Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du transport dans les nanostructures quantiques unidimensionnelles dont les propriétés sont étudiées en s'appuyant notamment sur le bruit en excès à fréquence finie. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du transport à travers une impureté dans un liquide de Luttinger couplée à un environnement électromagnétique arbitraire. L'impureté est traitée dans deux limites de transmission, la limite tunnel et la limite de faible rétrodiffusion. Les calculs sont menés dans le formalisme de Keldysh. Nous montrons ainsi que la théorie du blocage de Coulomb dynamique, établie pour une jonction tunnel couplée à un environnement à l'équilibre, demeure valide pour un liquide de Luttinger. Par ailleurs nous montrons que les relations de fluctuation dissipation reliant le bruit à fréquence finie au courant reste valide. Nous montrons que cette théorie peut également s'étendre dans la limite de faible rétrodiffusion à condition de prendre en compte la rétro-action du liquide électronique sur l'environnement. En revanche, les relations de fluctuation dissipation ne sont respectées que pour le bruit en émission. Dans une seconde partie nous intéressons effets d'une modulation radiofréquence sur les propriétés de transport des mêmes systèmes. Nous montrons notamment que ces effets peuvent être décrit par une théorie du blocage de Coulomb dynamique effective en convoluant la statistique d'absorption de photon avec la statistique de Tien-Gordon. Notons cependant que les relations de fluctuation dissipation ne sont plus vérifiées. Ces prédictions théoriques sont comparées aux résultats expériments obtenus par une équipe du SPEC au CEA de Saclay. Enfin nous étudions les propriétés de transport lorsque l'environnement, ici un oscillateur harmonique, est maintenu dans un état excité. Nous montrons que la présence de photons autorise d'une part le processus photo-assistés mais favorise également l'absorption de photons par des processus de bunching. Nous montrons finalement que les propriétés du transport s'obtiennent en convoluant la loi de Poisson du blocage de Coulomb avec la fonction caractéristique de Glauber de l'état peuplant l'oscillateur, menant à des statistiques exotiques. Ce dernier point nous permet d'utiliser ce système comme un détecteur d'état quantique. / This thesis discusses electronic transport in uni-dimensional quantum systems whose properties are studied with an extensive use of the finite-frequency non symmetrised excess noise. The first part focuses on transport through an impurity embedded in a Luttinger liquid coupled to an arbitrary electromagnetic environment. The impurity is treated in two paradigmatic situations : The tunneling and the weak backscattering regime. The out-of-equilibrium situation is dealt with the Keldysh Formalism. We show that the dynamical Coulomb blockade theory, extends to the case of a a tunnel junction between Luttinger liquids. Besides, fluctuations dissipation relations that link noise noise and current remain valid. In the transparent regime, we show that the dynamical Coulomb blockade theory applies to the backscattering current albeit back-action effects of the electronic liquid on the electromagnetic environment that have to be taken into account. Fluctuation-dissipation relations remain valid only for the emission noise. The second part focuses on the effects of a micro-wave modulation on the transport properties of the transport properties of these systems. An effective dynamical Coulomb blockade can be obtained by convolving the statistic of absorption of the environment with the Tien-Gordon statistic. Yet, the fluctuation dissipation relations are not verified in this case. These predictions are compared to the experimental results obtained by a team of the SPEC at the CEA Saclay. Last, we study the transport properties of a tunnel junction coupled to a harmonic oscillator maintained in an excited state. We show that the photons within the cavity lead to two distinct processes: photo-assisted transport that enhance the conductance, and bunching effects that enhance the probability to absorbe a large number of photons. An effective dynamical Coulomb blockade theory can also be derived by convolving the Poisson distribution with Glauber characteristic function leading to exotic statistics. These can be probed by excess noise which can thus be used as a quantum state detector.

This thesis presents the results of an experimental study on single-charge effects in nanoscale Josephson junctions and Cooper pair transistors (CPTs). In nanoscale Josephson junctions the charging energy EC becomes significant at sub-Kelvin temperatures and single-charge effects, such as the Coulomb blockade of Cooper pair tunneling, influence the transport properties. In order to observe charging effects in a single Josephson junction, the impedance of the electromagnetic environment surrounding the junction has to be larger than the quantum resistance (RQ=h/4e2≈6.45kΩ). In this work the high impedance environment is obtained by biasing the sample under test (single Josephson junction or CPT) with four one-dimensional Josephson junction arrays having SQUID geometry. The advantage of this configuration is the possibility of tuning in situ the effective impedance of the electromagnetic environment. By applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the SQUID loops, the Josephson energy EJ of the SQUIDs is suppressed, resulting in an increase of the measured zero bias resistance of the arrays of several orders of magnitude (104< R0 (Ω) <109). This bias method enables the measurement of the same sample in environments with different impedance. As the impedance of the environment is increased, the current-voltage characteristics (IVCs) of the single Josephson junction and of the CPT show a well defined Coulomb blockade feature with a region of negative differential resistance, signature of the coherent tunneling of single Cooper pairs. The measured IVCs of a single Josephson junction with SQUID geometry in the high impedance environment show a qualitative agreement with the Bloch band theory as the EJ/EC ratio of the junction is tuned with the magnetic field. We also studied a single nontunable Josephson junction with strong coupling (EJ/EC > 1), where the exact dual of the overdamped Josephson effect is realized, resulting in a dual shape of the IVC, where the roles of current and voltage are exchanged. Here, we make for the first time a detailed quantitative comparison with a theory which includes the effect of fluctuations due to the finite temperature of the environment. The measurements on CPTs in the high impedance environment showed that the Coulomb blockade voltage is modulated periodically by the gate-induced charge. The gate-voltage dependence of the CPT changes from e-periodic to 2e-periodic as the impedance of the environment is increased. The high impedance environment reduces quasiparticle tunneling rates, thereby restoring the even parity of the CPT island. This behavior suggests that high impedance leads can be used to effectively suppress quasiparticle poisoning. / QC 20100928

In this thesis, an inverse source (IS) approach is considered for the constrained design of static-passive electromagnetic skins (SP-EMSs). By leveraging the ill-posedness/non-uniqueness of the IS problem at hand, a generalized solution framework is devised for the synthesis of SP-EMSs that simultaneously comply with (i) complex wireless coverage requirements and (ii) manufacturing and installation constraints. These two design goals can be decoupled and tackled separately through the employment of non-radiating (NR) currents. The flexibility of the IS-based formulation is demonstrated in practice with the implementation of two synthesis strategies dealing with different classes of design constraints. Representative results from a wide set of numerical experiments are reported to prove the effectiveness and the computational efficiency of the proposed method as a suitable tool for a real and effective realization of the so-called smart electromagnetic environment (SEME).

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise de desempenho e viabilidade da aplicação da antena de van Veen e Bergervoet na determinação de contribuições de fontes de emissão radiada em ambientes eletromagnéticos, considerando-se a faixa de freqüência de 9 kHz a 30 MHz. Como potencial aplicação resultante deste trabalho está a utilização de resultados experimentais na determinação de fontes equivalentes de emissão radiada, aplicáveis em simulações numéricas e diretamente através de cálculo analítico na determinação de campos eletromagnéticos no espaço. Desta forma, o uso dessas fontes em simuladores de ambientes eletromagnéticos poderá contribuir para diminuir as restrições e dificuldades atuais oriundas da avaliação experimental e teórica de ambientes eletromagnéticos diversos, e daquelas relativas a estudos de compatibilidade eletromagnética de sistemas elétricos e eletrônicos, como sistemas embarcados, etc. / The objective of this work is to present is to present the main theoretical aspects and the evaluation of the van Veen and Bergervoet antenna performance, concerning its application to the determination of equivalent radiated emission sources, for the 9 kHz to 30 MHz frequency range. As a potential application, it is assumed the use of the equivalent sources, obtained based on experimental measurements, directly, on simulations of the resulting electromagnetic environments. The application of this methodology, although considered as a simplified one, may contribute to reduce the current experimental and theoretical restrictions and difficulties regarding the electromagnetic compatibility studies of electrical and electronics systems, like the on-board systems etc.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma análise de desempenho e viabilidade da aplicação da antena de van Veen e Bergervoet na determinação de contribuições de fontes de emissão radiada em ambientes eletromagnéticos, considerando-se a faixa de freqüência de 9 kHz a 30 MHz. Como potencial aplicação resultante deste trabalho está a utilização de resultados experimentais na determinação de fontes equivalentes de emissão radiada, aplicáveis em simulações numéricas e diretamente através de cálculo analítico na determinação de campos eletromagnéticos no espaço. Desta forma, o uso dessas fontes em simuladores de ambientes eletromagnéticos poderá contribuir para diminuir as restrições e dificuldades atuais oriundas da avaliação experimental e teórica de ambientes eletromagnéticos diversos, e daquelas relativas a estudos de compatibilidade eletromagnética de sistemas elétricos e eletrônicos, como sistemas embarcados, etc. / The objective of this work is to present is to present the main theoretical aspects and the evaluation of the van Veen and Bergervoet antenna performance, concerning its application to the determination of equivalent radiated emission sources, for the 9 kHz to 30 MHz frequency range. As a potential application, it is assumed the use of the equivalent sources, obtained based on experimental measurements, directly, on simulations of the resulting electromagnetic environments. The application of this methodology, although considered as a simplified one, may contribute to reduce the current experimental and theoretical restrictions and difficulties regarding the electromagnetic compatibility studies of electrical and electronics systems, like the on-board systems etc.