Nuestro trabajo de investigación se centra en una necesidad real existente en Lima y en el Perú en general, reordenar el transporte público de la ciudad para darles calidad de vida a sus habitantes. Sabemos que Lima y muchas ciudades en el Perú desde que nacieron, no lo hicieron de manera ordenada ni planificada, ahora que la ciudad está poblada y construida en su mayor parte, es prácticamente imposible pensar en un rediseño de la ciudad o de sus vías. Es verdad que se puede trabajar en algunos corredores viales y líneas de transporte dedicadas y exclusivas que no compitan con el tráfico de la ciudad, que permita un transporte rápido y ordenado. Al hacer uso de la tecnología, se permitirá utilizar mejor los recursos existentes, ordenar el sistema en general, integrarlo y dar ese servicio diferenciado que tanto necesita nuestra ciudad y país en este momento. Somos creyentes que este trabajo puede ser una importante fuente de consulta para que las autoridades y personas que están trabajando en el mejoramiento del sistema de transporte, revisen todas las aristas y diferentes puntos de vista para hacer un trabajo de calidad y a largo plazo. Esperamos que este trabajo logre su cometido en un corto plazo. / Our research work focus in real needs in Peru, principally in Lima the Capital city. to reorganize the public transport to give quality of life to citizens. We know that Lima and many cities in Peru, since they built, did not organized in a correct way, so now they are habituated and structured without the planning they need now, it´s practically impossible to redesign the city. The authorities can work to built on some dedicated and exclusive roads and transport lines that do not compete with city traffic, which allows fast and orderly transportation. But, if the city use technology, it will be possible to use better of existing resources, order the system in general, integrate it and provide that differentiated service that our city and country needs at this time. We are believers that this research work can be an important source of consultation so that the authorities and people who works on the improvement of the transport system, review all the tips and different points of view to do a quality and long-time work. We hope this work helps to apport solutions to improve this chaotic problem in a short-médium time. / Trabajo de investigación

1 Abstract Legal regulation of payments The thesis deals with the topic of legal regulation of the payment transactions, which is an indispensable part of the economic life of each of us today. The right setting of the operation of the payment system ensures and directly influences the efficiency of economic exchange, whether at the national or international level, in cash or non-cash forms. Not only because of the importance of economic exchange, the thesis pays the main attention to the regulation of funds, i.e. of banknotes and coins, scriptural money as well as electronic money. The thesis aims to introduce the legal regulation of funds and the related use of modern electronic payment instruments, such as payment cards, internet banking, mobile banking and electronic wallets. In order to achieve the defined objective, the thesis discusses the amendment to Act No. 370/2017 Coll., On Payments, and the PSD2 Directive in the context of other legal regulations and financial market rules. The thesis is divided into four chapters that present the issues in question and whose subsequent outputs are summarized in the conclusion. The first chapter acquaints the reader with the definition of the payments, its historical development in the Czech Republic and its typology according to the basic distinguishing...

In order to achieve a cashless society, many countries have started to use electronic payment methods and tools to replace traditional payment methods. China and Sweden already have mature electronic payment tools, Swish, and Alipay. In this research, a phenomenological approach was used to interview users comparing two electronic payment tools, the Chinese Alipay and the Swedish Swish. The analysis of the respondents’ answers shows that convenience, security, and cost of electronic payment tools are the most important aspects to them, which is in line with previous research on acceptance, adoption and use of new technology, not only electronic payment tools. Convenience and security were more important. However, too much convenience will affect the interviewees' trust in electronic payment tools because it will make interviewees feel unsafe. Respondents' trust is affected by their own acquaintance; they trust electronic payment tools they know better.

The purpose of the presented dissertation thesis is to contribute to the development of the theory of electronic commerce in complex conditions of „network economy“ by the partial consolidation and integration of the highly fragmented existing knowledge and ideas, i.e. to offer more compact conceptual framework, based on research of the current state of knowledge and situation in the conditions of the Czech Republic. The thesis is focused on the contemporary theoretical knowledge analysis from the areas of interest concerning the electronic commerce security, used models of electronic shops and evaluation of its economic aspects, which this type of business bears. Next contribution is unification of this knowledge and creation of the conceptual base for the ongoing recognition and theory building related to electronic commerce. The work is also focused on the area of electronic cash, possible solution of some diversifications in payment transactions. On the practical level the author attempted to narrow the knowledge “gap” in the empirical cognition of the doctoral thesis issues concerning the effectiveness of electronic commerce and generally e-commerce applications. Proposed return on investment calculation methodology applied to e-commerce area may help managers making decisions in investing to these projects.

<p>This study will refer specifically to the reasons why SMEs are not willing to use e-payment as their first-choice method: the reasons hampering e-payment adoption.</p>

<p>This study will refer specifically to the reasons why SMEs are not willing to use e-payment as their first-choice method: the reasons hampering e-payment adoption.</p>

Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM) / This study will refer specifically to the reasons why SMEs are not willing to use e-payment as their first-choice method: the reasons hampering e-payment adoption. / South Africa

Electronic Payment Systems (EPS) are gaining popularity all over the world. An EPS consists of many component technologies which facilitate cashless payments for services. The focus of this thesis is on device associated technologies that an end customer uses to initiate an e-payment for a particular service via a Payment Service Provider (PSP). A technology solution in an EPS is developed by a Payment Solution Developer (PSD). The market between a PSP and a PSD is a B2B market. A PSD must understand and develop that combination of technology and service which will successfully diffuse. The success of a PSP therefore depends a lot on what a PSD develops. A theoretical framework to measure diffusion of e-payment technologies, services and their combinations in the B2B market was developed and empirically assessed in this thesis. Two concepts namely concept of breadth and concept of spread were defined. The concept of breadth and spread were applied to e-payment technologies, services and their combinations. The derived concepts namely technology breadth, service breadth, technology spread, service spread and technology-service combination spread were defined and measured. We then extended the concept of breadth to understand utilization of technologies and services within an EPS. Set theory was used to describe the framework. A sample of 45 EPS was compiled from various sources. This secondary data of EPS consisted of 8 technologies and 16 services. The 8 technologies are Interactive Voice Response (IVR), text messaging using Short Messaging Service (SMS), text messaging using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), mobile internet using Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), mobile application, Near Field Communication (NFC), Personal Computer (PC) internet and smart card. The 16 services are retail shopping payment, banking, health payment, insurance payment, mobile bill payment, mobile recharge, money transfer, movie ticket booking, parking fee payment, restaurant payment, payment at sports/swimming club, toll payment, transportation payment, tuition fee payment, utilities payment, and vending machine payment. Three categories of PSPs namely core payment service providers (n=18), non-core payment service providers (n=12) and merchants (n=15) were identified from the 45 EPS. Binomial proportion test was used to verify the concepts of breadth and spread. Spearman correlation was used to find correlation between the concept of breadth and spread of technologies and services. The 45 EPS in the sample were then grouped under three sub groups based on the categories of their PSPs. Binomial tests were used within each sub group to understand the preferences of technologies, services and their combinations by each category. The results verified that certain e-payment technologies possess more breadth i.e., capability to deliver many e-payment services and certain e-payment services possess more breadth i.e., delivered by many e-payment technologies. A difference in diffusion i.e., spread of technologies, services and their combinations were observed. Details of these differences are discussed in this thesis for technologies, services and their combinations. A positive correlation was observed between the concept of breadth and spread. Specialization of technologies, services and their combinations within categories of PSPs were observed. Variations in utilization of technologies and services by EPS were observed.

Les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) qui recouvrent l’ensemble des outils et techniques résultant de la convergence des télécommunications ont révolutionné les comportements et les habitudes des consommateurs. Si ces technologies ne se limitent pas au réseau internet c’est la montée d’internet qui a renouvelé la problématique de la protection du consommateur. En réponse, le législateur ivoirien a, à travers la loi de 2016 relative à la consommation, essayé de s’arrimer aux standards internationaux relatifs à la protection du consommateur. Le nouveau dispositif adopté s’ajoute au droit positif ivoirien et au cadre législatif communautaire (UEMOA et CEDEAO). Cependant, le système se révèle insuffisant et, à certains égards, inadapté à la protection du consommateur, notamment dans l’hypothèse d’une vente conclue par le canal des TIC. Ces insuffisances s’observent au moment de la formation et de l’exécution du contrat de vente. Dans ce contexte, le cadre législatif français qui étend ses sources dans le droit communautaire européen peut, à bien d’égards, inspirer le législateur ivoirien. Il ne s’agit pas de transposer intégralement ce système en droit ivoirien. En effet, à l’épreuve des TIC, la protection du consommateur passe par la recherche de nouveaux points d’équilibre entre le consommateur et le professionnel. / Information and communication technologies (ICTs), which encompass all the tools and techniques resulting from the convergence of telecommunications, have revolutionized the behavior and habits of consumers. These technologies are not limited to the Internet, the rise of which has renewed the problem of consumer protection. In response, the Ivorian legislator, through the 2016 law on consumption, tried to be consistent with international standards relating to consumer protection. The new mechanism adopted is in addition to current Ivorian law and the Community legislative framework (UEMOA and ECOWAS). However, the system is proving insufficient and, in some respects, unsuitable for consumer protection, especially in the event of a sale through the ICT channel. These deficiencies occur at the time of the formation and enforcement of the sales contract. In this context, the French legislative framework that extends its sources in European Community law can, in many ways, inspire the Ivorian legislator. It does not entail the total transposition of the French system into the Ivorian law. Actually, with the new challenges of ICTs, the protection of the consumer can only be guaranteed by the search for equilibrium between the consumer and the professional.

Mobile communication is very mature today due to the powerful computation and communication capabilities of mobile devices, the flourishing of mobile networks, the popularity of electronic commerce, and the completeness of e-payment mechanisms. It is a pleasure for mobile users to roam around the mobile networks and enjoy the mobile network services. However, there are a lot of security threats in the mobile networks, and thus we need an anonymous mutual authentication and key exchange scheme to guarantee the security and privacy for mobile users in the networks. A payment protocol is also required for charging the mobile users after using the mobile services. However, the existing payment schemes do not support anonymity and credit-based chargeability at the same time. In this dissertation, we propose a secure authentication scheme such that the mobile users can be anonymously authenticated by the system and the system can still make correct charge to these anonymous mobile users via a credit-based way simultaneously. We also propose a novel e-cash scheme which can support each mobile user to withdraw a generic e-cash and decide to spend it as an on-line e-cash or an off-line e-cash according to the payment requirement of the anonymous authentication scheme. Our proposed schemes are convenient and flexible for the mobile users, the system operator, and the bank. Besides, full privacy can be achieved for mobile users owing to the combination of our proposed schemes, which can be performed in current mobile devices efficiently with few battery energy consumptions. Furthermore, we provide anonymity control, no swindling, tamper resistance, secure mutual authentication, secure key exchange, and secure forward secrecy in the proposed anonymous authentication scheme and the e-cash scheme, where these security features are demonstrated by formal security models and theoretical proofs.