este leva em consideração o comportamento acoplado entre o motor, a bomba e o sistema de produção. Assim, dada uma frequência ajustada no variador de frequência, a temperatura do motor é determinada como resultado do equilíbrio entre a produção de calor, calculada a partir da potência que a bomba demanda do motor, e a extração do calor, calculada a partir da vazão. Neste modelo, considera-se a BCS instalada num módulo de bombeamento submarino localizado perto do poço produtor. Foi estudada a transferência de calor por convecção no módulo de bombeio, onde um escoamento descendente ocorre no anular externo entre o revestimento e a camisa de refrigeração e um fluxo ascendente ocorre no anular interno entre a camisa de refrigeração e o motor. Um estudo de transferência de calor por convecção foi elaborado comparando modelos baseados no perfil de temperatura plenamente desenvolvido com modelos que consideram o desenvolvimento da camada limite térmica. Uma vez que o único ponto de medição da temperatura se localiza na extremidade inferior do enrolamento de estator, o modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho também determina a distribuição de temperatura do motor. Um estudo de caso foi realizado com diversas viscosidades de óleo e frações de água. Os resultados mostram a elevação da temperatura do motor, quando sua velocidade é continuamente aumentada. Também se mostrou que, negligenciar os efeitos do desenvolvimento da camada limite térmica, quando ocorre escoamento laminar, pode resultar num motor superaquecido, onde na verdade, a temperatura máxima do motor é muito menor do que o seu limite superior. Modelos baseados no perfil temperatura plenamente desenvolvidos sofrem de imprecisão, quando utilizados em aplicações de fluidos viscosos, devido ao grande comprimento entrada térmica / Abstract: A model to predict the motor temperature of an electrical submersible pump, under variable conditions of flow rate and loading, has been developed. This model takes into account the coupled behavior between motor, pump and production system. Thus, given a frequency set in the variable speed drive, the motor temperature is determined as a result of the equilibrium between the heat generation, calculated from the power that the pump demands from the motor, and the heat extraction, calculated from the flow rate. In this model, the electrical submersible pump is supposed to be installed in a subsea pumping module located near the producer well. It has been studied the convective heat transfer in the pumping module, where a downward flow occurs in the external annulus between the casing and the shroud, and an upward flow happens in the internal annulus between the shroud and the motor. A convective heat transfer study has been run comparing models based on fully developed temperature profile and models that consider the development of the thermal boundary layer. Since the only point of temperature measurement is located at the lower end of the stator winding, the model developed in this work also determines the temperature distribution of the motor. A case study has been run with several oil viscosities and water cut. The results show a motor temperature rise when motor speed is continuously increased. It is also showed that, when laminar flow occurs, neglecting the effect of the thermal boundary layer development may result in an overheated motor prediction where actually, motor maximum temperature is much smaller than its upper limit. Fully developed temperature profile models suffer of inaccuracy when used in viscous fluid applications, due to its big thermal entry length / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

The Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) manufactured by Baker Hughes, model no. WJE-1000 is designed for wells that are expected to have a high content of abrasive solids. It is a mixed flow, tandem compression type pump. Although the erosion of the pump diffuser and impeller stages are significant, the ESP study shows that the most sever failure is due to components that affect the pump’s rotor dynamics such as radial bearings and impeller seals when eroded with 100 mesh sand. Erosion of these seals will result in an internal leakage that can significantly affect stage pressure rise, efficiency, power consumption, vibration, pump life and running cost. The erosion study utilizing 100 mesh fracture sand at 0.2% concentration, with the pump operating at 3600 RPM, 40 PSI intake pressure, 1150 GPM for over 117 hours comparisons are made to the pump’s baseline performance. Measurements of the rotor bearings, impeller seals and their corresponding stators showed that the wear patterns generally increase with time and differ by location. Stage 1 bearings and seals suffered the least amount of erosion and stage 3 rotor components suffered the most erosion. The maximum change in stage 3 bearing clearances was 223% and the maximum change in stage 3 impeller seal clearances was 300%. Performance wise the total pump efficiency dropped by 6.77%, the total pressure rise dropped by 6.3%, the pump’s best efficiency point decreased by 0.78%, and the power consumption increased by 0.49%. Pump vibration patterns also changed with time and by location. The maximum shaft orbit diameter was at stage 3 and it grew 643% in diameter after 117 hours of erosion. The waterfall plots of the pump’s ramp up changed significantly with time. After 117 hours at 3600 RPM, sub-synchronous oscillations at 67% of the synchronous speed dominated the amplitude peaks showing that the rotor vibration locked with the rotor’s first natural frequency at around 2500 RPM. After 117 hours, another sub-synchronous started showing a peak at the rotor’s second natural frequency at 1500 RPM.

Variable frequency drives (VFD) and subsea (umbilical) cables are frequently used in electrical submersible pump (ESP) systems for offshore platforms. There are two basic system configurations for ESP systems; VFD can be installed on the platform and the motor is connected to it through an umbilical cable, and VFD and the motor are installed closely and they are connected to the system through an umbilical cable. In this thesis, the pros and cons of each configuration are mentioned, but the focus is on the system with a VFD controlled motor through a long umbilical cable. A 36-pulse VFD is studied. Since multilevel VFDs have high frequency harmonics, high frequency modeling of the umbilical cable is used, and skin effect is also taken into consideration in the cable. The effect of the interactions between the umbilical cable and high frequency harmonics on the motor terminal voltage is explored.

A computer program has been written to perform production optimization in submersible pump lifted wells.Production optimization was achieved by the principles of Nodal Analysis Technique which was applied between the reservoir and the wellhead ignoring the surface choke and separator.computer program has been written according to two lifting environment,which are:pumping with only liquid,pumping with both liquid and gas.

Submitted by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-03-28T22:17:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AllisonCC_DISSERT.pdf: 23495470 bytes, checksum: 71481acfb5946c94f60433199d92a734 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T16:53:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AllisonCC_DISSERT.pdf: 23495470 bytes, checksum: 71481acfb5946c94f60433199d92a734 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T17:02:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AllisonCC_DISSERT.pdf: 23495470 bytes, checksum: 71481acfb5946c94f60433199d92a734 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T17:02:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AllisonCC_DISSERT.pdf: 23495470 bytes, checksum: 71481acfb5946c94f60433199d92a734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-28 / The reduction of power consumption and operational costs in petroleum industry has become an increasingly concernment in the last years. Due to that the search for new petroleum production methods and the use of process controlling techniques integrated to its artificial lift systems for optimizing that process plays a main role, and the development of well pump controllers is the main study object. The work proposes the implementation of a control system for oil wells equipped with ESP (Electrical Submersible Pumping), having as main methodology the use of the Arduino® Platform. The desired result is the development of a low cost oil pump controller system, with software technology which brings easy configuration and remote operation, and validation of its use in a real oil well. The main goals are the cost reduction through the use of inexpensive hardware, and the the increase of developing speed by migrating to a higher level programming language, both compared to current well pumping controller solutions, based on use of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). Other than that, the proposal represents a big step for the dissemination of open hardware philosophy for the petroleum production process control, opening doors for incoming implementation of new controllers for other artificial lift methods / A redução de consumo energético e do custo operacional na indústria de petróleo vem se tornando uma preocupação cada vez maior ao longo dos últimos anos. Nesse contexto a busca por novos métodos de produção de petróleo e a utilização de técnicas de controle integradas aos sistemas de elevação artificial para a otimização desse processo exercem um importante papel, e o desenvolvimento de controladores de bombeio é o principal objeto de estudo. O trabalho propõe a implementação de um sistema de controle para poços equipados com BCS (Bombeio Centrífugo Submerso), tendo como metodologia base o uso da plataforma Arduino®. O resultado desejado é o desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle de bombeio de baixo custo, com tecnologia de software que contemple fácil configuração e operação remota, e a validação do seu uso em um poço produtor de petróleo real. Os objetivos principais são a redução de custos através da utilização de hardware mais econômico, e a aceleração do desenvolvimento devida à migração para uma linguagem de programação de mais alto nível, ambos em relação às soluções de controle de bombeio atuais, baseadas no uso de CLP (Controlador Lógico Programável). Além disso, a proposta representa um grande passo para a disseminação do uso da filosofia de hardware livre para controle do processo de produção de petróleo, abrindo portas para a implementação de novos controladores para outros métodos de elevação / 2018-03-28

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EvellyneSBpdf.pdf: 1159066 bytes, checksum: 300fe338752c295fd279c5c695b984a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-26 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) has been one of the most appropriate solutions for lifting method in onshore and offshore applications. The typical features for this application are adverse temperature, viscosity fluids and gas environments. The difficulties in equipments maintenance and setup contributing to increasing costs of oil production in deep water, therefore, the optimization through automation can be a excellent approach for decrease costs and failures in subsurface equipment. This work describe a computer simulation related with the artificial lifting method ESP. This tool support the dynamic behavior of ESP approach, considering the source and electric energy transmission model for the motor, the electric motor model (including the thermal calculation), flow tubbing simulation, centrifugal pump behavior simulation with liquid nature effects and reservoir requirements. In addition, there are tri-dimensional animation for each ESP subsytem (transformer, motor, pump, seal, gas separator, command unit). This computer simulation propose a improvement for monitoring oil wells for maximization of well production. Currenty, the proprietaries simulators are based on specific equipments manufactures. Therefore, it is not possible simulation equipments of another manufactures. In the propose approach there are support for diverse kinds of manufactures equipments / Bombeio Centr?fugo Submerso (BCS) tem se mostrado uma das solu??es mais adequadas como m?todo de eleva??o em aplica??es onshore e offshore. As caracter?sticas t?picas desssas aplica??es s?o condi??es adversas de temperatura, fluidos viscosos e ambientes gaseificados. As dificuldades encontradas na manuten??o e instala??o de equipamentos s?o fatores que oneram a produ??o de petr?leo em ?guas profundas, com isso, a otimiza??o via automa??o, pode ser um passo fundamental para a redu??o de custos e falhas nos equipamentos de subsuperf?cie. Este trabalho apresenta um simulador computacional relacionado ao m?todo de eleva??o artificial BCS. A ferramenta representa o comportamento din?mico, considerando a transmiss?o de energia el?trica da superf?cie ao motor, modelo do motor el?trico (incluindo o efeito t?rmico), simula??o do escoamento na tubula??o, simula??o do comportamento da bomba centr?fuga, levando em considera??o os efeitos da natureza do l?quido e os aspectos do reservat?rio. Adicionalmente, s?o encontrados anima??es tridimensionais para cada subsistema BCS (transformador, motor, bomba, selo ou protetor, separador de g?s e quadro de comando). O simulador computacional prop?e uma melhoria no acompanhamento de po?os de petr?leo visando o aumento da produtividade do po?o. Atualmente, os simuladores comerciais est?o baseados em equipamentos espec?ficos do fabricante, dificultando obter resultados com outros equipamentos. Na t?cnica proposta, existe suporte para diversos fabricantes

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TiagoSB_DISSERT.pdf: 2511631 bytes, checksum: 6bc0111c2afb2c48acf040134ddb6f46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-22 / From their early days, Electrical Submergible Pumping (ESP) units have excelled in lifting much greater liquid rates than most of the other types of artificial lift and developed by good performance in wells with high BSW, in onshore and offshore environments. For all artificial lift system, the lifetime and frequency of interventions are of paramount importance, given the high costs of rigs and equipment, plus the losses coming from a halt in production. In search of a better life of the system comes the need to work with the same efficiency and security within the limits of their equipment, this implies the need for periodic adjustments, monitoring and control. How is increasing the prospect of minimizing direct human actions, these adjustments should be made increasingly via automation. The automated system not only provides a longer life, but also greater control over the production of the well. The controller is the brain of most automation systems, it is inserted the logic and strategies in the work process in order to get you to work efficiently. So great is the importance of controlling for any automation system is expected that, with better understanding of ESP system and the development of research, many controllers will be proposed for this method of artificial lift. Once a controller is proposed, it must be tested and validated before they take it as efficient and functional. The use of a producing well or a test well could favor the completion of testing, but with the serious risk that flaws in the design of the controller were to cause damage to oil well equipment, many of them expensive. Given this reality, the main objective of the present work is to present an environment for evaluation of fuzzy controllers for wells equipped with ESP system, using a computer simulator representing a virtual oil well, a software design fuzzy controllers and a PLC. The use of the proposed environment will enable a reduction in time required for testing and adjustments to the controller and evaluated a rapid diagnosis of their efficiency and effectiveness. The control algorithms are implemented in both high-level language, through the controller design software, such as specific language for programming PLCs, Ladder Diagram language. / Desde a sua concep??o, as unidades de Bombeio Centr?fugo Submerso (BCS) destacaram- se pelas altas vaz?es desenvolvidas e pelo bom desempenho em po?os com alto BSW, tanto em ambientes onshore como offshore. Em qualquer sistema de eleva??o, sua vida ?til e a frequ?ncia das interven??es s?o de fundamental import?ncia, em virtude dos elevados custos das sondas e dos equipamentos, al?m dos prejuizos oriundos de uma parada na produ??o. Na busca por uma maior vida ?til do sistema, surge a necessidade de que o mesmo trabalhe com efici?ncia e dentro dos limites de seguran?a de seus equipamentos, isso implica na necessidade de peri?dicos ajustes, monitoramento e controle. Como ? crescente a perspectiva de se minimizar as a??es humanas diretas, esses ajustes dever?o ser feitos cada vez mais via automa??o. A automa??o do sistema n?o s? possibilita uma maior vida ?til, mas tamb?m um maior controle sobre a produ??o do po?o. O controlador ? o c?rebro da maioria dos sistemas de automa??o, concentrando l?gica e estrat?gias necess?rias a atua??o no processo de maneira a lev?-lo a trabalhar com efici?ncia. Tal ? a import?ncia do controle para qualquer sistema de automa??o que se espera que, com o desenvolver das pesquisas e melhor conhecimento do BCS, muitos controladores venham a ser propostos para este m?todo de eleva??o. Depois que um controlador ? proposto, o mesmo deve ser testado e validado antes de se tom?-lo como eficiente e funcional. O uso de um po?o produtor ou de um po?o de teste poderia viabilizar a realiza??o de testes, mas com o s?rio risco de que falhas no projeto do controlador viessem a ocasionar danos aos equipamentos do po?o, muitos deles de custo elevado. Diante dessa realidade, o objetivo deste trabalho ? apresentar um ambiente para avalia??o de controladores fuzzy para po?os equipados com o m?todo BCS, utilizando-se de um simulador computacional representando um po?o virtual, de um software de projeto de controladores fuzzy e de um CLP comercial. O uso do ambiente proposto possibilitar? uma redu??o no tempo requerido para a realiza??o dos testes e ajustes necess?rios ao controlador avaliado e um diagn?stico r?pido de sua efici?ncia e efic?cia. Os algoritmos de controle s?o implementados tanto em linguagem de alto n?vel, atrav?s do software de projeto de controladores, como em linguagem espec?fica para programa??o de CLPs, a linguagem de Diagramas Ladder.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FilipeOQ_TESE.pdf: 3544001 bytes, checksum: a41be36b03f0fc409d26c8565085c60f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / In the artificial lift method by Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP), the energy is transmitted for the well?s deep through a flat electric handle, where it is converted into mechanical energy through an engine of sub-surface, which is connected to a centrifugal pump. This transmits energy to the fluid under the pressure form, bringing it to the surface In this method the subsurface equipment is basically divided into: pump, seal and motor. The main function of the seal is the protect the motor, avoiding the motor?s oil be contaminated by oil production and the consequent burning of it. Over time, the seal will be wearing and initiates a contamination of motor oil, causing it to lose its insulating characteristics. This work presents a design of a magnetic sensor capable of detecting contamination of insulating oil used in the artificial lift method of oil-type Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP). The objective of this sensor is to generate alarm signal just the moment when the contamination in the isolated oil is present, enabling the implementation of a predictive maintenance. The prototype was designed to work in harsh conditions to reach a depth of 2000m and temperatures up to 150?C. It was used a simulator software to defined the mechanical and electromagnetic variables. Results of field experiments were performed to validate the prototype. The final results performed in an ESP system with a 62HP motor showed a good reliability and fast response of the prototype. / No m?todo de eleva??o artificial de petr?leo por Bombeio Centr?fugo Submerso (BCS) a energia el?trica ? transmitida para o fundo do po?o atrav?s de um cabo, onde ? transformada em energia mec?nica por um motor de sub-superf?cie, o qual est? conectado a uma bomba centr?fuga, que transmite a energia para o fluido sob a forma de press?o, elevando-o para a superf?cie. Neste m?todo, os equipamentos de sub-superf?cie subdividem-se basicamente em: bomba, selo e motor. A principal fun??o do selo ? a prote??o do motor, evitando a contamina??o do ?leo do motor pelo ?leo de produ??o e a conseq?ente queima do mesmo. Com o tempo, o selo vai desgastando-se e come?a haver uma contamina??o do ?leo do motor, fazendo com que o mesmo perca a sua caracter?stica isolante. Este trabalho apresenta um projeto de um sensor magn?tico capaz de detectar a contamina??o do ?leo isolante utilizado no m?todo de eleva??o artificial de petr?leo do tipo (BCS). O objetivo deste sensor ? gerar um sinal de alarme apenas no momento em que a contamina??o do ?leo isolante estiver presente, possibilitando ? execu??o de uma manuten??o preditiva. O prot?tipo foi projetado para trabalhar em condi??es operacionais severas, podendo alcan?ar uma profundidade de 2000m e temperaturas at? 150?C. Foi utilizado um software simulador para definir as vari?veis mec?nicas e eletromagn?ticas. Experimentos de campo foram realizados para validar o prot?tipo. Os resultados finais realizados em um sistema BCS com um motor de 62HP mostrou uma boa confiabilidade e resposta r?pida do prot?tipo.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Biazussi_JorgeLuiz_D.pdf: 11756361 bytes, checksum: e163630c268ec8b0c1e2a20bc1bdebc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A bomba centrífuga submersa (BCS) é uma bomba de múltiplos estágios que tem recebido muita atenção nos últimos anos, devido à sua importância para a elevação artificial de petróleo em altas vazões. Como uma parte do sistema de Elevação Artificial, a BCS é geralmente instalada no interior do poço, a fim de aumentar a vazão ou até mesmo viabilizar a produção. A presença de gás livre no fluido na entrada da bomba provoca uma diminuição do ganho de pressão fornecido pela BCS e pode conduzir a instabilidades na curva de ganho de pressão versus vazão. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e avaliar o desempenho de um modelo de deslizamento para representar o ganho de pressão em uma ampla faixa de vazão de líquido de uma BCS. Para este propósito foram realizados testes experimentais em laboratório para três BCS diferentes que operam com misturas ar - água. Especificamente, o ganho de pressão e a potência de eixo foram medidos em diferentes vazões de líquido, de gás, de pressões de entrada e rotação. Os resultados dos testes de água monofásicos foram interpretados por ajuste dos dados com um modelo de correlação genérico para o ganho de pressão e potência, tentando descrever todos os fenômenos físicos envolvidos no escoamento nos canais rotativos. Os resultados dos testes bifásicos foram discutidos em termos dos efeitos da fração de vazio, da pressão de admissão, da velocidade de rotação e da geometria da bomba. Um modelo de deslizamento para escoamento em bolhas foi proposto para representar o ganho de pressão e também foi utilizado para expressar a potência de eixo. Os dois parâmetros envolvidos no modelo, ou seja, C0 e kb?, foram ajustados aos dados e mostrou a capacidade desta abordagem em capturar as principais tendências das curvas experimentais. O parâmetro de distribuição C0 foi, em todos os casos, significativamente menor do que um, confirmando os resultados de outros autores, em escoamento bifásico descendente em tubos. Além disso, este resultado indica que os perfis de velocidade e de distribuição de fase são distorcidos pelo campo centrífugo e de Coriolis. O parâmetro kb? foi significativo apenas para a bomba radial de menor vazão, o que confirma a ideia de que para altas vazões de líquido, as bolhas de gás são dispersadas através do líquido e o deslizamento torna-se insignificante / Abstract: The Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) is a multiple stage pump which has been receiving a lot of attention in recent years in due to its importance for the Artificial Lift of petroleum at high flow rates. As a part of the AL system, the ESP is often installed inside the well in order to either viabilize the production or increase its flow rate. The presence of free gas within the fluid entering the pump causes a decrease in the head provided by the ESP and may lead to instabilities in the head-capacity curve. The aim of this work is to develop and evaluate the performance of a drift flux model to represent the head in the entire liquid flow rate range of an ESP. For this purpose, experimental performance tests to determine the characteristic curves were performed in laboratory for three different ESPs operating with water and water-air mixtures. Specifically, the head and brakehorsepower were measured at different flow liquid and gas flow rates, inlet pressures and rotation speeds. The results from the single-phase water tests were interpreted by fitting generic correlation models for the head and power to the data, trying to describe all basic phenomena involved in the rotating channel flow. The results from the two-phase runs were discussed in terms of the effects of the mixture composition, intake pressure, rotation speed and pump geometry. A drift flux model for bubbly flow was proposed to represent the head and also used to express the power. The two parameters involved in the model, namely C0 and kb? , were fitted to the data and showed good capability of this approach to capture the main trends of the experimental curves. The distribution parameter C0 was in all cases significantly lower than one, confirming the findings by other authors in two-phase downward pipe flow. Also, this result indicates that the velocity and phase distribution profiles are distorted by both the centripetal and Coriolis fields. The drift parameter kb? was significant for the smallest capacity radial pump only, confirming the idea that at sufficiently high liquid flow rates, the gas bubbles are dispersed through the liquid and drift becomes negligible / Doutorado / Explotação / Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo