<p>Predicting core losses in electromagnetic and electromechanical devices such as electric machines is crucial to avoid overheating or oversizing. This work focuses on predicting core loss under a dc bias condition which results in hysteresis loop distortion and an increase in the core loss. The interest in dc biased materials is to facilitate design of electric drive systems wherein the electric machine core is subject to a dc bias such as in homopolar machines. Owing to their simplicity and ease of use, Steinmetz-based models are considered in this work. Herein, four models based on Steinmetz Equations are studied and compared for dc offset sinusoidal field intensity waveforms. The model parameters are then characterized for a sample of M15 steel. Finally, the four models are compared with regards to their accuracy and performance under saturated conditions.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Recent regulatory changes have been proposed to phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbon</p><p dir="ltr">(HFC)-based refrigerants in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. The proposed</p><p dir="ltr">low global warming potential alternatives (low-GWP) are characterized by lower volumetric</p><p dir="ltr">capacities, which require either higher displacements or higher speeds to meet compressor</p><p dir="ltr">loads. In order to address this, the coupled optimization of a compressor system and its electric</p><p dir="ltr">drive has been proposed. The primary goal of this thesis is to establish tools that can be</p><p dir="ltr">used to assess the impact that alternative low-GWP refrigerants have on the sizing and performance</p><p dir="ltr">of electrically driven compressors. Toward this goal, a method-of-moments-based</p><p dir="ltr">model has been established and structured to enable rapid evaluation of the electromagnetic</p><p dir="ltr">performance of V-shaped interior magnet machines. Contributions to the model formulation</p><p dir="ltr">include the use of a judicious combination of point and pulse basis functions to evaluate</p><p dir="ltr">machine behavior under saturation of stator and rotor steels. Also included is a straightforward</p><p dir="ltr">means to include multiple operating points with minimal additional computational</p><p dir="ltr">expense. Coupled to the electromagnetic model is a thermal equivalent circuit model that</p><p dir="ltr">includes conductive heat transfer between slot winding bundles and stator steel. It also includes</p><p dir="ltr">convective heat transfer from the stator to the rotor through the airgap. The proposed</p><p dir="ltr">models have been validated using commercial finite-element based software. Subsequently,</p><p dir="ltr">they have been applied in design optimization studies used to compare the efficiency and size</p><p dir="ltr">(mass) between machines designed for a common HFC refrigerant (R410A) and a proposed</p><p dir="ltr">alternative (R454B).</p>

This thesis aims to identify methods for detection of damper winding faults in synchronous machines (SMs) powered by variable frequency drives (VFDs). The problem of failing damper windings has received attention after reports of serious damage which have been discovered during maintenance checks. Since SMs often are used for critical applications, failures can be devastating if they cause total breakdowns. Also, VFDs are believed to cause additional stress in the damper windings of SMs and since the utilisation of VFDs is increasing, the problem is expected to become more common in the future. Currently, there is no method for detection of failures during normal operation of SMs, thus research in the area is required. Simulations based on the finite element method as well as laboratory experiments have been performed in order to examine the impact of VFDs and to find a way of detecting damper winding failures. The results confirm that utilization of VFDs produce higher currents in the damper winding compared to direct-online operation. The results also show that in case of a damper bar failure, the current distribution among the damper winding segments is affected. However, monitoring of all damper winding segments is unrealistic due to the number of sensors required. Another approach, which has been investigated, involves monitoring of the current through the pole interconnectors of one of the endrings. Potential fault indicators have been found by analysing the currents in the frequency domain. However, further studies are required in order to evaluate the method. Also the temperature of the damper winding was investigated as an indicator.

L'apparition des supraconducteurs à hautes températures (HTc) a permis un développement continu des moteurs supraconducteurs. Ces dispositifs supraconducteurs permettent d'obtenir des puissances et des couples massiques et volumiques très élevés, et sont des alternatives intéressantes aux machines conventionnelles. Le dimensionnement des ces moteurs nécessite une bonne connaissance des caractéristiques électromagnétiques, thermiques et mécaniques des supraconducteurs HTc. Ainsi, le travail présenté ici traite du dimensionnement de machines HTc avec la prise en compte des contraintes liées aux fils supraconducteurs. Le manuscrit débute par une étude bibliographique approfondie dans laquelle trois points sont abordés : les fils supraconducteurs, description des réalisations remarquables de machines HTc de fortes puissances et une analyse statistique sur ces réalisations. Ensuite, la caractérisation DC des fils supraconducteurs HTc et la détermination de leurs pertes AC sous champ variable sont abordées. Des méthodes numériques sont utilisées pour la modélisation et les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux de l'expérience. La dernière partie aborde le dimensionnement électromagnétique de moteurs supraconducteurs HTc par des méthodes analytiques et numériques, avec la prise en compte des contraintes liées aux courants critiques dans les bobinages. Les premiers résultats concernant le dimensionnement électromagnétique et thermique d'une structure de machine synchrone supraconductrice à pôles saillants sont donnés. Les solutions techniques envisagées sont largement commentées / The appearance of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) has led to a continuous development of superconducting motors. These superconducting devices allow high power and torque densities, so they constitute and novel alternative to conventional motors. The design of such motors requires a deep knowledge of the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical characteristics of the HTS materials. Hence, the work presented here is related to the design of HTS motors which includes the constraints due to the HTS conductors. The manuscript begins with an extensive literature review where three main points are discussed, viz. HTS conductors, already constructed HTS motors and statistical analysis on these achievements. The dc characterization of HTS superconductors as well as their ac losses under time varying magnetic fields are theoretically and experimentally studied. In so doing, numerical techniques are used and the obtained results are compared the measurements. The last part deals with the design of HTS motors by analytical and finite element methods. A particular attention is given to the constraints introduced by the use of HTS materials. The first results of the electromagnetic and thermal design of a salient pole HTS synchronous machine are provided with the emphasis of the adopted technical solutions

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma metodologia para o dimensionamento da potência tracionária em função do percurso percorrido por veículos elétricos, assim como realizar o projeto básico de uma máquina elétrica para suprir a carga tracionária exigida. Os cálculos foram realizados através de um algoritmo onde o usuário insere as variáveis mecânicas do veículo e recebe a potência e conjugado necessários, e o projeto elementar da máquina que deverá equipar o veículo. Realizou-se um estudo de caso a partir de uma scooter elétrica para validar os resultados, foi projetada uma máquina brushless dc com fluxo radial e rotor externo. Os resultados experimentais atenderam as espectativas de conjugado de 46 Nm, o máximo conjugado estático atingiu 48 Nm e a rotação a vazio obteve valor de 613 rpm à tensão nominal. Os ensaios de frenagem regenerativa com supercapacitores apresentaram resultados promissores com 50% da energia mecânica recebida durante a frenagem entregue na partida do veículo. / The present study aims to propose a methodology for the design of power traction depending on the distance traveled by electrical vehicles, and perform the basic design of an electrical machine to supply the traction load required. The calculations will be performed through an algorithm where the user enters the mechanical variables of the vehicle and receives the power and torque required and the basic machine design that should equip the vehicle. A case study was conducted for an electric scooter considering the designed dc brushless machine with radial flow and external rotor in order to validate the results. The experimental results met the target of 46 Nm of torque, the maximum static torque 48 Nm was reached, and the no-load rotation obtained was 613 rpm at nominal voltage. Regenerative braking tests with super capacitors showed a promising result: 50% of the received mechanical energy during braking was delivered to the vehicle starting.

Cette thèse porte sur la simulation et la réduction du bruit acoustique d’origine magnétique des alternateurs à griffes ainsi que sur la compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu dans la génération du bruit. La structure, les différents composants et les particularités du bruit acoustique de l’alternateur à griffes sont détaillés dans la première partie. La problématique ainsi que l’approche générale de cette thèse sont ensuite exposées. Cette approche se base sur la simulation du bruit acoustique d’origine magnétique. Un état de l’art des études sur le bruit acoustique d’origine magnétique des machines électriques est présenté dans la seconde partie. Les modèles électromagnétiques, mécaniques et acoustiques utilisés pour l’étude de ces machines ainsi que les principales solutions de réduction du bruit sont exposés. Les nouvelles approches de modélisation électromagnétique et vibro-acoustique de la machine à griffes sont développées dans la troisième partie. Deux modèles électromagnétiques sont étudiés : un modèle numérique qui repose sur l’utilisation de la méthode des éléments finis et un modèle hybride qui allie le modèle numérique à un modèle analytique. Ce dernier s’appuie sur la décomposition de l’induction magnétique dans l’entrefer en un produit d’une fonction de perméance avec une fonction de force magnétomotrice. Chaque fonction prend en compte les variations axiales dues à la géométrie des griffes. Ce modèle nécessite toutefois l’utilisation d’un modèle numérique afin de prendre en compte la saturation et les forces tangentielles. Un modèle mécanique purement numérique est ensuite construit. Il permet de prendre en compte la géométrie exacte des pièces ainsi que les contacts entre les pièces. Ce modèle mécanique est développé grâce à la corrélation avec des mesures et porte principalement sur trois parties de l’alternateur : le paquet de tôles du stator, le bobinage du stator et l’assemblage stator-paliers. Enfin, les simulations acoustiques avec les modèles numériques sont comparées aux mesures et permettent de retrouver les principaux pics de bruit des alternateurs. Dans la quatrième partie, des études de sensibilités sont menées afin de déterminer les paramètres les plus influents sur le bruit acoustique d’origine magnétique des machines à griffes. Ces études montrent l’influence importante de la géométrie du rotor, du bobinage stator et de la température sur le bruit. Les modifications de la structure ainsi que les imperfections étudiées (i.e. défauts de forme et excentricité) ont une influence moindre. Les caractéristiques des forces magnétiques ainsi que les influences des forces radiales et tangentielles sont ensuite exposées. Finalement, des exemples d’optimisation du rotor sont traités avec les deux modèles électromagnétiques (numérique et hybride). Un prototype est réalisé pour valider expérimentalement les résultats des simulations et un gain de 10 dB est obtenu sur la puissance acoustique. / This thesis aims at simulating and reducing the acoustic noise due to magnetic forces of claw-pole automotive alternators. It also aims at improving the understanding of the noise generation mechanisms. In the first part, the assembly of the claw-pole alternator and its different parts are described. The particularities of the acoustic noise of the alternator are also given. Then, the problem as well as the global approach, based on the vibro-acoustic simulation, are explained. The second part is a review of the studies on the acoustic noise from a magnetic origin of electrical machines. The models used to study these machines as well as the main noise reduction solutions are detailed. In the third part, new electromagnetic and vibro-acoustic models are developed. Two electromagnetic models are considered : a finite element model and a hybrid model which couples the finite element model with an analytical model. This analytical model computes the airgap magnetic flux density as the product of a permeance and a magnetomotive force functions. Each function takes the variations of the claw-pole geometry along the axial direction into account. Saturation and tangential forces are taken into account thanks to the finite element model. Then, a finite element mechanical model is developed. Three unknown parameters of the model are determined thanks to the correlation between the model and experimental data, namely : the equivalent materials of the stator stack and the windings and the contact conditions between the stator and the brackets. Finally, acoustic simulations are compared with measurements. A good correlation is achieved between simulated and measured noise peaks. In the fourth part, sensitivity studies are carried out in order to determine the most influential parameters on the acoustic noise of claw-pole alternators. These studies show the significant influence of the claw-pole geometry, the stator windings and the temperature on the acoustic noise. Structural modifications and studied faults have a smaller influence. Characteristics of the magnetic forces as well as the influences of radial and tangential forces are then detailed. In the end, optimizations with the finite element and the hybrid models are presented. A prototype is built and acoustic measurements show a 10 dB decrease of the sound power level.

Στην παρούσα εργασία δημιουργήθηκε μια βιβλιοθήκη παραμετροποιημένων μοντέλων Ασύγχρονων Τριφασικών Μηχανών κλωβού σε δύο διαστάσεις, σύμφωνα με τα πρότυπα που απαιτεί η ΝΕΜΑ, δηλαδή το διαχωρισμό των τεσσάρων κλάσεων σχεδίασης του δρομέα. Στη συνέχεια, με τη χρήση αυτών των μοντέλων, έγινε Ηλεκτρομαγνητική Aνάλυση με τη μέθοδο των Πεπερασμένων Στοιχείων και μελετήθηκε η επίδραση που έχει το Σχήμα των αυλακώσεων του δρομέα στα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη και τη λειτουργική συμπεριφορά της Ασύγχρονης Μηχανής. Επίσης μελετήθηκαν οι επιδράσεις που επιφέρει το κλείσιμο του στομίου των αυλακώσεων του στάτη και του δρομέα στο πεδίο και στις χαρακτηριστικές της Ασύγχρονης Μηχανής. Ο σχεδιασμός των μηχανών πραγματοποιήθηκε με χρήση του προγράμματος OPERA Electromagnetic Design. Έγινε αξιοποίηση των γεωμετρικών και ηλεκτρικών χαρακτηριστικών ενός συγκεκριμένου τετραπολικού κινητήρα κλωβού, ισχύος 5kW, με 48 αυλακώσεις στο δρομέα και 36 στο στάτη. Τα παραμετροποιημένα μοντέλα πεπερασμένων στοιχείων δημιουργήθηκαν ακολουθώντας τη μέθοδο σχεδιασμού με εντολές κώδικα αντί της μεθόδου, που συνήθως χρησιμοποιείται, με χρήση των έτοιμων σχεδιαστικών εργαλείων στην επιφάνεια εργασίας του προγράμματος. Αυτό γιατί τα μοντέλα μας , επιθυμούσαμε να είναι εύπλαστα από γεωμετρικής άποψης, πράγμα που δεν μας έδινε ο δεύτερος τρόπος σχεδιασμού, αν και πιο ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενος. Αποτέλεσμα ήταν η δημιουργία μιας βιβλιοθήκης παραμετροποιημένων μοντέλων μηχανών, η οποία υπακούει στις σχεδιαστικές προδιαγραφές που επιβάλει η ΝΕΜΑ. Τα μοντέλα αυτά έπρεπε να είναι παραμετροποιημένα λόγω του ότι σκοπός μας είναι να συγκρίνουμε τη λειτουργία Ασύγχρονων Μηχανων με διαφορετικό σχήμα των αυλακώσεων του δρομέα. Έτσι, είναι φανερό ότι με την επιλογή αυτή δημιουργούμε ένα μειονέκτημα και ταυτόχρονα τρία πλεονεκτήματα. Το μειονέκτημα είναι ότι η σχεδίαση με τη χρήση των εντολών του προγράμματος δεν είχε εκπονηθεί από κάποιον στο παρελθόν στο εργαστήριο, πράγμα το οποίο κόστισε σε χρόνο περισσότερο από ό,τι θα κόστιζε η συμβατική μέθοδος και υπήρξε εξαιρετικά επίπονη έρευνα. Τα πλεονεκτήματά μας από την άλλη ήταν: α) Το γεγονός ότι δεν χρειάστηκε να σχεδιασθεί από την αρχή κάθε μοντέλο που θέλαμε να μελετήσουμε, β) Ο εύκολος και γρήγορος σχεδιασμός ενός κινητήρα κλωβού από οποιονδήποτε χρήστη, ακόμα και κάποιου που δεν έχει μελετήσει το πρόγραμμα σχεδίασης που χρησιμοποιούμε και γ) Η δημιουργία ενός πολύ χρήσιμου εργαλείου για περαιτέρω χρησιμοποίηση και έρευνα στον τομέα του σχεδιασμού ηλεκτρικών μηχανών. Στη συνέχεια, επεκτείναμε την έρευνα σε μοντέλα, θεωρώντας γραμμική και μη γραμμική χαρακτηριστική του σιδηρομαγνητικού υλικού της μηχανής, για την περίπτωση των κλειστών αυλακώσεων είτε του δρομέα, είτε του στάτη με σφήνες, είτε και των δύο περιπτώσεων ταυτόχρονα. Για το κλείσιμο των αυλακώσεων χρησιμοποιήσαμε υλικά διαφορετικής μαγνητικής διαπερατότητας και μελετήσαμε τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη για τα μοντέλα που προέκυψαν. Η διπλωματική αυτή πραγματοποιήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας. / -

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma metodologia para o dimensionamento da potência tracionária em função do percurso percorrido por veículos elétricos, assim como realizar o projeto básico de uma máquina elétrica para suprir a carga tracionária exigida. Os cálculos foram realizados através de um algoritmo onde o usuário insere as variáveis mecânicas do veículo e recebe a potência e conjugado necessários, e o projeto elementar da máquina que deverá equipar o veículo. Realizou-se um estudo de caso a partir de uma scooter elétrica para validar os resultados, foi projetada uma máquina brushless dc com fluxo radial e rotor externo. Os resultados experimentais atenderam as espectativas de conjugado de 46 Nm, o máximo conjugado estático atingiu 48 Nm e a rotação a vazio obteve valor de 613 rpm à tensão nominal. Os ensaios de frenagem regenerativa com supercapacitores apresentaram resultados promissores com 50% da energia mecânica recebida durante a frenagem entregue na partida do veículo. / The present study aims to propose a methodology for the design of power traction depending on the distance traveled by electrical vehicles, and perform the basic design of an electrical machine to supply the traction load required. The calculations will be performed through an algorithm where the user enters the mechanical variables of the vehicle and receives the power and torque required and the basic machine design that should equip the vehicle. A case study was conducted for an electric scooter considering the designed dc brushless machine with radial flow and external rotor in order to validate the results. The experimental results met the target of 46 Nm of torque, the maximum static torque 48 Nm was reached, and the no-load rotation obtained was 613 rpm at nominal voltage. Regenerative braking tests with super capacitors showed a promising result: 50% of the received mechanical energy during braking was delivered to the vehicle starting.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma metodologia para o dimensionamento da potência tracionária em função do percurso percorrido por veículos elétricos, assim como realizar o projeto básico de uma máquina elétrica para suprir a carga tracionária exigida. Os cálculos foram realizados através de um algoritmo onde o usuário insere as variáveis mecânicas do veículo e recebe a potência e conjugado necessários, e o projeto elementar da máquina que deverá equipar o veículo. Realizou-se um estudo de caso a partir de uma scooter elétrica para validar os resultados, foi projetada uma máquina brushless dc com fluxo radial e rotor externo. Os resultados experimentais atenderam as espectativas de conjugado de 46 Nm, o máximo conjugado estático atingiu 48 Nm e a rotação a vazio obteve valor de 613 rpm à tensão nominal. Os ensaios de frenagem regenerativa com supercapacitores apresentaram resultados promissores com 50% da energia mecânica recebida durante a frenagem entregue na partida do veículo. / The present study aims to propose a methodology for the design of power traction depending on the distance traveled by electrical vehicles, and perform the basic design of an electrical machine to supply the traction load required. The calculations will be performed through an algorithm where the user enters the mechanical variables of the vehicle and receives the power and torque required and the basic machine design that should equip the vehicle. A case study was conducted for an electric scooter considering the designed dc brushless machine with radial flow and external rotor in order to validate the results. The experimental results met the target of 46 Nm of torque, the maximum static torque 48 Nm was reached, and the no-load rotation obtained was 613 rpm at nominal voltage. Regenerative braking tests with super capacitors showed a promising result: 50% of the received mechanical energy during braking was delivered to the vehicle starting.

Neste trabalho é estudado um motor trifásico de ímã permanente no rotor, com fluxo não senoidal, através da análise do campo magnético. Essa máquina foi projetada utilizando-se a estrutura ferromagnética do estator de um motor de indução monofásico de 24 ranhuras o qual recebeu um novo enrolamento trifásico, e foi construído o rotor que é constituído de ímãs permanentes em sua superfície. Ela é aplicada em compressores herméticos de refrigeração, possibilitando o controle de velocidade e a melhoria da eficiência, quando comparada às demais máquinas utilizadas para a mesma aplicação. O estudo é realizado através da análise dos resultados obtidos utilizando-se um programa computacional baseado no método dos elementos finitos, aplicado em grandezas como: tensão induzida, densidade de fluxo magnético, torque eletromagnético e perdas. São apresentados resultados numéricos comparativos para a máquina existente (protótipo) com as seguintes alterações: diminuição do tamanho do entreferro, troca dos ímãs de ferrita pelos de NdFeB (Bonded) e, juntamente com essas mudanças, o recálculo do número de espiras e do diâmetro do enrolamento do estator. / In this work is studied a three-phase permanent-magnet motor, with nonsinusoidal flux, through the analysis of magnetic field. This machine was designed to use the same stator of a 24 slots single-phase induction motor that received a new three-phase winding. The rotor consists of permanent-magnet on its surface. The main application of this machine is in hermetic compressor household refrigeration systems. It has speed control and better efficiency than other machines used for the same application. The study is made through the analysis of numerical results, obtained by a software joint in the finite element method. The results consist in electromagnetic quantity like, back-emf, magnetic flux density, electromagnetic torque and losses. Comparisons between the prototype with these changes are presented: fall in the size of airgap, exchange of ferrite magnets for NdFeB (Bonded) magnets and, together with these changes, the number of turns in each winding and the wire diameter are recalculated.