M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering) / In order to increase the overall performance and reduce the cost of power electronic converters, a new technology for the manufacturing of such converters is needed. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of the application of planar integrated manufacturing technology, to power electronic converters. A proposal of the definitions, terminology and graphical representation of the integrated structure is discussed together with some examples. A zero-voltage-switching PWM DC-DC converter is used as a case study. A conventionally constructed converter, using conventional component technology is designed and constructed, after a complete mathematical analysis of the converter topology. A similar converter is designed and constructed using the planar integrated manufacturing technology. Full design details and procedures are given for both converters. The two manufacturing technologies are then compared from the point of view of electrical performance, as well as some other aspects.

No description available.

This thesis provides insight into quantitative accuracy assessment of the modeling and simulation of power electronic converters. Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty quantification (VVandUQ) provides a means to quantify the disagreement between computational simulation results and experimental results in order to have quantitative comparisons instead of qualitative comparisons. Due to the broad applications of modeling and simulation in power electronics, VVandUQ is used to evaluate the credibility of modeling and simulation results. The topic of VVandUQ needs to be studied exclusively for power electronic converters. To carry out this work, the formal procedure for VVandUQ of power electronic converters is presented. The definition of the fundamental words in the proposed framework is also provided. The accuracy of the switching model of a three-phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is quantitatively assessed following the proposed procedure. Accordingly, this thesis describes the hardware design and development of the switching model of the three-phase VSI. / Master of Science

<p>This thesis tries to explain the changes in the control of power electronic converters that are possible by the use of communication. Many of the renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic panels are geographically dispersed. The power rating per generator is therefore typically low. If this kind of energy source should dominate an electrical grid, the number of generators must be high. There should also be means of controlling this large number of generators simultaneously and safely. The cost of safe communication may be too high compared to the power contribution of a single generator. The Internet offers a low-cost solution, but it cannot guarantee real-time properties. Similarly to the Internet itself, it is shown how communication errors can be detected and handled in a safe manner by the end-system, in this case the generator. The generator can detect a communication timeout, and change control algorithms in order to guard itself and the connected electricity grid. When necessary, it can also disconnect and work as a local standalone power supply. In order to be able to supply all kinds of loads, the generator (in this case an inverter) is primarily voltage controlled. This results in challenges concerning current distortion. The use of feed-forward for cancellation of common grid voltage harmonics is discussed, simulated and measured. An anti-islanding algorithm for voltage controlled inverters is also developed, simulated and measured in this thesis. A DC/DC-converter for optimized connection of a photovoltaic panel is built, exploiting the photovoltaic panel properties to reduce the size and the losses significantly. Although most contributions are connected to details and parts of the system, the interactions between communication and control are emphasized.</p>

This thesis tries to explain the changes in the control of power electronic converters that are possible by the use of communication. Many of the renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic panels are geographically dispersed. The power rating per generator is therefore typically low. If this kind of energy source should dominate an electrical grid, the number of generators must be high. There should also be means of controlling this large number of generators simultaneously and safely. The cost of safe communication may be too high compared to the power contribution of a single generator. The Internet offers a low-cost solution, but it cannot guarantee real-time properties. Similarly to the Internet itself, it is shown how communication errors can be detected and handled in a safe manner by the end-system, in this case the generator. The generator can detect a communication timeout, and change control algorithms in order to guard itself and the connected electricity grid. When necessary, it can also disconnect and work as a local standalone power supply. In order to be able to supply all kinds of loads, the generator (in this case an inverter) is primarily voltage controlled. This results in challenges concerning current distortion. The use of feed-forward for cancellation of common grid voltage harmonics is discussed, simulated and measured. An anti-islanding algorithm for voltage controlled inverters is also developed, simulated and measured in this thesis. A DC/DC-converter for optimized connection of a photovoltaic panel is built, exploiting the photovoltaic panel properties to reduce the size and the losses significantly. Although most contributions are connected to details and parts of the system, the interactions between communication and control are emphasized.

Orientador: José Antenor Pomilio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T18:42:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_FellipeSaldanha_M.pdf: 10358371 bytes, checksum: 43197de07c314068d99689affe6298a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Os conversores CC-CC possuem importantes aplicações no aproveitamento de fontes renováveis de energia elétrica e nos veículos elétricos. Nestas aplicações, muitas vezes é desejável que o conversor opere com elevado ganho de tensão. Esta dissertação investiga topologias de conversores CC-CC não isolados, que possuem potencial de trabalhar com elevado ganho de tensão. Uma das topologias estudadas, o interleaved double dual boost, é utilizado parademonstrar as técnicas de projeto e controle do conversor. São apresentados resultados experimentais para este conversor. / Abstract: The DC-DC converters have important applications in the electric energy generation using renewable energy sources and in the electric vehicles. In those applications, it is often required that the converter operates with high voltage gain. This work investigates some non-insulated topologies of DC-DC converters that can be used when high voltage gain is necessary or convenient. One of the studied topologies, the six-phase interleaved double dual boost, is used to demonstrate the design and control techniques. Experimental results for this converter are presented. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The use of power electronic converters provides a more efficient, accurate and dynamic solution to reactive compensation. In this thesis the application of power electronic converters to shunt reactive compensation will be discussed. In particular voltage dips and voltage unbalance are considered as both can be mitigated by means of shunt reactive compensation. A pre-existing uninterruptible power supply is adapted to operate as a shunt reactive compensator. The uninterruptible power supply consists of a 250 kVA three phase voltage source inverter. The modifications are limited to software and control algorithms that do not alter the normal operation of the uninterruptible power supply. Control algorithms are designed and discussed in detail. A typical double loop control strategy is implemented on the power electronic converter. The inner loop consists of a dead-beat current controller. The outer loop consists of three proportional and integral controllers controlling the DC-bus voltage, AC voltage and voltage unbalance respectively. Voltage dips and unbalance are compensated for using only reactive power. Focus is placed on producing a result can be used easily in practice. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Drywings elektroniese omsetters wat gebruik word vir newe reaktiewe kompensasie lewer meer effektiewe, akkurate en dinamiese resultate. In hierdie tesis word die toepassing van drywings elektroniese omsetters vir newe reaktiewe kompensasie bespreek. Daar word meer spesifiek na spannings duike en spannings wanbalans gekyk aangesien albei met newe reaktiewe kompensasie verminder kan word. ’n Bestaande nood kragbron is aangepas om as n newe reaktiewe kompenseerder te funksioneer. Die nood kragbron bestaan hoofsaaklik uit ’n 250 kVA drie fase omsetter spanningsbron. Die aanpassings is beperk tot sagteware en beheer algoritmes wat nie die oorspronklike funksionaliteit van die nood krag bron beinvloed nie. Beheer algoritmes word ontwerp en deeglik bespreek. ’n Tipiese dubbel lus beheer strategie word op die drywings elektroniese omsetter toegepas. Die binnelus bestaan uit ’n voorspellende stroom beheerder. Die buite-lus bestaan uit drie proportioneel en integraal beheerders wat onderskeidelik die GS-bus spanning, WS spanning en spanning wanbalans reguleer. Spannings duike en wanbalans is verminder deur slegs reaktiewe drywing te gebruik. Die doel was ook om ’n prakties bruikbare resultaat te lewer.

Η διατριβή αυτή επικεντρώθηκε στη μείωση της αέργου ισχύος και των απωλειών σε συστήματα μετατροπής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, τα οποία περιέχουν ηλεκτρονικούς μετατροπείς ισχύος. Ως γνωστόν, συνήθως, όταν χρησιμοποιούνται ελεγχόμενοι μετατροπείς ισχύος για τον έλεγχο ηλεκτρικών και ηλεκτρομηχανικών μεγεθών, επέρχεται μείωση του συντελεστή ισχύος και του βαθμού απόδοσης. Για να επιτευχθεί υψηλός συντελεστής ισχύος, συνήθως, χρησιμοποιούνται τεχνικές παλμοδότησης των ημιαγωγικών στοιχείων του εκάστοτε μετατροπέα, οι οποίες λειτουργούν με υψηλή διακοπτική συχνότητα. Μ’ αυτό τον τρόπο μειώνεται η άεργος ισχύς, με αποτέλεσμα να μειώνεται και το συνολικό ρεύμα που ρέει από το δίκτυο παροχής της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Με τον τρόπο αυτό μειώνονται οι απώλειες του δικτύου, αλλά αυξάνονται οι απώλειες του ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα ισχύος. Στην εργασία αυτή μελετάται εκτενώς η επίδραση της διακοπτικής συχνότητας επί του συνολικού συντελεστή ισχύος και επί του βαθμού απόδοσης. Προσδιορίζεται η διακοπτική συχνότητα, για την οποία επιτυγχάνεται ο υψηλότερος δυνατός συντελεστής ισχύος και βαθμός απόδοσης. Αυτή η συχνότητα εξαρτάται άμεσα από το παθητικό φίλτρο ανώτερων αρμονικών, που συνήθως είναι τοποθετημένο στην είσοδο του ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα ισχύος. Η διερεύνηση για την εύρεση της διακοπτικής συχνότητας για την οποία ο συντελεστής ισχύος και ο βαθμός απόδοσης αποκτούν τη μέγιστη δυνατή τιμή, πραγματοποιείται για ένα μονοφασικό μετατροπέα εναλλασσόμενης τάσης σε συνεχή με διπλή κατεύθυνση ρεύματος. Στις περισσότερες εφαρμογές, στις οποίες υπάρχει ένα δίκτυο εναλλασσόμενης τάσης, λόγω της φύσεως των φορτίων δημιουργείται καθυστέρηση του ρεύματος ως προς την τάση του δικτύου αυτού. Ένα από τα σημαντικά θέματα που πραγματεύεται η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή είναι η αναίρεση αυτής της καθυστέρησης μέσω κατάλληλης έναυσης των ημιαγωγικών στοιχείων του μετατροπέα. Η καταλληλότητα αυτής της τεχνικής παλμοδότησης εξετάζεται τόσο για την περίπτωση ενός μετατροπέα εναλλασσόμενης τάσης (Ε.Τ.) σε συνεχή τάση (Σ.Τ.), όσο και για έναν ελεγχόμενο μετατροπέα εναλλασσόμενης τάσης σε εναλλασσόμενη σταθερής συχνότητας λειτουργίας. Κατά τον έλεγχο της λειτουργίας ορισμένων φορτίων μέσω ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα ισχύος εμφανίζονται ανώτερες αρμονικές στο ρεύμα του δικτύου με χαμηλές συχνότητες (π.χ. 150 Hz). Στη διατριβή αυτή μελετάται η μείωση αυτών μέσω της έγχυσης ανώτερων αρμονικών στο σήμα που αποτελεί τη βάση της δημιουργίας των παλμών έναυσης των ημιαγωγικών στοιχείων του μετατροπέα. Συγκεκριμένα, το πρώτο κεφάλαιο περιλαμβάνει την εισαγωγή και τους στόχους της διατριβής. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιλαμβάνει τους απαραίτητους ορισμούς βασικών ενεργειακών μεγεθών καθώς και τον προσδιορισμό των προβλημάτων, η λύση των οποίων αποτελεί το σκοπό της παρούσας διατριβής. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο ασχολείται με τη σύγκριση των τυπικότερων ηλεκτρονικών μετατροπέων ισχύος τύπου μονοφασικής γέφυρας με κριτήρια το συντελεστή ισχύος και το βαθμό απόδοσης. Επίσης, προτείνεται η χρήση ενός ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα ισχύος Ε.Τ. σε Σ.Τ. διπλής κατεύθυνσης ρεύματος, ο οποίος πλεονεκτεί έναντι των συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμενων και μπορεί να θεωρηθεί κατάλληλος για εφαρμογές στα ηλεκτροκίνητα μέσα μεταφοράς για την αντιστροφή ισχύος π.χ. κατά την πέδηση αυτών. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο διερευνάται η τεχνική παλμοδότησης των ημιαγωγικών στοιχείων ενός μετατροπέα και προτείνεται εκείνη για την οποία ο συντελεστής ισχύος και ο βαθμός απόδοσης αποκτούν τις υψηλότερες δυνατές τιμές. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο προτείνεται μία μεθοδολογία, μέσω της οποίας καθορίζεται η τιμή των στοιχείων του παθητικού φίλτρου και της διακοπτικής συχνότητας, για την οποία ο συντελεστής ισχύος και ο βαθμός απόδοσης αποκτούν ταυτόχρονα τις μέγιστες δυνατές τιμές. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται πειραματική διερεύνηση επιβεβαιώνοντας έτσι τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την προσομοίωση. Ο ηλεκτρονικός μετατροπέας ισχύος, τα τροφοδοτικά καθώς και οι επαγωγές των φίλτρων σχεδιάστηκαν και κατασκευάστηκαν στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας στο πλαίσιο της εκπόνησης της παρούσας διατριβής. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο προτείνεται η χρήση μιας τεχνικής παλμοδότησης, με την οποία αναιρείται η καθυστέρηση της βασικής αρμονικής ως προς την τάση του δικτύου. Η τεχνική αυτή στην παρούσα διατριβή ονομάζεται α-sPWM. Με τη χρήση της μεθόδου αυτής βελτιώνεται ο συντελεστής ισχύος και ο βαθμός απόδοσης. Η μελέτη της εφαρμογής της τεχνικής παλμοδότησης α-sPWM πραγματοποιείται μέσω προσομοίωσης και μέσω πειραματικών μετρήσεων. Στο όγδοο κεφάλαιο μελετάται η αποτελεσματικότητα της προτεινόμενης τεχνικής παλμοδότησης σε ένα σύστημα, το οποίο αποτελείται από ένα διακοπτικό μετατροπέα εναλλασσόμενης τάσης σε εναλλασσόμενη τάση σταθερής συχνότητας λειτουργίας αλλά μεταβαλλόμενης ενεργού τιμής. Στο ένατο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται πειραματική επιβεβαίωση των αποτελεσμάτων της προσομοίωσης για το προηγούμενο σύστημα, του οποίου ο ηλεκτρονικός μετατροπέας ισχύος σχεδιάστηκε και κατασκευάστηκε από τον υποψήφιο στο Εργαστήριο. Στο δέκατο κεφάλαιο προτείνεται μία μέθοδος έγχυσης ανώτερων αρμονικών στο ρεύμα της πηγής μέσω των παλμών έναυσης της τεχνικής παλμοδότησης α-sPWM για την αναίρεση των σημαντικότερων ανώτερων αρμονικών του ρεύματος αυτής. Αυτές οι αρμονικές είναι μικρά πολλαπλάσια της συχνότητας της πηγής και δεν είναι εύκολο να απορροφηθούν από το παθητικό φίλτρο στην πλευρά του δικτύου εναλλασσόμενης τάσης λόγω του μεγάλου μεγέθους των στοιχείων αυτού. Στη συνέχεια προτείνεται ένας τρόπος προσδιορισμού του πλάτους της εκάστοτε προς αναίρεση ανώτερης αρμονικής του ρεύματος, της οποίας η συχνότητα είναι γνωστή. Στο ενδέκατο κεφάλαιο διατυπώνονται τα συμπεράσματα και η συμβολή της διατριβής, στο δωδέκατο μία σύντομη περίληψη και στο δέκατο τρίτο παρατίθεται η βιβλιογραφία. Στο τέλος της διατριβής περικλείεται μία σύντομη περίληψη στα Αγγλικά. / This Ph.d. dissertation deals with the reactive power and power losses reduction. It is well known that the use of a power electronic converter to control the output electrical and electromechanical variables is the best choice. In this case the power electronic converter causes influences on the power efficiency and on the power factor. If the converter’s switching frequency is low (e.g. 50 Hz), the power efficiency is high but the power factor is significant low. On the contrary, by increasing the switching frequency of the semiconductor converter elements the power factor increases while the converter’s efficiency decreases. In this work a study of the switching frequency influence on the power factor and on the power efficiency is curried out. From the results we can determine a frequency by which both the efficiency and the power factor get optimal. This frequency depends on the converter’s input passive filter. For the investigation a controlled bidirectional AC-DC converter is used. Which enables the achieve of high power factor. Τhis work also deals with a switching technique to eliminate the phase angle between the grid’s voltage and the current basic harmonic. The idea is to remove this phase angle through the converter switching pulses. The effect of the proposed switching technique on the power factor and the power efficiency has been investigated for an AC-DC converter as well as for an AC-AC converter. Usually, to control a load through a power electronic converter some high order harmonics with low frequency are generated (e.g 150 Hz). It is well known that it is not easy to eliminate these high order harmonics. In the present work this is curried out through a current injection technique. The idea is to inject the required current harmonic through the converter switching pulses. In this thesis the studied issues were mainly realized through simulation (using the program Matlab/Simulink) as well as experimentally. For the experimental work the prototype converters and the electrical devises were designed and constructed in the laboratory.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto dos Reis Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T20:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_CarlosAugustodeMoraes_M.pdf: 2125247 bytes, checksum: 9593aba66491a2d9c6a4a29dce9e17f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma nova estrutura de circuito elevador de tensão de onda completa implementável em tecnologia CMOS padrão, que tem como características relevantes uma eficiência energética maior do que estruturas similares anteriores, seu controle é efetuado por apenas duas fases de clock e também esta estrutura implementa controle de sobre-tensão no óxido de porta de seus transistores MOS, de modo que seja o mínimo possível. A estrutura proposta é apresentada em quatro diferentes versões, que têm por objetivo otimizar o funcionamento do circuito de modo a reduzir o tempo de subida de sua curva de tensão de saída, e também buscando uma estrutura livre de sobre-tensão no óxido de porta de todos os seus transistores. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram projetados e fabricados em tecnologia CMOS 0.35jm distintas configurações de circuitos elevadores de tensão, conhecidos na literatura como chargepumps. Os resultados obtidos tanto das simulações como das caracterizações destes circuitos permitem constatar que o trabalho realizado representa uma contribuição na área. / Abstract: This work proposes a new full wave voltage multiplier structure realizable in standard CMOS technology, which features a power efficiency that is higher than previous similar structures, its control is performed by only two clock phases, and it also performs gate-oxide voltage overstress control of its MOS transistors toward making it be as low as possible. The new structure is presented in four different versions. These distinct versions were developed aiming at to optimize the circuit operation in order to reduce the rise-time of its output voltage, and also to accomplish a structure without gate-oxide overstress in all its MOS transistors. Throughout the course of this work, distinct configurations of voltage multiplier circuits were designed and manufactured in 0.35jm CMOS technology, these circuits are known in the literature as charge pumps. The conclusion that this work represents a contribution in this field is based on the simulations and measurement results of these circuits. / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Jacobus Willibrordus Swart, Jader Alves de Lima Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T17:45:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ZampronhoNeto_Fernando_M.pdf: 5842798 bytes, checksum: 248329a719c06d1a00d97f94590f1b92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo de uma arquitetura de regulador de tensão do tipo multi-fase para alimentação de microprocessadores, os quais demandam pequena variação em sua tensão, mesmo face aos seus agressivos transitórios de corrente. O estudo engloba a análise, que descreve as vantagens e desvantagens de topologias de reguladores chaveados, o projeto, a simulação, a fabricação e a caracterização experimental do regulador. Na etapa de projeto, uma nova abordagem no dimensionamento do filtro externo LC é apresentada, considerando-se seus respectivos elementos parasitas, a partir da introdução do parâmetro .fator de não idealidade., ou n, que é compreendido no intervalo [0, 1]. Quanto mais n se aproxima da unidade, menores serão os elementos parasitas do filtro, facilitando a escolha dos capacitores e indutores no mercado. Adicionalmente, é proposta uma técnica de projeto do compensador em freqüência, aplicada em topologias realimentadas por tensão. Esta consiste na soma de sua tensão de saída com a diferença de potencial entre dois de seus nós internos, que ocorre apenas durante o transitório de carga, reduzindo o tempo de resposta do regulador. Simulações mostraram uma queda de mais de 25% na ondulação da tensão de carga utilizando esta técnica, em comparação com a solução convencional. O processo, simulador e modelos utilizados neste trabalho são, respectivamente, o AMS H35, PSPICE e Bsim3v3. O layout do regulador foi feito via Mentor Graphics e possui área efetiva de 0,444mm2. A fabricação na foundry AMS foi viabilizada pelo programa multi-usuário da FAPESP. A caracterização experimental compara o tempo de resposta do regulador nas mesmas condições da etapa de simulação. Resultados experimentais indicaram uma redução de 96,1% na ondulação da tensão de carga durante seu transitório de corrente utilizando a técnica proposta, em comparação a solução convencional, validando a nova técnica de projeto do compensador em freqüência. O presente trabalho é concluído enfatizando-se os objetivos alcançados e principais resultados experimentais obtidos, dificuldades de projeto e limitações da arquitetura do regulador chaveado estudada / Abstract: This work aims to study the topology of multi-phase voltage regulators applied to microprocessors, where only tiny variations in the supply voltage are allowed, even when facing aggressive current transients. This study consists in the analysis, which describes the advantages and disadvantages of switched voltage regulator topologies, design, simulation, layout and experimental characterization of the proposed regulator. In the design phase, a new approach in sizing the external LC filter is herein described, considering their stray elements, through the introduction of the .non ideality. parameter, or n, which is valid within interval [0,1]. As more as n approaches unity, less parasitic elements the filter will have, easing the choice of the capacitors and inductors commercially available. In addition to this, a new technique applied to voltage feedback topologies is proposed, which consists in adding the output voltage of the frequency compensator to a voltage between two of its internal nodes. With such an approach, the response time of the regulator to load transients decreases. Simulation results show a reduction over 25% in the output voltage ripple using this new approach, when comparing to the traditional solution. The process, simulator and models used in this work are, respectively, AMS H35, PSPICE and Bsim 3v3. The layout of the regulator was edited through Mentor Graphics, and it has an effective area of 0.444mm2. The fabrication in foundry AMS was done by multi-user program of FAPESP. The experimental characterization compares the response time of the regulator in the same conditions of simulation phase. Experimental results indicated a 96,1% reduction in load voltage ripple during transient, when comparing the purposed technique with the traditional solution, validating the excellent performance of the regulator with the new design technique. This work is concluded by emphasizing the reached objectives and main experimental results reached, design difficulties and limitations of the switched-regulator architecture studied / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica