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This thesis presents a residential thermostat that enables accurate aggregate load control systems for electricity demand response. The thermostat features a control strategy that can be modeled as a linear time-invariant system for short-term demand response signals from the utility. This control design gives rise to linear time-invariant models of aggregate load control and demand response, which is expected to facilitate the design of more accurate load-based regulation services for electricity interconnections and enable integration of more highly variable renewable electricity generation resources. A key feature of the new thermostat design is the elimination of aggregate short-term load control error observed with existing real-time pricing thermostats as they respond to price signals. / Graduate / 0548 / 0791 / 0544 / dchassin@uvic.ca

As the number of autonomous decision-making entities in the electricity grid increases, it is necessary to develop (1) new decision-making capabilities embedded within the grid's control and management, and (2) new grid architecture models ensuring that both individual and system objectives are met. This work develops (1) new decision-making mechanisms enabling residential energy users and electricity providers to interact through the use of dynamic price signals, and (2) policy recommendations to facilitate the emergence of shared architecture models describing the future state of the electricity grid. In the first part, two optimization models that capture the emerging flexible consumption, storage, and generation capabilities of residential end-users are formulated. An economic dispatch model that explicitly accounts for end-users' internal dynamics is proposed. A non-iterative pricing algorithm using convex and inverse linear programming is developed to induce autonomous residential end-users to behave cooperatively and minimize the provider's generation costs. In the second part, several factors that make the development of grid architecture models necessary from a public policy standpoint are identified and discussed. The grid architecture problem is rigorously framed as both a market failure legitimizing government intervention, and a meta-problem requiring the development of non-conventional methods of solution. A policy approach drawing on the theoretical concepts of broker, boundary object and boundary organization is proposed.

Esse trabalho traz a análise de experiência de gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda implementada na cidade de Alfenas, Minas Gerais. Apesar de o gerenciamento ser uma atividade muito comum nos países industrializados, onde se incorpora com opções de oferta num planejamento integrado de recursos, no Brasil ainda encontra pouca penetração e se verificam poucos trabalhos acadêmicos a respeito. A avaliação deste programa, implementado em Alfenas pela CEMIG, é feita através de pesquisas em domicílio, tanto com os participantes como com os potenciais participantes. O programa implementado era a combinação de um controlador de corrente com descontos tarifários. / This dissertations analyses a Demand-Side Management (DSM) experience at Alfenas, Minas Gerais. Although DSM is a common features of Electricity Distribution Industry in developed countries, there are few experiments reported in Brazilian literature. Most of the initiatives have been hold under PROCEL, supported by Eletrobras. To evaluate Alfenas experiment, conducted by Cemig, household survey was implemented, covering both dwellings participants and not participants of the program. The program combine demand control gadget and tariffs rebates. For those attended by the program, 82,1% declared to be satisfied with the program. And 41,0% of the not covered would be willing to join the program now and 29,5% would be willing to join in the future, if the opportunity were offered

Esse trabalho traz a análise de experiência de gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda implementada na cidade de Alfenas, Minas Gerais. Apesar de o gerenciamento ser uma atividade muito comum nos países industrializados, onde se incorpora com opções de oferta num planejamento integrado de recursos, no Brasil ainda encontra pouca penetração e se verificam poucos trabalhos acadêmicos a respeito. A avaliação deste programa, implementado em Alfenas pela CEMIG, é feita através de pesquisas em domicílio, tanto com os participantes como com os potenciais participantes. O programa implementado era a combinação de um controlador de corrente com descontos tarifários. / This dissertations analyses a Demand-Side Management (DSM) experience at Alfenas, Minas Gerais. Although DSM is a common features of Electricity Distribution Industry in developed countries, there are few experiments reported in Brazilian literature. Most of the initiatives have been hold under PROCEL, supported by Eletrobras. To evaluate Alfenas experiment, conducted by Cemig, household survey was implemented, covering both dwellings participants and not participants of the program. The program combine demand control gadget and tariffs rebates. For those attended by the program, 82,1% declared to be satisfied with the program. And 41,0% of the not covered would be willing to join the program now and 29,5% would be willing to join in the future, if the opportunity were offered

The Turkish Electricity System has gone through a liberalization process. This study aims to analyze the possible outcomes of this process by using a simulation framework. First, we look at the basics of new market design and focus on international evidence. Second, the theoretical and empirical literature about the liberalization of the electricity sector is reviewed. Then, the structure of our model, Turkish Electricity System Simulation Model (TESS), is summarized. In this model, it is assumed that a spot market is formed and all the agents in the sector operate in this market. Using this model, the effects of various factors, like industry structure, consumer participation and regulation, upon the performance of the spot market are analyzed. Moreover, in simulation case studies, uniform and a non-uniform pricing mechanisms are compared.

As the share of renewable and intermittent energy sources grow and as society becomes more electrified, electricity price volatility becomes one of the most pressing issues. The flexibility of household demand, when faced with price shocks, determines how exposed they will be to price volatility, making the estimation of their short-run price elasticity highly relevant for policymakers. The elasticity was estimated for the hourly demand, the daily demand, and the weekly demand using a difference in difference setup. All estimated elasticities were between -0.10 and -0.19, with the elasticity of hourly demand being the smallest and the elasticity of weekly demand being largest. This implies that household demand is very inelastic but grows in the longer run, even when the longer run is rather short. The elasticity differs between electricity pricing areas. The largest estimated elasticity was in the area which experienced the greatest price shock.

This thesis examines the relationship between weather variables (wind speeds and temperature), fossil fuel prices (natural gas and coal), and electricity prices in Sweden's electricity market from 2013 to 2023. This research employs multiple linear regression to quantitatively analyze how weather variables and fossil fuel prices influence electricity prices across Sweden's four electricity price areas (SE1, SE2, SE3, and SE4). The study utilized electricity price data from Nord Pool, meteorological data from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, and energy commodity price data from the International Monetary Fund.  The findings reveal that wind speeds have a negative correlation with electricity prices in each electricity price area analyzed. Similarly, temperature also exhibits a negative correlation with electricity prices. In contrast, natural gas and coal prices show a positive correlation with electricity prices. The explanatory power of natural gas and coal prices is higher compared to weather variables; however, this influence diminishes in the northern electricity price areas. Addressing gaps in existing research, this thesis enhances the understanding of the energy market amid the transition towards more sustainable energy systems. The findings have implications for policy formulation and market strategy, particularly in enhancing energy security and sustainability in Sweden. Additionally, this study explores the merit order effect, emphasizing how renewable energy integration influences electricity market volatility and pricing. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these factors, this research offers valuable insights for stakeholders aiming to navigate and optimize the evolving landscape of Sweden's electricity market.

L'arrivée des véhicules électriques (VEs) a un impact non négligeable sur le réseau électrique, à cause de la grande quantité d'énergie demandée. La stabilité du réseau est susceptible d'être menacée. Cependant, dans l'optique de la transition du réseau électrique vers le Smart Grid, les VEs peuvent aussi être vus comme offrant de nouvelles opportunités. Grâce à la flexibilité des VE demande, leur présence ouvre la voie à des optimisations via le processus de recharge ou même par l'utilisation de cette nouvelle capacité de stockage d'énergie distribuée. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux aspects économiques liés à la VE recharge, en prenant en compte le fait que l'écosystème associé aux VEs implique un grand nombre d'acteurs divers, aux objectifs rarement alignés et chaque acteur peut prendre des décisions stratégiques. Je présente d'abord un état de l'art structuré des modèles de la littérature introduits pour ces problèmes. Nous décrivons et comparons les principales approches, en mettant en évidence les besoins en communication des mécanismes correspondants, et les principales propriétés économiques afin de souligner les résultats les plus significatifs ainsi que les éventuels manques. Nous faisons ensuite une proposition consistant à utiliser le processus de VE recharge pour fournir un service de régulation au réseau électrique, en adaptant la puissance instantanée de charge. Nous conduisons une analyse économique des incitations en jeu. En particulier, nous analysons les valeurs des incitations à la régulation qui sont suffisantes pour qu'une offre de recharge-régulation soit bénéfique à la fois pour l'agrégateur et le réseau. Cette étude étant initialement conduite dans le cas d'un monopole qui peut offrir une recharge normale ou une recharge-régulation. Nous regardons ensuite l'impact de la compétition, entre un agrégateur n'offrant que des recharges à puissance fixe, et un autre n'offrant que de la recharge-régulation. La compétition semble préférable pour les utilisateurs et pour la société, puisque les prix sont alors plus bas qu'avec le monopole, et que la participation aux services de régulation est bien plus élevée. Enfin, nous proposons d'utiliser une autre propriété des VEs, à savoir leur capacité de stockage d'énergie. En effet, les VEs peuvent se charger pendant les heures de faible demande, donc à des prix réduits, et éventuellement revendre une partie pendant les pics de demande. Nous menons une étude économique des gains et coûts d'une telle approche. A partir de valeurs réalistes des marchés de l'électricité, nous déterminons numériquement les conditions pour qu'un tel scénario soit viable, et quantifions les économies qu'il peut apporter. Cette dissertation se conclut par une prise de recul sur les contributions et sur les extensions qui pourraient y être apportées. / Electric Vehicles (EVs), as their penetration increases, are not only challenging the sustainability of the power grid, but also stimulating and promoting its upgrading. Indeed, EVs can actively reinforce the development of the Smart Grid if their charging processes are properly coordinated through two-way communications, possibly benefiting all types of actors. Because grid systems involve a large number of actors with nonaligned objectives, we focus on the economic and incentive aspects, where each actor behaves in its own interest. We indeed believe that the market structure will directly impact the actors' behaviors, and as a result the total benefits that the presence of EVs can earn the society, hence the need for a careful design. The thesis first provides an overview of economic models considering unidirectional energy flows, but also bidirectional energy flows, i.e., with EVs temporarily providing energy to the grid. We describe and compare the main approaches, summarize the requirements on the supporting communication systems, and propose a classification to highlight the most important results and lacks. We propose to use the recharging processes of EVs to provide regulation to the grid by varying the instantaneous recharging power. We provide an economic analysis of the incentives at play, including the EV owners point of view (longer recharging durations and impact on battery lifetime versus cheaper energy) and the aggregator point of view (revenues from recharging versus regulation gains). In particular, we analyze the range of regulation rewards such that offering a regulation-oriented recharging benefits both EV owners and the aggregator. After that, we split the monopolistic aggregator into two competing entities. We model a non-cooperative game between them and examine the outcomes at the Nash equilibrium, in terms of user welfare, station revenue and electricity prices. As expected, competing stations offer users with lower prices than the monopolistic revenue-maximizing aggregator do. Furthermore, the amount of regulation service increases significantly than that in the monopolistic case. Considering the possibility of discharging, we propose an approach close to Vehicle-to-Grid, where EVs can give back some energy from their batteries during peak times. But we also use EVs as energy transporters, by taking their energy where it is consumed. A typical example is a shopping mall with energy needs, benefiting from customers coming and going to alleviate its grid-based consumption, while EV owners make profits by reselling energy bought at off-peak periods. Based on a simple model for EV mobility, energy storage, and electricity pricing, we quantify the reduction in energy costs for the EV-supported system, and investigate the conditions for this scenario to be viable.