O auxílio a populações carentes de alguns benefícios modernos, alcançados pela humanidade, é uma prática de promoção da cidadania. Neste trabalho é abordado um estudo técnico sobre a execução de instalações elétricas temporárias em locais isolados que visa subsidiar a atividade desenvolvida por um grupo de médicos cirurgiões que levam atendimento às populações indígenas amazônicas. O grupo Expedicionários da Saúde realiza desde 2004 expedições às comunidades amazônicas que buscam levar atendimento cirúrgico especializado às populações indígenas locais permitindo seu retorno à vida social, com a recuperação da visão e de outras habilidades essenciais para suas atividades. Um diagnóstico das condições encontradas durante uma dessas expedições mostrou que muitas das falhas que normalmente atrapalham o bom andamento das atividades executadas podem ser corrigidas com ações simples e ao alcance da equipe. As estratégias apresentadas em detalhes, como a implantação de ações de Eficiência Energética que reduzem a demanda energética, reduzem a grande necessidade de combustível e as dificuldades logísticas envolvidas no transporte dos energéticos, os cuidados na execução das instalações elétricas e dimensionamento dos grupos geradores, propiciam o aumento da disponibilidade do sistema elétrico, sua segurança e dos seus usuários e colaboram com o sucesso da expedição médica realizada. / The help to populations that need for some modern benefits, achievements of mankind, is a practice of promoting citizenship. This paper shows a technical study on the implementation of temporary electrical installations in isolated locations that is intended to subsidize the activity developed by a group of surgeons that take care of indigenous peoples of Amazonia. The group \"Expedicionários da Saúde\" held since 2004 expeditions to the Amazon communities seeking to bring specialized surgical care to indigenous populations by allowing their return to social life, with recovery of vision and other skills essential for their activities. A diagnosis of conditions found during one of these expeditions showed that many of the failures that often hinder the normal progress of activities can be corrected with simple actions that can be done by the team itself. The strategies presented in detail, as the implementation of energy efficiency actions that reduce energy demand, reduce the large need for fuel and the logistical difficulties involved in its transporting, the cares in carrying out electrical installations and optimal sizing of generators, provide increasing the availability of the electrical system, its security and its users and collaborate with the success of the expedition doctor performed.

Este trabalho apresenta as principais causas de desligamento de cubículos classe 15kV, restringindo-se aos cubículos conhecidos como cabines primárias, que fazem a interface entre a rede das concessionárias de energia e os consumidores primários. Conhecidas as razões pelas quais as cabines desligam, verificou-se quais são as taxas de falha presumidas para os componentes individuais como: chaves seccionadoras e seus acessórios, disjuntores e suas bobinas, relés de proteção de sobrecorrente, transformadores de corrente e de potencial, componentes de serviços auxiliares, etc. Para avaliar a taxa de falhas das diversas configurações possíveis foram estabelecidos dezoito modelos específicos e estudadas matematicamente suas taxas de falha. Para tanto, foram utilizados os padrões estabelecidos pelas concessionárias Brasileiras como AES-ELETROPAULO, ESCELSA e CPFL, além da proposição de modelo que pode ser considerado como OTIMIZADO. Com base na experiência adquirida com os modelos estudados foi possível ainda a proposição de mecanismos de melhoria dos índices de desligamento. / This study is intended to explore the main causes of failure in 15kV switchgears, restricted to primary equipments making the interface between the Utility and the consumers. Discovering the reasons of the failures, the individual failure rates of each components was noted, as following: switches and its acessories, circuit breakers and its coils, overcurrent relays, current and voltage transformers, auxiliary circuits, etc. Analyzing the failure rates of many possible configurations of eighteen particular models, a mathematical failure rate study was achieved. A Brazilian standards, used by Energy Companies like AES-ELETROPAULO, ESCELSA and CPFL, was used to achieve the results and a optimized model could be proposed. Based on the acquired experienced during this study, it was possible to offer new techniques to decrease the failure rates.

Este trabalho investiga o comportamento transitório da topologia de turbina eólica baseada em Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) ao simular faltas nos terminais do estator e rotor da máquina. Um modelo DFIG foi simulado no software Matlab/Simulink utilizando uma fonte de tensão com equivalente de Thévenin para simular a rede elétrica, um transformador de interface, uma máquina de indução de 2,0MVA e conversores fonte de tensão de dois níveis VSC conectados na topologia back-to-back. O controle dos conversores foi concebido a partir da estratégia de controle vetorial utilizando controladores PI projetados a partir do Método Ótimo Simétrico. A proteção crowbar e proteção de corrente dos conversores também foram implementados na simulação e depois validados para simular o comportamento aproximado do sistema DFIG real e, assim, verificar o comportamento transitório do DFIG no momento de faltas monofásicas, bifásicas e trifásicas nos terminais da máquina. Essa pesquisa possibilitou analisar o transitório eletromagnético a partir de gráficos de grandezas coletadas em vários pontos do sistema no momento dos disturbios, permitindo mostrar a influência do conversor back-to-back no comportamento do sistema, além de proporcionar uma base teórica do modelamento dinâmico, detalhar o projeto de controle do conversor back-to-back e projetar duas das principais proteções do sistema DFIG. Para isso, foi simulado seis casos de falta nos terminais da máquina, coletado gráficos e feito análises detalhadas do comportamento de nove grandezas distintas. Este trabalho proporciona uma base teórica do modelamento dinâmico, detalhamento do projeto de controle do conversor back-to-back, projeto de duas das principais proteções do sistema DFIG e análise do comportamento dinâmico do sistema máquina-conversores no momento de distúrbios. / This work investigates the behavior of the topology of the wind turbine based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) when simulating faults in the stator and rotor machine terminations. A DFIG model was simulated in the Matlab / Simulink software using a Thevenin voltage source equivalent to simulate an electrical network, an interface transformer, a 2,0MVA induction machine and two-level VSC voltage source converters connected in the back-to-back topology. The converter\'s control was conceived from the vector control strategy using PI controllers tuned with Symmetric Optimum Method. The crowbar protection and current protection of the inverters were also implemented in the simulation and then validated to simulate the approximate behavior of the real DFIG system and then to verify the transient behavior of the DFIG at the moment of singlephase, two-phase and three-phase faults at the machine terminals. This research makes it possible to analyze the electromagnetic transient from graphs of quantities collected at various points of the system at the time of the disturbances, allowing to show the influence of the back-to-back converter on the behavior of the system, in addition to a theoretical basis of dynamic modeling, detailing the control design of the back-to-back converter and designing two of the main DFIG system protections. For this, six fault cases were simulated at the machine terminals, collected graphs and performed detailed analyzes of the behavior of nine different quantities. This work provides a theoretical basis for dynamic modeling, detailing the control design of the back-to-back converter, designing two of the main protections of the DFIG system and analyzing the dynamic behavior of the machine-converter system at the time of disturbances. The objective of this investigation is to discover information still scarce in the literature about the transient behavior of the DFIG topology, including the generating unit, CC link and converters at the moment of internal faults to the system.

Este trabalho investiga o comportamento transitório da topologia de turbina eólica baseada em Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) ao simular faltas nos terminais do estator e rotor da máquina. Um modelo DFIG foi simulado no software Matlab/Simulink utilizando uma fonte de tensão com equivalente de Thévenin para simular a rede elétrica, um transformador de interface, uma máquina de indução de 2,0MVA e conversores fonte de tensão de dois níveis VSC conectados na topologia back-to-back. O controle dos conversores foi concebido a partir da estratégia de controle vetorial utilizando controladores PI projetados a partir do Método Ótimo Simétrico. A proteção crowbar e proteção de corrente dos conversores também foram implementados na simulação e depois validados para simular o comportamento aproximado do sistema DFIG real e, assim, verificar o comportamento transitório do DFIG no momento de faltas monofásicas, bifásicas e trifásicas nos terminais da máquina. Essa pesquisa possibilitou analisar o transitório eletromagnético a partir de gráficos de grandezas coletadas em vários pontos do sistema no momento dos disturbios, permitindo mostrar a influência do conversor back-to-back no comportamento do sistema, além de proporcionar uma base teórica do modelamento dinâmico, detalhar o projeto de controle do conversor back-to-back e projetar duas das principais proteções do sistema DFIG. Para isso, foi simulado seis casos de falta nos terminais da máquina, coletado gráficos e feito análises detalhadas do comportamento de nove grandezas distintas. Este trabalho proporciona uma base teórica do modelamento dinâmico, detalhamento do projeto de controle do conversor back-to-back, projeto de duas das principais proteções do sistema DFIG e análise do comportamento dinâmico do sistema máquina-conversores no momento de distúrbios. / This work investigates the behavior of the topology of the wind turbine based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) when simulating faults in the stator and rotor machine terminations. A DFIG model was simulated in the Matlab / Simulink software using a Thevenin voltage source equivalent to simulate an electrical network, an interface transformer, a 2,0MVA induction machine and two-level VSC voltage source converters connected in the back-to-back topology. The converter\'s control was conceived from the vector control strategy using PI controllers tuned with Symmetric Optimum Method. The crowbar protection and current protection of the inverters were also implemented in the simulation and then validated to simulate the approximate behavior of the real DFIG system and then to verify the transient behavior of the DFIG at the moment of singlephase, two-phase and three-phase faults at the machine terminals. This research makes it possible to analyze the electromagnetic transient from graphs of quantities collected at various points of the system at the time of the disturbances, allowing to show the influence of the back-to-back converter on the behavior of the system, in addition to a theoretical basis of dynamic modeling, detailing the control design of the back-to-back converter and designing two of the main DFIG system protections. For this, six fault cases were simulated at the machine terminals, collected graphs and performed detailed analyzes of the behavior of nine different quantities. This work provides a theoretical basis for dynamic modeling, detailing the control design of the back-to-back converter, designing two of the main protections of the DFIG system and analyzing the dynamic behavior of the machine-converter system at the time of disturbances. The objective of this investigation is to discover information still scarce in the literature about the transient behavior of the DFIG topology, including the generating unit, CC link and converters at the moment of internal faults to the system.

O auxílio a populações carentes de alguns benefícios modernos, alcançados pela humanidade, é uma prática de promoção da cidadania. Neste trabalho é abordado um estudo técnico sobre a execução de instalações elétricas temporárias em locais isolados que visa subsidiar a atividade desenvolvida por um grupo de médicos cirurgiões que levam atendimento às populações indígenas amazônicas. O grupo Expedicionários da Saúde realiza desde 2004 expedições às comunidades amazônicas que buscam levar atendimento cirúrgico especializado às populações indígenas locais permitindo seu retorno à vida social, com a recuperação da visão e de outras habilidades essenciais para suas atividades. Um diagnóstico das condições encontradas durante uma dessas expedições mostrou que muitas das falhas que normalmente atrapalham o bom andamento das atividades executadas podem ser corrigidas com ações simples e ao alcance da equipe. As estratégias apresentadas em detalhes, como a implantação de ações de Eficiência Energética que reduzem a demanda energética, reduzem a grande necessidade de combustível e as dificuldades logísticas envolvidas no transporte dos energéticos, os cuidados na execução das instalações elétricas e dimensionamento dos grupos geradores, propiciam o aumento da disponibilidade do sistema elétrico, sua segurança e dos seus usuários e colaboram com o sucesso da expedição médica realizada. / The help to populations that need for some modern benefits, achievements of mankind, is a practice of promoting citizenship. This paper shows a technical study on the implementation of temporary electrical installations in isolated locations that is intended to subsidize the activity developed by a group of surgeons that take care of indigenous peoples of Amazonia. The group \"Expedicionários da Saúde\" held since 2004 expeditions to the Amazon communities seeking to bring specialized surgical care to indigenous populations by allowing their return to social life, with recovery of vision and other skills essential for their activities. A diagnosis of conditions found during one of these expeditions showed that many of the failures that often hinder the normal progress of activities can be corrected with simple actions that can be done by the team itself. The strategies presented in detail, as the implementation of energy efficiency actions that reduce energy demand, reduce the large need for fuel and the logistical difficulties involved in its transporting, the cares in carrying out electrical installations and optimal sizing of generators, provide increasing the availability of the electrical system, its security and its users and collaborate with the success of the expedition doctor performed.

Este trabalho apresenta as principais causas de desligamento de cubículos classe 15kV, restringindo-se aos cubículos conhecidos como cabines primárias, que fazem a interface entre a rede das concessionárias de energia e os consumidores primários. Conhecidas as razões pelas quais as cabines desligam, verificou-se quais são as taxas de falha presumidas para os componentes individuais como: chaves seccionadoras e seus acessórios, disjuntores e suas bobinas, relés de proteção de sobrecorrente, transformadores de corrente e de potencial, componentes de serviços auxiliares, etc. Para avaliar a taxa de falhas das diversas configurações possíveis foram estabelecidos dezoito modelos específicos e estudadas matematicamente suas taxas de falha. Para tanto, foram utilizados os padrões estabelecidos pelas concessionárias Brasileiras como AES-ELETROPAULO, ESCELSA e CPFL, além da proposição de modelo que pode ser considerado como OTIMIZADO. Com base na experiência adquirida com os modelos estudados foi possível ainda a proposição de mecanismos de melhoria dos índices de desligamento. / This study is intended to explore the main causes of failure in 15kV switchgears, restricted to primary equipments making the interface between the Utility and the consumers. Discovering the reasons of the failures, the individual failure rates of each components was noted, as following: switches and its acessories, circuit breakers and its coils, overcurrent relays, current and voltage transformers, auxiliary circuits, etc. Analyzing the failure rates of many possible configurations of eighteen particular models, a mathematical failure rate study was achieved. A Brazilian standards, used by Energy Companies like AES-ELETROPAULO, ESCELSA and CPFL, was used to achieve the results and a optimized model could be proposed. Based on the acquired experienced during this study, it was possible to offer new techniques to decrease the failure rates.

Wave energy is a renewable energy source with a large potential to contribute to the world's electricity production. There exist several technologies on how to convert the energy in the ocean waves into electric energy. The wave energy converter (WEC) presented in this thesis is based on a linear synchronous generator. The generator is placed on the seabed and driven by a point absorbing buoy on the ocean surface. Instead of having one large unit, several smaller units are interconnected to increase the total installed power. To convert and interconnect the power from the generators, marine substations are used. The marine substations are placed on the seabed and convert the fluctuating AC from the generators into an AC suitable for grid connection. The work presented in the thesis focuses on the first steps in the electric energy conversion, converting the voltage out from the generators into DC, which have an impact on the WEC's ability to absorb and produce power. The purpose has been to investigate how the generator will operate when it is subjected to different load cases and to obtain guidelines on how future systems could be improved. Offshore experiments and simulations have been done on full scale generators connected to four different loads, i.e. one linear resistive load and three different non-linear loads representing different cases for grid connected WECs. The results show that the power can be controlled and optimized by choosing a suitable system for the WEC. It is not obvious which kind of system is the most preferable, since there are many different parameters that have an impact on the system performance, such as the size of the buoy, how the generator is designed, the number of WECs, the highest allowed complexity of the system, costs and so on. Therefore, the design of the electrical system should preferably be carried out in parallel with the design of the WEC in order to achieve an efficient system. / <p>Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 727</p>

La vulnérabilité des systèmes électriques est l'un des problèmes liés à leur complexité. Il a fait l’objet d’une attention croissante des chercheurs au cours des dernières décennies. Malgré cela, les phénomènes fondamentaux qui régissent la vulnérabilité du système ne sont pas encore bien compris.Comprendre comment la vulnérabilité des réseaux électriques émerge de leur topologie est la motivation principale du présent travail. Pour cela, le présent travail de recherché propose une nouvelle méthode pour évaluer la vulnérabilité des systèmes électriques et identifier leurs éléments les plus critiques. La méthode permet d’avoir une bonne compréhension des liens entre la topologie d’un réseau et sa vulnérabilité à des pertes d’ouvrages (lignes ou transformateurs).La première partie de ce travail consiste en une analyse critique des approches rencontrées dans la littérature, s’appuyant sur la théorie des graphes, pour analyser la vulnérabilité des réseaux électriques. Les résultats fournis par ces approches pour quatre réseaux IEEE sont comparés à ceux fournis par une analyse de contingence de référence, basée sur une résolution d’un load-flow AC. Des avantages et inconvénients de chaque approche est tirée une méthode améliorée pour l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité des réseaux électriques aux pertes d’ouvrage. Cette méthode est basée sur une approximation courant continue du load flow.La deuxième partie propose une nouvelle approche basée sur la théorie spectrale des graphes et son utilisation pour la résolution d’un load flow DC. Elle permet de mieux comprendre comment la vulnérabilité des réseaux électriques et leurs composants critiques émergent de la topologie du graphe sous-jacent au réseau. / The vulnerability of electrical systems is one of the problems related to their complexity. It has received increasing attention from researchers in recent decades. Despite this, the fundamental phenomena that govern the vulnerability of the system are still not well understood.Understanding how the vulnerability of power systems emerges from their complex organization is, therefore, the main motivation of the present work. It proposes the definition of a standard method to assess the vulnerability of power systems and identify their most critical elements. The method enables a better understanding of the links between the topology of the grid and the line outage vulnerabilities.The first part of this research work offers a critical review of literature approaches used to assess system vulnerability. The results provided by these approaches for four IEEE test systems are confronted to a reference contingency analysis using AC power flow calculations. From these analyses, pros and cons of each approach are outlined. An improved method for assessment of system vulnerability to line outages is defined from this confrontation. It is based on DC load flow and graph theory.The second part proposes a new approach based on spectral graph theory and solving of DC power flow to identify how system vulnerability and critical components emerge from the power network topology.

[pt] As sobretensões transitórias provocadas pela energização de transformadores em sistemas trifásicos de alta tensão merecem especial atenção em um estudo de coordenação de isolamento devido ao alto valor que estas tensões podem atingir num espaço de tempo de alguns segundos. Estas tensões podem apresentar ressonância em uma ampla faixa de freqüências harmônicas. Neste Trabalho são analisadas condições de ressonância procurando prever a ocorrência de sobretensões muito elevadas. Os capítulos 2 e 3 apresentam aspectos teóricos concernentes ao problema em estudo, destacando os princípios físicos e os algoritmos matemáticos de solução de redes lineares, com atenção especial ao desenvolvimento de funções em série de Fourier, visando determinar o conteúdo harmônico das mesmas. Os capítulos 5 e 6 apresentam simulações de energização realizadas através de programas digitais de transitórios eletromagnéticos e determinação de coeficientes de Fourier. Foram realizadas análises paramétricas para verificação da influência do tipo de ligação dos enrolamentos, instante de chaveamento e fluxo residual nos espectros de tensão e correntes obtidos durante a energização de um transformador de 600 MVA - 500/138 KV. / [en] Transient overvoltages involving transformer energization, in three phase HV systems, deserve special attention in insulation coordination studies due to the very high values that voltages can reach in a period of a few seconds. Some resonant effects can possibly occur due to harmonics in the magnetizing inrush current. The objective of the present study is to analyse resonant conditions with a view to foreseeing the occurrence of very high overvoltages. Chapters 2 and 3 show the physical principles involved and the solution algoritms of linear networks, with special attention to the representation of functions in convergent fourier series, in order to find their harmonic content. Chapter 5 and 6 show digital simulation of transformer energization by means of the EMTP program. The results thus obtained vere submitted to harmonic analysis by digital calculation of Fourier coefficients. Parametric analysis were made to find the influence of transformer connections, switching time, and presence of remanent flux; in voltage and current spectrum obtained by energization of a 600 MVA - 500/138 KV transformer

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Fred L. Hasler / This paper presents the results of an experiment that was purposed with introducing the physical feasibility of a conceptual product that would mechanically reduce frictional resistance of schedule 40 PVC conduit elbows during the installation of large conductors. In the current construction industry, there is a well established and code driven convention for the construction of PVC conduit. For the installation of building service conductors, significant energy is required to pull conductors through the conduit. The service feed is the most expensive and restrictive pull on most projects strictly due the weight of the large conductors which are heavily resistant to deformation. The forces involved necessitate stringent requirements on maximum pull lengths and maximum degrees bent between pull boxes. Cost and risk of costly installation damage are also major characteristics of service feed pulls. The resistance to pulling and highest concentrations of internal forces throughout any conductor pull is located at the elbows or bends. This study is a scaled experimental-based initial establishment of expected evidence to support the feasibility of a product that would essentially reduce the required force to pull large conductors. This product is idealized as a factory PVC elbow that contains mechanical rollers along the inside face of the elbow where the conductors theoretically make the most contact during pulling. This product will ultimately be more expensive, but would be expected to benefit the project by reducing installation time, possibly reduce the number of pull boxes required, and reduce the risk of damaging conductors or conduits. The experiments described in this paper reflect a small-scale set that establishes trends of varying any one significant parameter for single conductor pulls through a single ninety-degree factory PVC elbow. While further research into multi-conductor feeders must be conducted in order to establish full justification for the product development was expected at the onset, the results of this study show that even further additional research must be conducted to resolve an ambiguity on which a definitive conclusion depends. Due to unforeseen or predicted parameters impacting the reduction of frictional resistance throughout the experimentation, the results both support and counter any benefit of applying mechanical means to reduce frictional resistance. The percentages of reduction range from -37% to +24% across the study’s results. The hypothesized sources of the ambiguity that counter expectations can only be verified by future studies. However, the evidence from this study can become definitively directional for the pursuit or lack there of for further investigating the benefits of the idealized product.