yes / A compact dual U-shaped slot PIFA antenna with Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) material on a relatively low dielectric constant substrate is presented. Periodic structures have found to reduce mutual coupling and decrease the separation of antenna and ground plane. A design with EGB material suitable for a small terminal mobile handset operating at 2.4 GHz was studied. Simulated and measured scattering parameters are compared for U-shaped slot PIFA antenna with and without EBG structures. An evaluation of MIMO antennas is presented, with analysis of the mutual coupling, correlation coefficient, total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity and capacity loss. The proposed antenna meets the requirements for practical application within a mobile handset. / Electronics and Telecommunications

With the evolution of technologies, mixed-signal system integration is becoming necessary for combining heterogeneous functions such as high-speed processors, radio frequency (RF) circuits, memory, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), sensors, and optoelectronic devices. This kind of integration is required for convergent microsystems that support communication and computing capabilities in a tightly integrated module. A major bottleneck with such heterogeneous integration is the noise coupling between the dissimilar blocks constituting the system. The noise generated by the high-speed digital circuits can couple through the power distribution network (PDN) and this noise can transfer to sensitive RF circuits, completely destroying the functionality of noise-sensitive RF circuits. One common method used for mixed-signal integration in the package is splitting the power and/or ground planes. The gap in the power and ground planes can partially block the propagation of electromagnetic waves. However, electromagnetic energy can still couple through the split, especially at frequencies greater than 1 GHz. The AI-EBG structure in this dissertation has been developed to suppress unwanted noise coupling in mixed-signal systems and this AI- EBG structure shows excellent isolation (-80 dB ~ -140 dB), which results in a noise coupling-free environment in mixed-signal systems. The AI-EBG structure would be part of the power distribution network (PDN) in systems and is expected to have a significant impact on noise suppression and isolation in mixed-signal systems in future.

With electronic devices trending toward higher clock rates, lower voltage levels, and smaller form factors, the simultaneously switching noise (SSN), which is induced in package and printed circuit board, is one of the major factors affecting the performance and design of the high speed digital circuits. This noise will lead to false switching and malfunctioning in digital and/or analog circuits, and causes serious signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems for the high speed digital systems. Therefore, mitigating the SSN becomes a major challenge for the high speed circuits design. In this thesis, first of all, we introduce and discuss previously proposed solutions to suppress the SSN. These solutions include the use of decoupling capacitors, isolation moats, and electromagnetic bnadgap (EBG) structures. We analyzed the EBG structures and generated some EBG design rules. As the speed of digital circuits moving toward higher frequencies, the Double L-bridge EBG structure can be used to improve the performance of Hybrid EBG structure by employing the EBG design rules that were generated. The Double L-bridge EBG structure design improved the behavior at the high frequencies, which also maintained the low frequency performance. It is demonstrated numerically and experimentally. For fast estimating the stopband, we use one-dimensional lump circuit model. Then, we propose another structure, named Double Cross EBG structure. This design, compared to the Double L-bridge EBG structure, not only maintained the high frequency performance, but also improved the low frequency behavior. It is also both experimentally and numerically validated.

Transient current surges resulted from the simultaneous switching of output buffers in the high-speed digital circuits can induce significant ground bounce noise (GBN) on the chip, package, and printed circuit board (PCB). The GBN not only causes the signal integrity (SI) problems, such as glitches or timing push-out of signal traces, but also increases the electromagnetic interference (EMI) in the high-speed digital circuits. With the design trends of digital circuits toward higher speed, low voltage level, smaller volume, the impact of GBN has become one of the most important issues that determine the performance of electronic products. Adding decoupling capacitors between the power and ground planes is a typical way to suppress the GBN. However, they are not effective at the frequencies higher than 600MHz due to their inherent lead inductance. Recently, a new idea for eliminating the GBN is proposed by designing electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure with high impedance surface (HIS) on the ground or power plane. Several new EBG power/ground plane designs have been proposed to broaden the stopband bandwidth for suppressing the GBN. However there are some drawbacks, such as high cost, large area occupation and complicated fabrication process. In this paper, we propose a novel Hybrid EBG power planes for PCB or package to suppress the GBN. Its extinctive behavior of broadband suppression of GBN (over 10GHz) is demonstrated experientially and numerically. Finally, we combine the periodic high-low dielectric material with the EBG power plane to control the position and bandwidth of stopband.

The power/ground plane structure within an electronic system not only delivers power, but also provides return path for the currents associated with the propagating signals. The cavity resonances within the power/ground plane structure affect the signal integrity of the system at high frequencies. The chip complexity and clock speed continue to increase and new structures, such as meshed planes and electromagnetic bandgap structures, are used in plane pair structure design. The signal integrity analysis of the power/ground plane structure becomes exceedingly important and challenging.The primary goal of this research is an in-depth investigation of the impact of the cavity resonances associated with the plane pair structure on the signal integrity. This includes development of modeling, simulation, and measurement methodologies for accurate and efficient characterization or prediction of the time/frequency domain electrical characteristics of power/ground plane pair structures. This research is divided into three parts. First, new SPICE compatible models are proposed for the new structures, such as the meshed plane and EBG embedded plane pair designs, so that the power/ground plane designs with these new structures can be simulated efficiently. Second, the accuracy of the simulation results is vital. The behavior of the benchmark structures is simulated and simulation results are verified either experimentally or by comparing with those from tools that are proven to be accurate. Third, high frequency measurement data is vulnerable to all parasitic parameters. The factors that affect the accuracy of measured data are investigated and methods to improve the accuracy of the measured data are proposed and verified.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um estudo da aplicação de estruturas Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) em circuitos planares de micro-ondas, com a proposição de topologias originais de filtros rejeita-faixa de banda ultra-larga e dupla-banda e de uma metodologia de síntese desses filtros. Foi proposta uma metodologia de projeto de filtros EBG, que foi aplicada a um filtro em microlinha de transmissão utilizando duas estruturas EBG simultâneas, com a finalidade de se obter um filtro com banda de rejeição ultra-larga. Esse filtro foi construído em tecnologia planar, tendo demonstrado uma banda de rejeição ultra-larga de 11 GHz centrada em 11,5 GHz, com nível de rejeição superior a 34 dB, apresentando excelente concordância com os resultados de simulação computacional. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de síntese que permite a geração automática de novas topologias de filtros rejeita-faixa empregando estruturas EBG que resultem em uma banda larga de rejeição ou com duplas bandas de rejeição. A metodologia de síntese proposta envolve procedimentos computacionais de otimização da geometria das estruturas EBG aplicadas em microlinha de transmissão, visando a obtenção da resposta em frequência de um filtro definida por meio de uma Função Objetivo. Para esse fim empregou-se a ferramenta computacional MATLAB com o toolbox de algoritmos genéticos para desenvolver um programa de otimização, que interage com o simulador eletromagnético tridimensional EM-3D Microwave Suite da CST. O procedimento de síntese desenvolvido foi aplicado ao projeto de um filtro com dupla-banda de rejeição centradas em 3,3 GHz e 7,8 GHz e de três filtros com característica de rejeição em banda ultra-larga, capazes de rejeitar até uma banda de 9 GHz a 20 GHz com rejeição maior que 10 dB. Os filtros projetados foram construídos em tecnologia planar e caracterizados em frequências de micro-ondas. Os resultados experimentais comprovaram a eficácia e flexibilidade da metodologia de síntese proposta, que possibilitou contribuições originais na área de filtros rejeita-faixa usando estruturas EBG, com topologias inéditas. / This dissertation for a Master degree in Engineering, presents a survey of the application of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures on microwave planar circuits, with the conception of original topologies for wide stopband and dual stopband filters, and the proposition of a synthesis methodology for these filters. A filter design methodology was proposed and applied to the design of a transmission line filter using two simultaneous EBG structures, aiming at the achievement of a filter with a wide stop-band. This filter was built in planar circuit technology, with the demonstration of an 11 GHz ultra-wide stopband centered in 11.5 GHz, with high degree of rejection superior than 34 dB, presenting excellent agreement with the computational simulation. In parallel, a synthesis methodology was developed to automatically generate new topologies of stopband filters using EBG structures, that results in filters with wide stopband or dual stop-bands. The proposed synthesis methodology involves computational processes for the optimization of the EBG structure geometry applied to microwave transmission line, aiming at achieving the filter response defined by an objective function. For that, the software MATLAB with the genetic algorithm toolbox was used to develop an optimization program, which interacts with the tridimensional electromagnetic simulator EM-3D Microwave Suite from CST. The synthesis procedure was applied to the project of one filter with dual stopband centered in 3.3 GHz and 7.8 GHz and to the project of three filters with an wide stopband feature capable of rejecting a frequency band from 9 GHz to 20 GHz with magnitude of rejection greater than 10 dB. The designed filters were built in planar technology and measured at microwave frequencies. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness and the flexibility of the proposed synthesis methodology, which allowed original contributions in the field of stopband filters using EBG structures, with novel topologies.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um estudo da aplicação de estruturas Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) em circuitos planares de micro-ondas, com a proposição de topologias originais de filtros rejeita-faixa de banda ultra-larga e dupla-banda e de uma metodologia de síntese desses filtros. Foi proposta uma metodologia de projeto de filtros EBG, que foi aplicada a um filtro em microlinha de transmissão utilizando duas estruturas EBG simultâneas, com a finalidade de se obter um filtro com banda de rejeição ultra-larga. Esse filtro foi construído em tecnologia planar, tendo demonstrado uma banda de rejeição ultra-larga de 11 GHz centrada em 11,5 GHz, com nível de rejeição superior a 34 dB, apresentando excelente concordância com os resultados de simulação computacional. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de síntese que permite a geração automática de novas topologias de filtros rejeita-faixa empregando estruturas EBG que resultem em uma banda larga de rejeição ou com duplas bandas de rejeição. A metodologia de síntese proposta envolve procedimentos computacionais de otimização da geometria das estruturas EBG aplicadas em microlinha de transmissão, visando a obtenção da resposta em frequência de um filtro definida por meio de uma Função Objetivo. Para esse fim empregou-se a ferramenta computacional MATLAB com o toolbox de algoritmos genéticos para desenvolver um programa de otimização, que interage com o simulador eletromagnético tridimensional EM-3D Microwave Suite da CST. O procedimento de síntese desenvolvido foi aplicado ao projeto de um filtro com dupla-banda de rejeição centradas em 3,3 GHz e 7,8 GHz e de três filtros com característica de rejeição em banda ultra-larga, capazes de rejeitar até uma banda de 9 GHz a 20 GHz com rejeição maior que 10 dB. Os filtros projetados foram construídos em tecnologia planar e caracterizados em frequências de micro-ondas. Os resultados experimentais comprovaram a eficácia e flexibilidade da metodologia de síntese proposta, que possibilitou contribuições originais na área de filtros rejeita-faixa usando estruturas EBG, com topologias inéditas. / This dissertation for a Master degree in Engineering, presents a survey of the application of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures on microwave planar circuits, with the conception of original topologies for wide stopband and dual stopband filters, and the proposition of a synthesis methodology for these filters. A filter design methodology was proposed and applied to the design of a transmission line filter using two simultaneous EBG structures, aiming at the achievement of a filter with a wide stop-band. This filter was built in planar circuit technology, with the demonstration of an 11 GHz ultra-wide stopband centered in 11.5 GHz, with high degree of rejection superior than 34 dB, presenting excellent agreement with the computational simulation. In parallel, a synthesis methodology was developed to automatically generate new topologies of stopband filters using EBG structures, that results in filters with wide stopband or dual stop-bands. The proposed synthesis methodology involves computational processes for the optimization of the EBG structure geometry applied to microwave transmission line, aiming at achieving the filter response defined by an objective function. For that, the software MATLAB with the genetic algorithm toolbox was used to develop an optimization program, which interacts with the tridimensional electromagnetic simulator EM-3D Microwave Suite from CST. The synthesis procedure was applied to the project of one filter with dual stopband centered in 3.3 GHz and 7.8 GHz and to the project of three filters with an wide stopband feature capable of rejecting a frequency band from 9 GHz to 20 GHz with magnitude of rejection greater than 10 dB. The designed filters were built in planar technology and measured at microwave frequencies. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness and the flexibility of the proposed synthesis methodology, which allowed original contributions in the field of stopband filters using EBG structures, with novel topologies.

Current trends in technology are moving to increased use of wireless communication with rapidly increasing data transmission rates and higher frequencies. Miniaturization is essential to allow electronics of increasing complexity to fit into smaller devices. Adaptive technologies allow a single system to operate across multiple wireless protocols, adjusting to changing conditions to minimize interference and enhance performance. Flexibility is essential as the use of wireless technology increases and spreads to new industries. The objective of this research is twofold: to develop novel reconfigurable electromagnetic structures and a novel process to fabricate microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices on flexible substrates. The novel electromagnetic structures are passive frequency-switchable parasitic antennas, conformal MEMS-tunable frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and MEMS-tunable electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. Fabricating the reconfigurable conformal FSS and EBG structures requires the development of a new fabrication process to produce MEMS devices monolithically integrated onto a flexible substrate. Novel frequency-switchable parasitic antenna arrays are developed, fabricated and measured. The structure radiates efficiently when placed over metal and absorbing material, improving the range of conventional RFID systems, as well as minimizing blind spots to provide continuous coverage in a hemisphere. A novel analysis method is developed to characterize frequency-switchable parasitic patch arrays. The purpose of the analysis is to provide an approximation of the input impedance and variation of the radiation pattern with frequency. The analysis combines models based on electromagnetic theory and circuit theory to provide a fast and yet reasonable approximation of the parasitic array characteristics. The analysis also provides a good deal of physical insight into the operation of multi-mode parasitic patch arrays. The end result is an initial array design which provides a good starting point for full EM simulation and optimization. The new analysis method is validated alongside measured and simulated results, with good correlation for both impedance characteristics and far-field radiation patterns. A MEMS-based switched parasitic antenna array is designed, fabricated and measured with good correlation between simulated and measured results. The structure is a direct-coupled parasitic patch array which is capable of frequency steering and has additional MEMS-enabled beam-steering capabilities at each frequency. An EBG-based multi-mode radiating structure design is presented, which is capable of frequency-switchable beam steering. The antenna area is significantly reduced compared to the parasitic patch array structure, but at a considerable cost in terms of gain and efficiency. A novel MEMS process is developed to fabricate large numbers of high-performance MEMS devices monolithically integrated onto a rigid-flex organic substrate using low-temperature processes. The rigid-flex substrate is all dielectric, which is amenable to low-loss electromagnetic structures. The substrate provides mechanical support to the MEMS devices while maintaining overall flexibility. The adaptation of each fabrication process step to handle flexible substrates is analyzed and documented in detail. The newly-developed MEMS process is used to fabricate a MEMS reconfigurable frequency-selective surface. A practical bias network is incorporated into the structure design to ensure that all devices are actuated simultaneously. FSS structures operating in the Ku and Ka bands are fabricated and tested, with good correlation between simulated and measured results for individual devices as well as the entire FSS structures. The newly-developed MEMS process is also used to fabricate a MEMS reconfigurable electromagnetic bandgap structure. An EBG structure operating in the Ka band is fabricated and tested to verify the validity of the proposed concept.

Current trends in technology are moving to increased use of wireless communication with rapidly increasing data transmission rates and higher frequencies. Miniaturization is essential to allow electronics of increasing complexity to fit into smaller devices. Adaptive technologies allow a single system to operate across multiple wireless protocols, adjusting to changing conditions to minimize interference and enhance performance. Flexibility is essential as the use of wireless technology increases and spreads to new industries. The objective of this research is twofold: to develop novel reconfigurable electromagnetic structures and a novel process to fabricate microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices on flexible substrates. The novel electromagnetic structures are passive frequency-switchable parasitic antennas, conformal MEMS-tunable frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and MEMS-tunable electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures. Fabricating the reconfigurable conformal FSS and EBG structures requires the development of a new fabrication process to produce MEMS devices monolithically integrated onto a flexible substrate. Novel frequency-switchable parasitic antenna arrays are developed, fabricated and measured. The structure radiates efficiently when placed over metal and absorbing material, improving the range of conventional RFID systems, as well as minimizing blind spots to provide continuous coverage in a hemisphere. A novel analysis method is developed to characterize frequency-switchable parasitic patch arrays. The purpose of the analysis is to provide an approximation of the input impedance and variation of the radiation pattern with frequency. The analysis combines models based on electromagnetic theory and circuit theory to provide a fast and yet reasonable approximation of the parasitic array characteristics. The analysis also provides a good deal of physical insight into the operation of multi-mode parasitic patch arrays. The end result is an initial array design which provides a good starting point for full EM simulation and optimization. The new analysis method is validated alongside measured and simulated results, with good correlation for both impedance characteristics and far-field radiation patterns. A MEMS-based switched parasitic antenna array is designed, fabricated and measured with good correlation between simulated and measured results. The structure is a direct-coupled parasitic patch array which is capable of frequency steering and has additional MEMS-enabled beam-steering capabilities at each frequency. An EBG-based multi-mode radiating structure design is presented, which is capable of frequency-switchable beam steering. The antenna area is significantly reduced compared to the parasitic patch array structure, but at a considerable cost in terms of gain and efficiency. A novel MEMS process is developed to fabricate large numbers of high-performance MEMS devices monolithically integrated onto a rigid-flex organic substrate using low-temperature processes. The rigid-flex substrate is all dielectric, which is amenable to low-loss electromagnetic structures. The substrate provides mechanical support to the MEMS devices while maintaining overall flexibility. The adaptation of each fabrication process step to handle flexible substrates is analyzed and documented in detail. The newly-developed MEMS process is used to fabricate a MEMS reconfigurable frequency-selective surface. A practical bias network is incorporated into the structure design to ensure that all devices are actuated simultaneously. FSS structures operating in the Ku and Ka bands are fabricated and tested, with good correlation between simulated and measured results for individual devices as well as the entire FSS structures. The newly-developed MEMS process is also used to fabricate a MEMS reconfigurable electromagnetic bandgap structure. An EBG structure operating in the Ka band is fabricated and tested to verify the validity of the proposed concept.

With the enormously developing of the wireless communication technology, the electromagnetic environment exposing to the electrical devices is becoming more and more complex. Besides, the trends of designing high-speed digital computer systems are toward fast edge rates, high clock frequencies, and low voltage levels. The electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) or immunity of the high-speed circuit has become an important issue today apparently. In this thesis, we will firstly establish the measurement environment and calibration technology for numerical validation. Then we employ the three-dimension finite-differential time-domain (3D-FDTD) numerical method compared to the finite element method (FEM) to simulate the EMS behavior of the power delivery network (PDN) and traces of the printed circuit boards (PCB). In addition to several types of layout of the traces studied in this thesis, we also explain the mechanism and phenomenon of the EMS of the power/ground planes of the PCB. Besides the EMS behavior research of the traditional solutions to suppress the power noise, we propose an electromagnetic bandgap structure (EBG) which has the broadband suppression of the power noise and is validated to be effective to improve the EMS problems. Finally, we also propose a novel concept to increase the signal integrity (SI) by shielding design.