La construction électrique reposant en grande partie sur l’utilisation des propriétés électromagnétiques du fer et de ses alliages, les concepteurs ont besoin d’une connaissance précise de ces propriétés. Les caractéristiques des matériaux magnétiques doux, typiquement celles de l’acier des roues polaires d'une machine à griffes, peuvent être notablement impactées par les procédés de fabrication. Celles-ci doivent alors être caractérisées directement sur la pièce finale. Dans ce travail, on propose une méthode de mesure non destructive combinant une démarche opératoire et la simulation par éléments finis afin de caractériser la conductivité électrique locale des roues polaires. Afin d’adapter les paramètres expérimentaux à la géométrie de la pièce considérée, et à l’aide d’un diagramme 5M (ou diagramme d'Ishikawa), une démarche d’optimisation de la méthode est entreprise. Puis l’incertitude de mesure est déterminée à l’aide de deux démarches différentes. Cette méthode est ensuite exploitée pour mener une étude sur une population de roues polaires extraites de la chaîne de production. Dans un second temps, la méthode est étendue pour la mesure de perméabilité incrémentale. Des essais sur tôles épaisses ont permis de valider l’approche proposée à l'aide du même type de capteur. Par ailleurs, une étude complémentaire par éléments finis 3D a permis de mettre en évidence les limites de l'approche analytique, notamment lorsque la perméabilité de la plaque et son épaisseur deviennent trop importantes. Finalement, cette méthode est appliquée au cas des roues polaire, dans le cadre d’une approche qualitative, en vue d’une application de type contrôle qualité. / Electrical energy conversion devices are based on the use of electromagnetic properties of iron and its alloys. Therefore, an accurate knowledge of these properties is required for the designers. The characteristics of the soft magnetic materials, typically those of a claw pole rotor, can be significantly impacted by the manufacturing processes. Consequently, these properties must be characterized directly on the manufactured magnetic piece. In this work, a non-destructive measurement method combining an operative approach and the finite element simulation is proposed to characterize the local electrical conductivity of the claw pole rotor. The choice of the experimental parameters associated to the claw pole rotor geometry is optimized using the Ishikawa diagram. Then, the measurement uncertainty is determined using two different approaches. This method is applied to perform a study on a population of claw pole rotors issued from the manufacturing chain. Secondly, the method is extended to incremental permeability measurement. Tests on thick sheets were realized to validate the proposed approach with the same type of sensor. Moreover, a complementary study in 3D finite element has emphasized the limitations of the analytical approach, especially when the permeability of the plate and its thickness become significant. Finally, this method is applied to the case of claw pole rotors through a qualitative approach for a quality control application.

Neste trabalho é estudado um motor trifásico de ímã permanente no rotor, com fluxo não senoidal, através da análise do campo magnético. Essa máquina foi projetada utilizando-se a estrutura ferromagnética do estator de um motor de indução monofásico de 24 ranhuras o qual recebeu um novo enrolamento trifásico, e foi construído o rotor que é constituído de ímãs permanentes em sua superfície. Ela é aplicada em compressores herméticos de refrigeração, possibilitando o controle de velocidade e a melhoria da eficiência, quando comparada às demais máquinas utilizadas para a mesma aplicação. O estudo é realizado através da análise dos resultados obtidos utilizando-se um programa computacional baseado no método dos elementos finitos, aplicado em grandezas como: tensão induzida, densidade de fluxo magnético, torque eletromagnético e perdas. São apresentados resultados numéricos comparativos para a máquina existente (protótipo) com as seguintes alterações: diminuição do tamanho do entreferro, troca dos ímãs de ferrita pelos de NdFeB (Bonded) e, juntamente com essas mudanças, o recálculo do número de espiras e do diâmetro do enrolamento do estator. / In this work is studied a three-phase permanent-magnet motor, with nonsinusoidal flux, through the analysis of magnetic field. This machine was designed to use the same stator of a 24 slots single-phase induction motor that received a new three-phase winding. The rotor consists of permanent-magnet on its surface. The main application of this machine is in hermetic compressor household refrigeration systems. It has speed control and better efficiency than other machines used for the same application. The study is made through the analysis of numerical results, obtained by a software joint in the finite element method. The results consist in electromagnetic quantity like, back-emf, magnetic flux density, electromagnetic torque and losses. Comparisons between the prototype with these changes are presented: fall in the size of airgap, exchange of ferrite magnets for NdFeB (Bonded) magnets and, together with these changes, the number of turns in each winding and the wire diameter are recalculated.

This thesis is focused on technical systems and evaluating their safety. It tries to make a complex view of links between safety, demands for quality and technical diagnostics. It tries to apply all the information about mentioned features to concrete branch of machines ¨C highŠ\voltage electrical rotary machines. Practical part of this thesis consists of statistical analysis of measured parameters by two hydroelectric generators. Main task of this thesis is to transpose theoretical knowledge of safety and technical systems to the branch of highŠ\voltage electrical rotary machines. This thesis also tries to find appropriate and more efficient evaluation method for analyzing the parameters of mentioned machines. Another benefit of this thesis should be bringing few new ideas about evaluating safety and technical status of highŠ\voltage electrical rotary machines. Keywords: technical system, safety, highŠ\voltage electrical machines, technical diagnostics

La présence d’harmoniques de forces électromagnétiques dans les machines électriques est généralement source de bruit acoustique et de vibrations (B&V). Ce phénomène doit être considéré dès les premières phases de conception pour respecter les normes en matière de B&V, en particulier dans le secteur automobile. Le niveau de B&V s’obtient à partir d’une simulation multi-physique basée sur des modèles électromagnétiques, mécaniques et acoustiques, de préférence rapides et précis de manière à l’inclure le plus tôt possible dans la phase de conception. Cette thèse CIFRE est partie intégrante du programme de recherche interne de la société EOMYS ENGINEERING, qui développe et commercialise son logiciel MANATEE dédié à la simulation électromagnétique et vibroacoustique des machines électriques. Dans ce contexte de modélisation, cette thèse porte sur la méthode électromagnétique semi-analytique des sous-domaines pour le calcul des harmoniques de forces 2D dans l’entrefer d’une large variété de machines électriques, et se concentre particulièrement sur la Machine Synchrone à Aimant Permanents en Surface (MSAPS) et la machine asynchrone à cage d’écureuil. La thèse s’intéresse également à deux verrous scientifiques concernant la contribution des forces tangentielles au niveau de vibration global, et l’effet de modulation des dents qui apparaît dans les machines avec un nombre proche d’encoches et de pôles. A cet effet, un banc d’essai comprenant une machine bruyante particulière (une MSAPS avec 12 encoches et 10 pôles) et l’instrumentation nécessaire a été conçu et réalisé. Le banc d’essai vise enfin à comparer les différents modèles utilisés couramment dans les simulations B&V / The presence of magnetic stress harmonics inside the electrical machine is generally responsible for vibrations and acoustic noise generation. This phenomenon is called e-NVH (Noise, Vibrations and Harshness due to electromagnetic excitations) and has to be considered in the machine design to meet with NVH standard requirements, especially in automotive applications. The e-NVH assertion requires a multiphysics simulation including electromagnetic, mechanical and acoustic models, which must be fast and accurate especially for early design stages. This industrial PhD thesis takes part of the internal research program of EOMYS ENGINEERING company, which develops and commercializes MANATEE software, dedicated to the e-NVH simulation of electrical machines. In this modeling context, the present thesis investigates and extends the semi-analytical electromagnetic model, called Subdomain Method (SDM), for the computation of two-dimensional airgap magnetic stress harmonics in various topologies of electrical machines, mainly focusing on Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (SPMSMs) and Squirrel Cage Induction Machines (SCIMs). The thesis also investigates two scientific open questions concerning the contribution of circumferential excitations to the overall vibration level and the slotting modulation effect, which appears in electrical machines with a close number of poles and teeth. For this purpose, an experimental test rig including a particular noisy machine (a SPMSM with 12 slots and 10 poles) and appropriate sensors has been designed and built. The test rig also aims at benchmarking the different multiphysics models currently used in e-NVH simulation workflow

<p>In recent years, switch-mode power electronic converters have gained considerable popularity</p> <p>because of their compact size and high switching frequencies. This makes them</p> <p>suitable for power processing in various applications, including photovoltaic systems and</p> <p>electric vehicles. However, their high switching frequency capabilities have a drawback. A</p> <p>high-frequency common-mode voltage coupled with the switching of the power converters</p> <p>excites the parasitic capacitances of the system. It leads to the flow of common-mode current.</p> <p>Since the common-mode current flows through an unintended path, it can potentially</p> <p>interfere with the performance of system components. Passive filters can be used to mitigate</p> <p>common-mode currents. Using a common-mode inductor in conjunction with strategically</p> <p>placed capacitors makes it possible to limit the flow of common-mode current.</p> <p><br></p> <p>As part of this work, passive mitigation of common-mode current will be investigated in</p> <p>a variable frequency drive system. In this regard, the process of designing a three-phase ac</p> <p>common-mode inductor is explained. As a first step, a mitigation strategy is proposed and</p> <p>described. Next, the issue of self-capacitance of the inductor is discussed. Afterwards, the</p> <p>ac common-mode inductor is designed using a multi-objective optimization-based approach.</p> <p>Following this are the design results, concluding the dissertation.</p>

<p dir="ltr">There is a growing demand for lower-cost, lighter-weight, and more compact electric ma-<br>chines used for vehicle propulsion. In this research, a dual-rotor inert-core machine (ICM) is<br>considered to meet this demand. In the ICM, permanent-magnet-based Halbach arrays are<br>placed on inner and outer rotating structures. This enables one to eliminate magnetic steels<br>used in the stator and rotor of traditional electric machinery. In addition, a stator structure<br>that leverages a thermal plastic is proposed that facilitates straightforward active cooling<br>of phase windings, which greatly increases current density. To support the multi-objective<br>design of the ICM, a multi-physics toolbox has been developed. Within the toolbox, electro-<br>magnetic performance is predicted using a method-of-moments-based field solver. Thermal<br>performance is assessed using a thermal equivalent circuit that includes conductive heat<br>transfer from stator windings to the surrounding environment as well as convective heat<br>transfer to moving fluids. The structural integrity of the stator is assessed using analytical<br>expressions to predict stress from material properties, geometry, and applied external forces.<br>Calculated loss of proposed designs includes those of the stator windings as well as those<br>required for active cooling. Several optimization studies have been conducted to evaluate the<br>performance of the ICM under an expected electric vehicle driving cycle. From the studies,<br>Pareto-optimal fronts are obtained and used to explore the impact of alternative cooling<br>strategies on volumetric power density.</p>

Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le contexte du développement de groupes motopropulseurs électriques pour véhicules automobiles. Ces développements ont mis en lumière les problématiques liées aux phénomènes acoustiques et vibratoires des machines électriques, spécifiques à l'application automobile. L'objectif de ces travaux est la mise en place de lois de commande dédiées à la réduction d'harmoniques de courant à l'origine d'harmoniques vibratoires.Pour cela, les différents éléments du système ont été modélisés, puis les paramètres du modèle électrique de la machine ont été identifiés au moyen de mesures expérimentales.Deux stratégies de commande ont ensuite été développées puis mises en place. D'une part, un régulateur dédié à l'harmonique de courant visé a été synthétisé par optimisation H-infini. D'autre part, la modélisation de l'origine de cet harmonique comme provenant d'un signal perturbateur externe a permis la compensation de celui-ci au moyen d'un observateur.L'efficacité de ces deux stratégies sur la réduction des harmoniques de courant visés et des harmoniques vibratoires correspondants a été validée expérimentalement sur banc d'essai vibratoire. / This work takes place in the context of the development of powertrains for electric vehicles. Those developments have raised new issues such as noise and vibrations of electrical machines, which are important issues in automotive applications. The aim of this thesis is to develop control laws dedicated to the reduction of currents harmonics that are responsible for vibration harmonics.In that purpose, different parts of the system have been modelled. Parameters of the electrical model of the studied machine have then been identified thanks to experimental measurements.Two different control laws are proposed and developed. One the one hand, a controller is synthetized thanks to H-infinity optimization. On the other hand, the studied current harmonic is modelled as coming from an external disturbance. This virtual disturbance is estimated thanks to an observer and compensated.

L'étude présentée dans ce mémoire concerne le diagnostic des machines électriques à l'aide d'une association innovante entre la modélisation à évènements discrets, la Simulation Comparative et Concurrente (SCC) et les Réseaux de Neurones Artificiels (RNAs). Le diagnostic des machines électriques est effectué à partir d'une analyse temporelle des signaux statoriques et rotoriques à l'aide de réseaux de neurones de type Feed-Forward. Afin de comparer les différentes configurations de ces réseaux de neurones, l'approche proposée dans ce document utilise la simulation comparative et concurrente implémentée grâce au formalisme à évènements discrets DEVS (Discrete EVent system Specification). L'intégration des algorithmes de la SCC et des RNAs au sein du formalisme DEVS a été effectuée de manière générique et indépendamment du simulateur en développent des extensions et une librairie de modèles dans l'environnement de modélisation et de simulation à évènements discrets DEVSimPy. L'application de cette nouvelle solution pour le diagnostic des machines électriques permet de détecter les défauts à partir d'une architecture logiciel facilement portable sur des systèmes embarqués de type FPGA. / This thesis deals with the time-domain analysis of the electrical machines fault diagnosis due to early short-circuits detection in both stator and rotor windings. It also introduces to the Discrete EVent system Specification (DEVS) a generic solution to enable concurrent and comparative simulations (CCS). The DEVS-based CCS is an extension introduced using an aspect-oriented programming (AOP) to interact with the classic DEVS simulator. A new DEVS-based artificial neural network (ANN) is also introduced with a separation between learning and calculation models. The DEVS-based CCS is validated on the proposed ANN DEVS library inside the DEVSimPy environment. The concurrent ANN contributes in the time-domains analysis for the electrical machine fault diagnosis. This new method is based on data coming directly from the sensors without any computation but with a new dedicated preprocessing technique. Later, some enhancements are brought to the artificial neural network based on a new multistage architecture reducing the training time and errors compared to the single ANN. The new architecture and techniques has been validated on real data sixteen non-destructive windings faults analysis and localization.

Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le contexte du développement de groupes motopropulseurs électriques pour véhicules automobiles. Ces développements ont mis en lumière les problématiques liées aux phénomènes acoustiques et vibratoires des machines électriques, spécifiques à l'application automobile. L'objectif de ces travaux est la mise en place de lois de commande dédiées à la réduction d'harmoniques de courant à l'origine d'harmoniques vibratoires.Pour cela, les différents éléments du système ont été modélisés, puis les paramètres du modèle électrique de la machine ont été identifiés au moyen de mesures expérimentales.Deux stratégies de commande ont ensuite été développées puis mises en place. D'une part, un régulateur dédié à l'harmonique de courant visé a été synthétisé par optimisation H-infini. D'autre part, la modélisation de l'origine de cet harmonique comme provenant d'un signal perturbateur externe a permis la compensation de celui-ci au moyen d'un observateur.L'efficacité de ces deux stratégies sur la réduction des harmoniques de courant visés et des harmoniques vibratoires correspondants a été validée expérimentalement sur banc d'essai vibratoire. / This work takes place in the context of the development of powertrains for electric vehicles. Those developments have raised new issues such as noise and vibrations of electrical machines, which are important issues in automotive applications. The aim of this thesis is to develop control laws dedicated to the reduction of currents harmonics that are responsible for vibration harmonics.In that purpose, different parts of the system have been modelled. Parameters of the electrical model of the studied machine have then been identified thanks to experimental measurements.Two different control laws are proposed and developed. One the one hand, a controller is synthetized thanks to H-infinity optimization. On the other hand, the studied current harmonic is modelled as coming from an external disturbance. This virtual disturbance is estimated thanks to an observer and compensated.

This thesis investigates optimization of the control of electrical and thermal equipment by using FEM and CFD modeling in combination with dynamic simulation models. The thesis focuses on the production of electrical strips and the control system with the aim of reducing losses and improving magnetic properties. Several parameters and factors contribute to core losses. Thickness deviations in strip production, high levels of impurities in the core, orientation, ageing, surface oxidation, overloading, and hot spot temperature are among the reasons for losses in the core. Some of the losses occur during strip cutting and core assembly. This dissertation focuses on the reduction of losses in the cold rolling, annealing and manufacturing stages. The cold rolling process has a direct influence on the accuracy of the strip thickness and magnetic ageing of sheets. Some disturbances such as eccentricity, working rolls gap deviation, shape and edge deflections have to be removed in order to achieve accurate thickness. Thickness measurement makes up an important portion of loss evaluation in electrical equipment. Impurities and dirty strip surfaces in the cold rolling step can increase the carbon content of strips that pass through the annealing furnaces after cold rolling. The slab should be cleaned before reeling and rewinding. As the strip passes through the annealing furnaces, the temperature should be homogenous over the entire strip. According to simulations of furnace and strip temperature computed in the COMSOL environment, homogenous temperatures may be achieved using high electrical power reflectors which are equipped with molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) electrical heating elements to replace the gas fired burners that are currently used. Modelling of the cold rolling process is conducted in order to find the correlation between control system parameters. A multivariable mathematical model for the rolling process is derived here, which reveals the interactions of the influencing variables. This approach provides numerically efficient algorithms, which are necessary for running in a real-time environment. A control model is applied in the MATLAB environment in order to determine the strip thickness at online-offline state using a robust algorithm. The critical problem in the thickness control loop is analysed, and an adaptive control algorithm is proposed. A number of control methods are investigated to improve the final strip properties. Cold rolled strip thickness deviations, eccentricities and shape defects are compensated for. The simulation results are verified with measurement data and the most significant sources of disturbances are detected. Finally, to solve the hottest spot problem in large scale electric power transformer, a new apparatus, oil spraying, is proposed and analysed. / Denna avhandling behandlar optimering och kontroll av elektrisk och termisk utrustning med hjälp av FEM och CFD-modellering i kombination med dynamiska simuleringsmodeller. Avhandlingen fokuserar på produktion av remsor och styrsystemet i syfte att minska förluster och ge bättre magnetiska egenskaper. Flera parametrar och faktorer bidrar till förluster i kärnan. Tjockleksavvikelser i remsor, höga nivåer av föroreningar i kärnan, orientering, åldrande, yta oxidation, överbelastning och temperaturer i heta punkter finns bland orsakerna till förlusterna i kärnan. Några av de förluster som uppstår under klippning av remsor och ihopsättningen av kärnan. Denna avhandling fokuserar på att minska förlusterna i produktionsstegen för kallvalsning och  glödgning. Kallvalsningen har ett direkt inflytande på riktigheten av remsornas tjocklek och magnetiska åldrande. Vissa störningar i till exempel excentriciteten, gapet mellan valsarna, form och kanter måste minimeras för att uppnå korrekt tjocklek. Tjockleksmätningar utgör en viktig del av utvärderingen av förluster  i elektrisk utrustning. Föroreningar och smutsiga bandytor i kallvalsningssteget kan öka kolhalten i band som passerar genom ugnar efter kallvalsning. Valsämnet bör rengöras innan avhaspling och upprullning. När bandet passerar genom glödgningsugnar bör temperaturen vara homogen över hela remsan. Enligt simuleringar av ugnen och remsans temperatur kan homogen temperatur uppnås med elektriska värmeelement (Molybden disilikat, MoSi2) insatta i reflektorer. De kan ersätta den gaseldade brännare som för närvarande används. Modellering av kallvalsningsprocessen sker i syfte att hitta korrelation mellan styrsystemparametrar. En multivariabel matematisk modell för valsningsprocessen har tagits fram som använder korrelation mellan variabler. Denna metod ger numeriskt effektiva algoritmer som behövs för att köra i en realtids-miljö. En modell har tagits fram för att bestämma remsornas med tjocklek för kontinuerlig och icke-kontinuerligt tillstånd med hjälp av en robust algoritm. Det kritiska problemet i reglerloopen för tjocklek har analyserats, och en adaptiv regleralgoritm föreslås. Ett antal metoder har undersökts för att förbättra de slutliga bandegenskaperna. Avvikelser i kallvalsade band med avseende på tjocklek, excentriciteter och form kompenseras. Simuleringsresultaten har verifierats med mätdata och de viktigaste källorna till störningar upptäckts.   Slutligen, för att lösa problemet med heta punkter i stora transformatorer föreslås en ny metod för oljesprutning, vilken också analyseras i avhandlingen.