abstract: The OLYMPUS experiment measured the two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-proton scattering, over a range of four-momentum transfer from \(0.6 < Q^2 < 2.2\) \((\mathrm{GeV/c})^2\). The motivation for the experiment stemmed from measurements of the electric-to-magnetic form factor ratio of the proton \(\mu G_E/G_M\) extracted from polarization observables in polarized electron-proton scattering. Polarized electron-proton scattering experiments have revealed a significant decrease in \(\mu G_E/G_M\) at large \(Q^2\), in contrast to previous measurements from unpolarized electron-proton scattering. The commonly accepted hypothesis is that the discrepancy in the form factor ratio is due to neglected higher-order terms in the elastic electron-proton scattering cross section, in particular the two-photon exchange amplitude. The goal of OLYMPUS was to measure the two-photon exchange contribution by measuring the positron-proton to electron-proton elastic scattering cross section ratio, \(\sigma_{e^+p}/\sigma_{e^-p}\). The two-photon exchange contribution is correlated to the deviation of the cross section ratio from unity. In 2012, the OLYMPUS experiment collected over 4 fb\(^{-1}\) of \(e^+p\) and \(e^-p\) scattering data using electron and positron beams incident on a hydrogen gas target. The scattered leptons and protons were measured exclusively with a large acceptance spectrometer. OLYMPUS observed a slight rise in \(\sigma_{e^+p}/\sigma_{e^-p}\) of at most 1-2\% over a \(Q^2\) range of \(0.6 < Q^2 < 2.2\) \((\mathrm{GeV/c})^2\). This work discusses the motivations, experiment, analysis method, and the preliminary results for the cross section ratio as measured by OLYMPUS. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Physics 2016

Orientador: Marco Aurelio Pinheiro Lima / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin" / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T16:52:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hisi_AndreiaNaluSoares_M.pdf: 1775574 bytes, checksum: 25943a839a6bab51223d4a915fca5faf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho realizamos cálculos comparativos para seções de choque de excitações vibracionais integrais e diferenciais para o espalhamento de pósitrons e elétrons de baixa energia contra a molécula de Hidrogênio (H2). Para estes cálculos utilizamos o Método Multicanal de Schwinger (SMC) [1] para a colisão de pósitrons [2] e colisão de elétrons [3]. Usando um conjunto de amplitudes de espalhamento oriundas do SMC, calculadas segundo uma quadratura específica (Hermite [4]) de pontos correspondendo à distâncias internucleares, obtivemos as seções de choque vibracionalmente resolvidas segundo a Aproximação Adiabática [5]. Para poder comparar o processo de espalhamento de elétrons com o de pósitrons, as amplitudes de espalhamento foram calculadas com o mesmo conjunto de base representando o alvo molecular e a função de espalhamento da partícula. Para a função de onda vibracional utilizamos as autofunções de um oscilador harmônico simples (com freqiiência experimental) para ambos os casos de espalhamento de elétron e pósitron / Abstract: Here we report a comparative calculation of both integral and differential vibrational excitation cross sections of low energy positron and electron scattering against Hydrogen molecules (H2). For these calculations we have used the Schwinger Multichannel (SMC) Method [1] for positron collision [2] and electron collision [3]. Using a set of SMC scattering amplitudes, calculated at specific quadrature points (Hermite [4]) of internuclear distances, we have obtained vibrational resolved cross sections in the Adiabatic Aproximation [5]. In order to compare the electron scattering process with the positron one, the scattering amplitudes were calculated with the same basis set for representing the molecular target and scattering particle wave functions. For the vibrational wave functions we have used the eigenfunctions of a simple harmonic oscillator (with the experimental frequency) for both cases, the electron and positron scattering / Mestrado / Física Atômica e Molecular / Mestre em Física

Dans cette thèse, différentes techniques de microscopie électronique à transmission et à balayage (STEM : scanning transmission electron microscopy) ont été améliorées et appliquées à plusieurs structures essentiellement à base de semiconducteurs. La création de nouveaux matériaux et dispositifs a été à l'origine du développement des civilisations et des méthodes de caractérisation expérimentales sont nécessaires pour étudier les nouvelles structures afin de les comprendre et de les améliorer. Avec le développement des nanotechnologies, la microscopie électronique est devenu un outil indispensable du fait de sa grande résolution spatiale et de la pléthore d'information qu'elle permet d'obtenir.Dans la première partie de cette thèse, les nombreux développements réalisés sont présentés. Plusieurs sous-techniques du STEM ont été améliorés : création de moirés obtenus par balayage (SMF : scanning moiré fringes), nano-diffraction électronique en mode précession (NPED : nano-beam precession diffraction) et haute résolution en STEM (HR-STEM). Ces développements permettent d'obtenir des cartographies quantitatives sur les déformations et les champs électriques et indirectement des informations chimiques.Dans la deuxième partie, les techniques développés sont utilisés pour étudier différentes structures et les résultats sont comparés à ceux d'autres techniques comme l'holographie et le contraste de phase différentielle (DPC : differentail phase contrast). Dans une structure photovoltaïque à base de matériaux II-VI, une accumulation d'un matériau II a été détectée aux interfaces grâce aux mesures des déformations. Des champs de déformations très faibles capitaux pour le fonctionnement des isolants topologiques à base de HgTe ont été mesurés. Des cartographies de déformation très précises ont été obtenues dans des transistors SiGe. Dans des couches AlN/GaN des cartographies de déformation et de champs électriques ont pu être réalisés simultanément révélant l'importance des dislocations. Des domaines d'inversion coeur-coquille ont été mis en évidence pour la première fois. Ils ont été observés dans de nombreux fils de GaN élaborés par épitaxie par jet moléculaires. Les positions des atomes dans un domaine d'inversion ont pu être mesurés à quelques picomètres près et comparés à des calculs ab-initio. / In this work, different scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques have been developed and applied to several material systems. The creation of novel materials and devices has been a backbone of society’s development and characterization methods are needed to investigate these materials in order to understand and improve them. With the advent of nanotechnology, electron microscopy has become an invaluable tool, as it is able to visualize the atomic structure of thin samples and produces a plethora of quantifiable signals.In a first part, the numerous developments realized in this thesis are presented. Several STEM based techniques have been improved: scanning moiré fringes (SMF), nano-beam precession diffraction (NPED) and high-resolution STEM (HR-STEM). These developments allow for more accurate strain measurements, the quantitative mapping of electric fields and to realize accurate chemical profiles.In a second part, the developed methods are applied to different material systems and compared to more classical techniques, like holography and differential phase contrast (DPC). In a II/VI solar cell structure the interface chemistry is determined from strain with atomic resolution. Very faint strain gradients that are vital for the topological insulator properties of HgTe are measured. Accurate two-dimensional strain maps are obtained of a SiGe transistor. Simultaneous strain and electric field maps of m-plane AlN/GaN reveal the influence of dislocations in the material. Core-shell type inversion domains are described for the first time in GaN nanowires. They were found in many samples grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Thanks to quantitative analysis the exact atomic structure of inversion domains in GaN is described and compared to simulations.

Orientadores: Márcio Texeira do Nascimento Varella, Marco Aurélio Pinheiro Lima / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T19:40:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_ElianeMarquesde_D.pdf: 3873197 bytes, checksum: a3679517ca8a236b550f4e76c004b642 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O Método Multicanal de Schwinger (SMC) foi utilizado para estudar o espalhamento de elétrons e pósitrons de baixa energia por moléculas de pirrol (C4H4NH) e propanol (C3H7OH), para o primeiro caso, e acetileno (C2H2) e monóxido de carbono (CO), para o último caso. Seções de choque elásticas integrais e diferenciais foram calculadas para todos os sistemas, exceto para colisões pósitron-acetileno. Neste caso, utilizando o SMC combinado com o Formalismo dos Operadores de Projeção de Feshbach, seções de choque vibracionalmente resolvidas e o parâmetro de aniquilação (Zeff) foram calculados para a transição 0--> 1. No que se refere ao espalhamento de elétrons, as seções de choque integrais (ICS) calculadas para moléculas de pirrol indicam a formação de ressonâncias * (não dissociativas) e ? * (dissociativas), as quais podem dar origem a mecanismos de dissociação indireta e direta. Sendo assim, o pirrol é um protótipo adequado para o entendimento dos detalhes acerca de danos causados no DNA por elétrons de baixa energia. Já as ICS's obtidas para moléculas de propanol estão em bom acordo com os resultados teóricos e experimentais disponíveis na literatura. Para colisões de pósitrons, os resultados obtidos para moléculas de acetileno, para a transição O --> 1 num modelo de onda s, apontam para a formação de um estado virtual o qual torna-se um estado ligado quando as ligações C-C e C- H são deformadas ao longo dos modos normais de estiramento simétrico inativos no infravermelho. Embora pouco representativos, tais modos estão em assina,turas claras no parâmetro de aniquilação. As seções de choque possuem bom acordo com resultados extraídos da literatura. Por outro lado, os modos normais C-H de estiramento assimétrico e bendin,q ativos no infravermelho, por simetria, não contribuem para a seção de choque e parâmetro de aniquilação para a transição O --> 1 num modelo de onda s. Para colisões pósitron-CO, bom acordo foi encontrado entre a seção de choque integral calculada e dados teóricos e experimentais disponíveis na literatura / Abstract: The Schwinger Multichannel Method (SMC) was employed to study scattering of low-energy electrons and positrons by pyrrole (C4H4NH) and propanol (C3H7OH) molecules, for the former, and acetylene (C2H2) and carbon inonoxide (CO), for the latter. Elastic differential and integral cross sections were calculated for alI systems, except for positron-acetylene collisions. In this case, using the SMC combined with the Feshbach Projection Operator approach, vibrationally resolved cross sections and annihilation parameter were obtained for the O --> 1 transition. For electron scattering, the integral cross sections lecules indicate ¶* (non dissociative) and O+* (dissociative) resonances, which can give rise to indirect and direct dissociation mechanisms. In view of this, pyrrole molecules are a suitable prototype for detailed studies of dissociative electron attachment to DNA. For electron-propanol collisions, reasonable agreement was obtained between present and calculated and measured results available in the literature. For positron scattering, the results obtained for acetylene molecules, for the O --> 1 transition and an s-wave model, pointed out a virtual state pole that becomes a bound state as either bond C-C or C-H are stretched along the infrared inactive symmetric modes. Although not significant, these modes have clear assignments in the annihilation parameter. Present cross sections agree very well with calculated results of the literature. On the other hand, the C- H asymmetric and bending infrared active modes, due to the parity of vibrational modes, cannot contribute for cross sections and annihilation parameter for the O --> 1 transition in an s-wave modelo For positron-CO collisions, good agreement was found between present ICS and the measured and calculated results available in the literature / Doutorado / Física Atômica e Molecular / Doutora em Ciências