Os aços ferrítico-martensíticos de atividade radioativa reduzida (RAFM, do inglês \"Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic\"), são um dos principais candidatos a materiais estruturais para os futuros reatores de fusão nuclear ITER (acrônimo de \"International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor\") e DEMO (futuro reator de fusão nuclear de demonstração nas quais os materiais utilizados para sua construção dependem dos resultados obtidos no reator experimental ITER, cujo início das operações é previsto para 2020). A designação Eurofer-97 corresponde a um aço RAFM desenvolvido pela União Européia com composição nominal 9Cr -1,1W - 0,125Ta - 0,25V - 0,105C - 0,6Mn - 0,036 N (% em peso) visando aplicações no reator ITER. O material para esse estudo foi cedido pelo KIT (Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie - Alemanha), após laminação a quente e revenimento em 760ºC. Em seguida, o material foi laminado a frio (redução de 80%) e tratado em duas diferentes temperaturas no campo austenítico (1050º e 1150ºC) por 30 min, seguido de resfriamento ao ar. Após o tratamento térmico de têmpera, o material foi submetido a diversos revenimentos por 2 h cada em diversas temperaturas até 800ºC. As amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, medidas de microdureza, magnetização e resistividade elétrica. Simulações termodinâmicas foram também realizadas para a previsão das fases presentes no material em função da temperatura. Para revenimentos em ? 500oC ocorreu um ligeiro aumento na microdureza do aço Eurofer-97, seguido por um amolecimento significativo do material para revenimentos realizados em mais altas temperaturas. A mesma tendência foi observada para a resistividade elétrica. O campo coercivo também apresentou uma forte queda para revenimentos realizados em temperaturas maiores que ?550oC. Esses resultados indicaram que o início da precipitação de nitretos e carbonetos no aço Eurofer-97 ocorre por volta de 500oC. Para revenimentos em temperaturas mais amenas o campo coercivo e a resistividade elétrica se mostraram mais sensíveis às mudanças microestruturais do material do que as medidas de microdureza. / Reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steels are promising candidates as structural materials in future fusion power plants as ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) and DEMO (nuclear fusion power plant that is intended to build upon the expected success of the ITER, which is expected becomes operational in 2020). The Eurofer-97 is a RAFM steel developed by the European Union with nominal composition 9Cr -1,1W - 0,125Ta - 0,25V - 0,105C - 0,6Mn - 0,036 N (wt.%). The material for this study was supplied by KIT (Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie - Germany), after hot rolling followed by tempering at 760oC. Next the Eurofer-97 steel was cold rolled (80% reduction) and treated in two different temperatures in the austenitic field (1050º and 1150ºC) by 30 min, followed by air cooling. After quenching the material was tempered for 2 h at several temperatures up to 800ºC. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, microhardness tests, magnetization and electrical resistivity measurements. Thermodynamical simulations were also performed in order to predict the temperature dependence of the equilibrium phases in the material. For tempering at ?500oC it was observed a slightly increase in the microhardness of the Eurofer-97 steel, followed by pronounced softening for tempering performed at higher temperatures. The same trend was observed for the electrical resistivity. The coercive field also shown a strong decrease for tempering performed at higher temperatures than ?550oC. These results suggested that the beginning of nitrates and carbonates precipitation occurs around 500oC. For tempering performed in mild temperatures the coercive field and electrical resistivity are more sensitive than microhardness measurements to detect the microstructural changes in the investigated material.

Permafrost temperatures were measured by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in 1977-1981 at boreholes along a proposed pipeline route in the southern Yukon. Analysis of climate station records indicate that mean annual air temperatures in the region have since increased by 0.5-1.0˚C. Renewed interest in the pipeline and the need to develop adaptation strategies for existing highway infrastructure have meant that information on permafrost and geotechnical conditions must be updated. To accomplish this goal, a total of eight GSC boreholes ranging in depth from 5-9 m were located, unblocked of ice and instrumented with thermistor cables and data-loggers to permit renewed ground temperature monitoring. Manual temperature measurements were also taken at four other shallow boreholes. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted at each site. MAGTs below 1 m at permafrost sites in the study area range from -0.2˚C to -1.5˚C with permafrost depths greater than 25 m. The permafrost at the study sites can be classified as sporadic discontinuous and extensive discontinuous. Ground temperatures indicate that permafrost can persist under warmer climatic conditions as long as it remains protected by its ecosystem properties. Thermal monitoring for 2011-2012 shows an average increase of 0.5-1.0˚C when compared to the original 1978-1981 ground temperatures. This slow rate of ground warming is mainly attributed to a combination of limited climate change, especially in the south of the study area, ground temperatures close to 0˚C, and the possible disturbance of sites from the removal of vegetation prior to the original measurements being made. ERT surveys conducted at most borehole sites show deeper thaw or taliks where the cleared cut-line used for geophysical work in the 1970s is crossed. These results indicate the impacts of climate change and environmental change in the study area over the past three decades. They appear to match the relatively slow rates of ground warming observed elsewhere in northern Canada where permafrost temperatures are close to 0˚C and where warming also requires changes in latent heat due to internal thaw. TTOP equilibrium modelling suggests that if climate change is responsible for the ground warming, most of the change can be attributed to the step-like MAAT increase that occurred between 1975-1976.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22423号 / 工博第4684号 / 新制||工||1731(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 小池 克明, 教授 三ｹ田 均, 准教授 柏谷 公希, 教授 後藤 忠徳 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Située à l'interface entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines, la zone hyporhéique (ZH) est depuis maintenant plusieurs décennies considérée comme une zone cruciale pour la préservation des milieux aquatiques. Elle constitue souvent un indicateur fiable de la bonne qualité des eaux et une niche écologique primordiale pour de nombreuses espèces. Mais elle est aussi le lieu d'interaction entre deux masses d'eau de signature différente, ce qui conduit à la formation d'un milieu extrêmement fragile et siège d'un grand nombre de réactions biogéochimiques. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique des échanges au sein de la zone hyporhéique. L'approche de cette problématique s'est faite sous un aspect innovant en couplant une démarche hydrogéologique "classique" à l'aide de mesures hydrodynamiques et géochimiques, et l'utilisation de la tomographie de résistivité électrique (ERT). Plusieurs campagnes de terrain ont été menées sur la rivière Essonne, choisie comme lieu d'expérimentation. Différents outils de prélèvement et/ou de mesure ont été mis en place et un grand nombre de mesures à différentes périodes de l'année ont été réalisées. Des expériences assez techniques et innovantes de suivi d'un abaissement et relèvement de barrage, ainsi qu'un traçage artificiel au sel ont pu être effectués grâce à la collaboration avec le syndicat chargé de la gestion et l'aménagement d'une partie du réseau hydrographique de l'Essonne (SIARCE). En parallèle avec cette étude expérimentale, une maquette numérique 3D de la zone d'étude a été réalisée à l'aide du logiciel HydroGeoSphere. Des tests de sensibilité ont permis d'identifier les paramètres hydrodynamiques les plus importants et de quantifier leur impact sur la formation et l'évolution de la zone hyporhéique. Finalement, les premières simulations des expériences menées sur le terrain ont permis de confronter l'approche expérimentale et l'approche théorique. / The Hyporheic Zone (HZ) is located at the interface between surface water and groundwater. For several decades it is considered as a hotspot for the development of a rich aquatic environment in rivers. Its system is often considered as a reliable indicator for water quality and a primary ecological niche for many species. From a hydrological point of view, it is also the place of interaction between two distinct water bodies with different geochemical signatures. This place of mixing forms a very fragile equilibrium where many biogeochemical reactions can occur. The objective of this thesis is to reach a better understanding of mixing and water fluxes in a dynamic context within the hyporheic zone. An innovative method was used by coupling a "classic" hydrogeological approach with hydrodynamic and geochemical measurements with Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). Several field campaigns were done on the Essonne river as experimental site. A large number of measurements were done at various periods of the year and field equipment for water sampling and measurements were installed during these three years. Technical and innovative experiments were conducted such as a dam lowering and rising and an artificial salt tracer test in collaboration with the federation in charge of organization and management of the Essonne network. Finally, a 3D-model of the studied area was built with the HydroGeosphere software. The main hydrodynamic parameters have been tested in order to understand their impact and their variation in a static or dynamic environment on the hyporheic system and its development. In addition, field experiments were reproduced to compare the experimental and theoretical approach.

Title: The magnetocrystalline anizotropy in the TbTX compounds Author: Milan Klicpera Department: Department of Condensed Matter Physics Supervisor: doc. Mgr. Pavel Javorský, Dr. Supervisor's e-mail address: javor@mag.mff.cuni.cz Abstract: The subject of this work is the study of structural, magnetic and trans- port properties of the TbNi(Al,In) series to finding connections between magne- tocrystalline anisotropy and lattice parameters of the structure of the TbTX com- pounds. Polycrystalline TbNiAl1−xInx samples were prepared by melting. The phase and crystal structure analysis were provided on samples. We performed the measurements of the magnetization, susceptibility, specific heat, resistivity, low temperature X-ray diffraction and powder neutron diffraction. From the neutron diffraction data we refined lattice parameters and propagation vectors of the series. The main propagation is (000) and second weaker component has the propagation vector (1 2 0 1 2 ). The change of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy from uniaxial to planar type occurs for compounds with x between 0.4 and 0.5. Keywords: magnetization, X-ray and neutron diffraction, electrical resistivity.

Masters of Science / Rare-earth (RE) compounds have been an attractive subject, based on the unique electronic structures of the rare-earth elements. In particular, the RETX (RE = rare-earth, T = 3d/4d/5d, transition metals, and X = p – block elements) series is a large family of intermetallic compounds which crystallizes in different crystal structure depending on the constituents. Most of these compounds crystalize in the hexagonal, orthorhombic, and tetragonal crystal structure. On the other hand, the family of compounds RET2X2 adopted the tetragonal crystal structure of the ThCr2Si2 or the CaBe2Be2 with different space groups. Owing to the different crystal structure, these compounds show versatile magnetic and electrical properties such as Kondo effect, complex magnetic behaviour, valence fluctuation, unconventional and conventional superconductivity, heavy fermion behaviour, Fermi and non – Fermi liquid behaviour, metamagnetism, spin – glass, memory effect, crystal electric field (CEF), magnetoresistance and magnetocaloric effect. The history of magnetism reveals that it is closely related to practical applications and magnetic materials from the most vital components in many applications. These are memory devices, permanent magnets, transformer cores, magneto-mechanical devices and magneto-electronic devices. Recent additions to this list include magnetic refrigeration through the studies of magnetocaloric effect as well as spintronics. Magnetic refrigeration (MR) is an emerging technology and shows real potential to enter conventional markets and the principles of MR obeys the magnetocaloric effect (MCE), which is based on the effect caused by a magnetic field on the materials that accept the property of varying the magnetic entropy, as well as its temperature when varying the magnetic field. In this thesis, we report giant magnetocaloric effect and magnetic properties of NdPd2Al2 and RECuGa (RE = Nd, Dy, and Ho) compounds. These investigations were done through measurements of X – ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic susceptibility, ((T)), magnetization, (M(H)), isothermal magnetization, (M(H, T)), heat capacity, (Cp(T)) and electrical resistivity, ((T)). MCE has been studied from the isothermal magnetization and heat capacity measurements.The first chapter of the thesis describes the theoretical background from which the experimental results have been analyzed and interpreted. This is followed by the chapter which presents experimental details and methodology carried out in this thesis. Chapter three presents the results and discussion of the transport, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of NdPd2Al2 compounds. XRD studies confirm the tetragonal CaBe2Ge2 – type structure with space group P4/nmm (No. 129). The results of (T), (T) and Cp(T) indicate a putative antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase transition at low temperature at, TN = 3 K. On the other hand, (T) data at high temperatures follow the Curie – Weiss relationship giving an effective magnetic moment close to that expected for the trivalent Nd3+ ion. The magnetization results indicate metamagnetic – like transition at a low field that bears a first-order character which corroborates with the Below – Arrott plots. Giant MCE was obtained for the NdPd2Al2 compound similar to those reported for potential magnetic refrigerant materials. Chapter four discusses the magnetic and thermodynamic properties of the series of compounds RECuGa where RE = Nd, Dy, and Ho. XRD studies indicate the orthorhombic CeCu2 – type crystal structure with space group Imma (No. 74) for all three compounds. Magnetic measurements indicate a putative AFM phase transition below 𝑇𝑁 = 7.1, 8.5, and 3.7 K for Nd, Dy, and Ho compounds, respectively. The high-temperature (T) data for all three compounds follow the Curie – Weiss relationship giving an effective magnetic moment close to that expected for the trivalent rare-earth ion. Again, large MCE were obtained for all three compounds similar to those reported for materials that can be used as magnetic refrigerant materials.

This thesis is a study of tailoring amorphous Fe-B-Si based alloy to produce bulk glassy rods by adding Nb. We have prepared rapid quenched thin ribbons (thickness ~12 µm) by melt spinning, and glassy rods of diameter ~1mm by Cu-mold casting based on compositions (Fe0.78B0.13Si0.9)100-xNbx (x=0, 4, 8, 12), and studied their different physical properties. The melt-spun ribbons are found to be X-ray amorphous, whereas some nano-crystallinity is observed in the case of rods. All the ribbons show high saturation magnetization and low coercivity, which are the desirable characteristics of a soft ferromagnet. These ribbons are thus suitable for designing high frequency transformers, and sensors from an applications point of view. With increasing Nb content their saturation magnetization, ferromagnetic Curie temperature, and resistivity are found to decrease as expected. The temperature dependence of electrical resistivity shows small positive temperature co-efficient that is expected for a metallic disordered material. We have also studied the modification of the properties on thermal annealing the (Fe0.78B0.13Si0.9)96 Nb4 ribbon at different temperatures in a neutral atmosphere.

A dimensionality controlled metal insulator transition in epitaxial [LaNiO3 (d nm)/LaAlO3(2nm)]10 (100) superlattices (thereafter [d/2]10 SLs) is demonstrated for decreasing LaNiO3 single layer thickness from 4nm down to 1.2 nm. The [4/2]10 SL shows metallic behavior with positive resistivity temperature coefficient, while the [2/2]10 SL shows a metal-insulator transition with crossover from 3D to two-dimensional single-layer dimensionality. Strong localization appears for the [1.2/2]10 SL with the resistivity being dominated by two-dimensional variable range hopping with a localization length of about 0.035 nm.

Recently, topological conductivity has been predicted theoretically in LaNiO3(111)-based superlattices. Here we report high-quality epitaxial LaNiO3/LaAlO3 superlattices on (111)-oriented SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 single crystals. For both substrates a metal-insulator transition with decreasing number of LaNiO3 monolayers is found. While the electrical transport is dominated by twodimensional variable range hopping for superlattices grown on polar mismatched SrTiO3(111), it switches to a thermally activated single gap behavior on polar matched LaAlO3(111). The gap energy of the polar double-layer LaNiO3 superlattices can be tuned via the thickness of the insulating LaAlO3 layers.

Thin films are a prerequisite for application of the emergent exotic ground states in iridates that result from the interplay of strong spin-orbit coupling and electronic correlations. We report on pulsed laser deposition of Li2IrO3 films on ZrO2:Y (001) single crystalline substrates. X-ray diffraction confirms preferential (001) and (10-1) out-of-plane crystalline orientations with well defined in-plane orientation. Resistivity between 35 and 300K is dominated by a three-dimensional variable range hopping mechanism. The dielectric function is determined by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry and, complemented by Fourier transform infrared transmission spectroscopy, reveals a small optical gap of ≈300 meV, a splitting of the 5d-t2g manifold, and several in-gap excitations attributed to phonons and possibly magnons.