Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Resumo: Neste projeto de pesquisa, é abordado o problema de desligamento ótimo de linhas de transmissão, chamado de Problema OTS, para otimizar os custos de operação de um sistema de energia elétrica, isto é, para minimizar os custos de operação da geração para atender um perfil de demanda especificado. Foram priorizados tópicos de pesquisas considerados problemáticos na otimização do problema OTS, tópicos identificados através de uma revisão bibliográfica das publicações mais relevantes relacionadas com o problema OTS. Assim, um tópico abordado na pesquisa é o desenvolvimento de estratégias para reduzir o número relativamente elevado de linhas de transmissão que são desligadas, já que o desligamento de muitas linhas de transmissão produzem uma redução de custo insignificante. Outro tópico abordado é o problema de geração de soluções ótimas que produzem ilhamento do sistema elétrico ou até a formação de vários setores do sistema de energia elétrica operando de forma independente. O terceiro tópico é o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático que representa as linhas iguais conectadas em paralelo entre duas barras por uma linha simples equivalente. Finalmente, é iniciada a análise teórica para encontrar os argumentos consistentes que permitam explicar os motivos pelos quais o desligamento de uma linha de transmissão melhora a operação de um sistema de energia elétrica contradizendo a lógica fundamental existente entre os engenheiros de operação. Esse tópico, chamado de paradoxo de Brae... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this research project, the optimal transmission switching (OTS) problem is addressed to optimize the operating costs of an electric power system, i.e., to minimize the generation costs to meet a specified demand profile. Priority was given to topics of research considered problematic in the optimization of the OTS problem, that were identified through a review of the most relevant publications related to the OTS problem. Thus, a topic addressed in the work is the development of strategies to reduce the relatively high number of disconnected transmission lines, since disconnecting many transmission lines produces insignificant cost reduction. Another topic addressed is the problem of generating optimal solutions that produce islanding of the electrical system or even the formation of several sectors of the electric power system operating independently. The third topic is the development of a mathematical model that represents the equal lines connected in parallel between two buses by an equivalent simple line. Finally, the theoretical analysis to find consistent arguments that allow explaining the reasons why the disconnection of a transmission line may improve the operation of an electric power system contradicting the fundamental logic existing among the operation engineers, is introduced. This topic, called the Braess paradox, is not addressed in any of the references reviewed during the development of this research project. In all of these proposals, the fundamental ide... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T15:15:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joaotitoalmeidavianna.pdf: 4307092 bytes, checksum: 061d2a47a7e37bf6c1a1875c27f352ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-18T12:47:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joaotitoalmeidavianna.pdf: 4307092 bytes, checksum: 061d2a47a7e37bf6c1a1875c27f352ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T12:47:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joaotitoalmeidavianna.pdf: 4307092 bytes, checksum: 061d2a47a7e37bf6c1a1875c27f352ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-05 / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de alternativas para detecção de faltas de alta impedância (HIFs) sustentadas em sistemas de distribuição. Como a maioria destas faltas é monofásica, enfoque foi dado para este tipo de falta no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Devido ao desequilíbrio e a variação da carga dos sistemas de distribuição, a proteção tradicional dos mesmos apresenta dificuldades na detecção destas faltas, que acabam se sustentando no sistema. Isso acarreta um risco de segurança pública, na medida em que estruturas externas ao sistema elétrico são mantidas energizadas representando risco a vidas que entrem em contato com elas. Características da topologia típica de sistemas de distribuição brasileiros (conhecida como do “tipo europeu”) foram exploradas de forma a se elaborar duas propostas de métodos de detecção e localização de HIFs. Ambos os métodos se baseiam na alocação de medidores alocados ao longo do sistema de distribuição, cujas medidas são integradas a uma central de dados via rede de comunicação. Nesta central, as medidas recebidas são analisadas de forma a diagnosticar a presença e localização de faltas monofásicas de alta impedância no sistema e emitir alarmes que descrevam a situação atual do mesmo. O primeiro método, o PDSZ, baseia-se em medições fasoriais sincronizadas e, além da detecção e localização, conta com um algoritmo de classificação das fases envolvidas na falta. Já o segundo (PQDSZ) baseia-se em medições não fasoriais e não possui esta última funcionalidade. Ambos os métodos são implementados em laboratório e simulados com o uso de um Simulador Digital de Tempo Real (RTDS), o que permite uma validação bem próxima da aplicação dos métodos em um sistema real. Tais simulações comprovam a aplicabilidade dos métodos propostos e todos os resultados são analisados de forma a confirmar este fato. / This work aims to develop alternatives for the detection of sustained high impedance faults (HIFs) on distribution power systems. As the majority of these faults are single phase ones, the development was focused on this kind of fault. Due to load unbalance and variation of the distribution systems, the traditional protectiontechniques presents problems on detecting these faults, which are kept sustained on the system. This situation represents a serious public hazard, because the external electrical system structure remains energized, representing a risk to lives that eventually get in touch with it. There is also the risk of starting a fire from this fault point. Topologycal features of Brasilian distribution systems (known as “european type”) were exploited in order to elaborate two methods for detection and localization of HIFs. Both methods are based on the use of meters alocated along the distribution system, whose measurements are sent to a central data concentrator, through a network communication. Then, the received measurements are analysed in order to diagnose the ocurrence of single phase high impedance faults on the system and send alarms that describe the current system situation. The first method, named PDSZ, is based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and besides detecting and locating the fault, can also classify it, showing which phaseis involved. The second one, the PQDSZ, is based on non-synchronized measurements and can not classify the fault. Both methods were implemented on laboratory and tested using real equipament and a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), which allows a very precise evaluation of the proposed methods, emulating conditions very similar the real ones. The simulations prove the aplicability of the proposed methods and the results are analysed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer une bibliothèque de modules IPs (Intellectual Properties) de simulateurs temps réel embarqués qui simulent différents éléments d'un système électrique. Ces modules ont été conçus pour être utiliser non seulement pour une validation HIL (Hardware-In-the-Loop) des commandes numériques mais aussi pour des applications de commande embarquées, où le module IP de simulateur et le contrôleur sont tous les deux implémentés et exécutés dans la même cible FPGA. Cette nouvelle classe de simulateurs temps réel devrait être de plus en plus incluse dans la prochaine génération de contrôleurs numériques. En effet, ces modules IPs de simulateurs temps réel embarqués peuvent être avantageusement intégrés dans les contrôleurs numériques pour assurer des fonctions comme l'observation, l'estimation, le diagnostic où la surveillance de la santé. Inversement aux cas de HIL, le principal défi lors de la conception de tels simulateurs est de faire face à leur complexité ayant à l'esprit que, dans le cas des systèmes embarqués, les ressources matérielles disponibles sont limitées en raison du coût. En outre, ce problème est renforcé par la nécessité des pas de simulation très petit. Ceci est généralement le cas lors de la simulation des convertisseurs de puissance.Pour développer ces modules IPs, des lignes directrices dédiés de conception ont été proposées pour être suivies pour gérer la complexité de ces simulateurs (solveur de modèle, solveur numérique, pas de simulation, conditionnement de données) tout en tenant compte des contraintes temporelles et matérielles/coût (temps de calcul limité, ressources matérielles limitées ...).Les modules IPs de simulateurs à développer ont été organisés en deux catégories principales: ceux qui sont consacrées aux éléments électromagnétiques d'un système électrique, et ceux dédiés à ses éléments commutés.La première catégorie regroupe les éléments où les phénomènes électriques, magnétiques sont modélisés en plus de phénomènes mécaniques (pour les parties mécaniques) et des phénomènes potentiellement thermiques. Trois cas sont traités: le simulateur temps réel embarqué d'une machine synchrone triphasée, celui d'une machine asynchrone triphasée et celui d'un alternateur synchrone à trois étages. En plus de cela, les avantages de l'utilisation de la transformation delta pour améliorer la stabilité du solveur numérique lorsque un petit pas de calcul et le codage virgule fixe (avec une précision de données limitée) sont utilisés, ont été étudiés.La deuxième catégorie concerne des éléments commutés tels que les convertisseurs de puissance où les événements de commutation sont considérés. Là encore, plusieurs topologies de convertisseurs ont été étudiées: un redresseur simple alternance, un hacheur série, un hacheur réversible en courant, un hacheur quatre quadrant, un onduleur monophasé, un onduleur triphasé, un redresseur à diodes triphasé et un redresseur MLI triphasé. Pour tous ces modules IPs de simulateurs, l'approche de modélisation ADC (Associated Discrete Circuit) est adoptée.Le module IP de simulateur temps réel embarqué du redresseur MLI a été appliqué dans un contexte d'une application embarquée. Cette dernière consiste en une commande tolérante aux défauts d'un convertisseur de tension coté réseau. Ainsi, ce module IP est associé à celui d'un simulateur temps réel d'un filtre RL triphasé et les deux sont embarqués dans le dispositif de commande du redresseur pour estimer les courants de lignes. Ces courants sont injectés dans le dispositif de commande dans le cas d'un défaut de capteur de courant. La capacité de cet estimateur de garantir la continuité de service en cas de défauts est validée par des tests HIL et expérimentalement. / The aim of this thesis work is to develop an IP-Library of FPGA-based embedded real-time simulator IPs (Intellectual Properties) that simulate different elements of an electrical system. These IPs have been designed to be used not only for Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) testing of digital controllers but also for low cost embedded control applications, where the simulator IP and the controller are both implemented and run altogether in the same FPGA device. This emerging class of real-time simulators is expected to be more and more included in the next generation of digital controllers. Indeed, such embedded real-time simulator IPs can be advantageously embedded within digital controllers to ensure functions like observation, estimation, diagnostic or health-monitoring. Conversely to the HIL case, the main challenge when designing such simulator IPs is to cope with their complexity having in mind that, in the case of embedded systems, the available hardware resources are limited due to the cost. Furthermore, this challenge is strengthened by the need of very short simulation time-steps which is typically the case when simulating power converters.To develop these IPs, dedicated design guidelines have been proposed to be followed to manage the complexity of these simulator IPs (model solver, numerical solver, time-step, data conditioning) with regards to the timing and the area/cost constraints (computation time limit, limited hardware resources …).The simulators IPs to be developed have been organized into two main categories: those dedicated to electromagnetic elements of an electrical system and those dedicated to their switching elements.The first category gathers elements where electric, magnetic phenomena are modelized in addition to mechanical phenomena (for moving systems) and potentially thermal phenomena. Three cases are dealt with: the embedded real-time simulator of a three-phase synchronous machine, the one of a three-phase induction machine and the one of a brushless synchronous generator. Also, the advantages of using delta transformation to improve the stability of the numerical solver when short simulation time-step and fixed-point (with limited data precision) are used, have been studied.The second category concerns switching elements such as power converters where switching events are considered. Here again, several converter topologies have been studied: a half-wave rectifier, a buck DC-DC converter, a bidirectional buck DC-DC converter, a H-bridge DC-DC converter, a single-phase H-bridge DC-AC converter, a three-phase voltage source inverter, a three-phase diode rectifier and a three-phase PWM rectifier. For all these IPs, the Associated Discrete Circuit (ADC) modeling approach is adopted.The embedded real-time simulator IP of the three-phase PWM rectifier has been applied in the context of an embedded application. The latter consists of a fault-tolerant control of a grid-connected voltage source rectifier. Thus, this simulator IP is associated with the one of a three-phase RL-filter and are both implemented within the rectifier controller to estimate the grid currents. These currents are injected in the controller in the case of a current sensor fault. The ability of this estimator to guarantee the service continuity in the case of faults is validated through HIL tests and experiments.