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Non-linear Optical Properties Of Two Dimensional Quantum Well StructuresAganoglu, Ruzin 01 February 2006 (has links) (PDF)
In this work optical properties of two dimensional quantum well structures are studied. Variational calculation of the eigenstates in an isolated quantum well structure with and without the external electrical field is presented. At weak fields a quadratic Stark shift is found whose magnitude depends strongly on the finite well depth. It is observed that under external electrical field, the asymmetries due to lack of inversion symmetry leads to higher order nonlinear optical effects such as second order optical polarization and second order optical susceptibility.
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Systematic Control of the Electronic States in Halogen-Bonded π-d Hybrid Molecular Conductors with Employing Anion Mixing, High Pressure, and Strong Magnetic Field / ハロゲン結合型π-d複合系分子性導体における、アニオン固溶化、高圧力、強磁場を用いた系統的電子状態制御Kawaguchi, Genta 25 July 2016 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19914号 / 理博第4214号 / 新制||理||1605(附属図書館) / 33000 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 北川 宏, 教授 島川 祐一, 教授 有賀 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM
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Étude théorique de la structure électronique de AlBr, AlI, LuF et LuCl par les méthodes ab-initio / Theoretical study of electronic structure of AlBr, AlI, LuF and LuCl by ab-initio methodsHamade, Yaman 13 October 2009 (has links)
Notre travail de recherche concerne l’étude théorique de la structure électronique des molécules diatomiques telles que les mono-halogénures d’Aluminium AlX(X=Br,I) et les mono-halogénures de Lutécium LuX(X=F,Cl). Les méthodes ab-initio sont utilisées pour réaliser notre étude. Il s’agit des méthodes Hartree-Fock SCF, CASSCF (Complete Active-Space Self-Consistent Field) et les méthodes d’interaction de configuration multi-référence MRCI avec et sans la correction de Davidson. Ces calculs sont effectués à l’aide du progiciel en chimie quantique MOLPRO, en bénéficiant de l’usage de l’interface graphique GABEDIT. Nos résultats ont regroupé les courbes d’énergie potentielle CEPs, les constantes spectroscopiques, y compris la fréquence harmonique ωe (cm-1), la distance internucléaire à l’équilibre Re (Å) et la valeur énergétique Te(cm-1) pour un ensemble des états électroniques singulets et triplets de représentation 2s+1Λ(+/-) (L’effet de spin-orbite est négligeable) pour ces quatre molécules. Par comparaison entre nos résultats obtenus et ceux apportés de la littérature, on a trouvé un bon accord avec un faible pourcentage d’erreur ne dépassent pas le 3% par rapport à la valeur expérimentale considérée comme valeur exacte / Our research concerns the theoretical study of the electronic structure of diatomic molecules such as Aluminum mono-halides AlX (X = Br,I) and Lutetium mono-halides LuX (X = F, Cl). The ab-initio methods are used for our study. These methods SCF, CASSCF (Complete Active-Space Self-Consistent Field) and interaction of configuration multi-reference MRCI with and without Davidson correction. These calculations are performed using the quantum chemistry software package MOLPRO, benefiting from the use of graphic interface GABEDIT. Our findings have consolidated the potential energy curves PECs, spectroscopic constants, including harmonic frequency ωe(cm-1), the internuclear distance at equilibrium Re(Å) and energy Te(cm-1) for a set of singlet and triplet electronic states in the representation 2s +1 Λ (+/-) (neglecting spin-orbit effects) for these four molecules. By comparison between our results and those contributed to the literature, we found a good agreement with a low percentage of error does not exceed 3% from the experimental value was considered as exact
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Interação elétron-fônon em pontos quânticos semicondutores polares / Electron-phonon interaction in polar semiconductor quantum dotsOliveira, Solemar Silva 29 August 2005 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é examinar os efeitos causados pela interação elétron-fônon em pontos quânticos semicondutores polares. Primeiramente, nós apresentamos cálculos detalhados da taxa de espalhamento e do tempo de relaxação eletrônico em pontos quânticos simples (Single Quantum Dot - SQD) e em dois pontos quânticos acoplados (Coupled Quantum Dots - CQDs) devido à interação entre o elétron e os fônons longitudinais acústicos (LA) na presença e na ausência de campos externos, magnético ou elétrico. O regime de energia usado no cálculo do espalhamento eletrônico foi escolhido de forma que os fônons LA dominam o processo de espalhamento. Nós verificamos que na ausência de campo externo, a taxa de espalhamento do elétron por fônons LA entre dois níveis específicos é essencialmente determinada pela diferença de energia entre estes dois níveis. Observamos que um campo magnético modula fortemente a taxa de espalhamento. Verificamos que o processo de relaxação via multicanais desempenha um papel essencial no mecanismo de relaxação do elétron de estados excitados para o estado fundamental. Um campo magnético externo aumenta ainda mais a relaxação através de transições indiretas. Também fizemos um estudo teórico dos efeitos da interação elétron-fônons longitudinais ópticos (LO) em dois pontos quânticos acoplados compostos de InAs/AlInAs. Fizemos cálculos para o polaron ressonante num regime onde a energia de confinamento do elétron é comparável a energia do fônon L0 utilizando o formalismo da função de Green e teoria de perturbação considerando temperatura zero e finita. Observamos uma renormalização do estado fundamental obtida devido a absorção de fônons virtuais para uma temperatura T > O. Discutimos os efeitos do tunelamento entre os pontos quânticos e a sua influência nas propriedades eletrônicas e analisamos o espectro de absorção óptica neste sistema. Verificamos modificações nos orbitais eletrônicos como resultado direto do tunelamento assistido por fônons. Finalmente, avaliamos os efeitos da interação elétron-fônons L0 na densidade de estados do elétron confinado em pontos quânticos utilizando dois modelos distintos: Um modelo não-perturbativo e o formalismo da função de Green. Estudamos cada método separadamente e avaliamos a densidade de estados como função da temperatura e do confinamento lateral. Consideramos um sistema com apenas dois níveis eletrônicos de energia e comparamos os dois métodos avaliando as suas diferenças básicas. Utilizando o método não-perturbativo fizemos cálculos da densidade de estados para um regime de acoplamento forte entre o elétron e os fônons LO / The purpose of this work is to study effects of electron-phonons interactions in polar semiconductor quantum dots. Firstly, we present a detailed calculation on the electron-LA-phonon scattering rates and electron relaxation processes in single and coupled quantum dots in the absence and in the presence of external magnetic or electric fields. In the absence of external field, interplay among the effective confinement lengths in different directions as well as the phonon wavelength leads to a strong oscillation of the LA-phonon scattering rate between two levels. In other words, the scattering depends strongly on the geometry and confinement potential of the quantum dot. An external magnetic field also strongly modulates the scattering rate in severa1 orders of magnitude. The magnetic field induced effects are very similar in single quantum dot (SQD) and coupled quantum dots (CQDs) where the effective confinement strength in the x-direction affects strongly the scattering rate. However, we find that the multiple relaxation process plays an essential role for electron relaxing from the excited states to ground state both in single and coupled quantum dots. Including all possible relaxation channels, an external magnetic field enhances the relaxation through indirect transitions. Secondly, we present a theoretical study on the effects of electron-LO-phonon interaction in two coupled stacked InAs/InAIAs quantum dots. The contribution of resonant and nonresonant electron-LO-phonon coupling to the polaron states are obtained in the framework of t he Green function formalism and the perturbation approach at zero and finite temperatures. Ground state renormalization is found due to virtual phonon absorption at T > O. Tunneling effects between the dots have been addressed and their influente on the electronic properties and optical absorption are analyzed. Topological modifications of electronic orbitals are found as a result of phonon-assisted tunneling. Finally, we investigate the effects of electron-LO-phonon interaction on the electron density of states in quantum dots using two distinct models. A non-perturbative model and the Green function formalism. Within the non-perturbative model, we consider only two electronic levels in a quantum dot interacting to LO-phonons. An exact solution is obtained for the polaron states and spectral function. We evaluate the density of states in the regime at zero and finite temperature for severa1 values of the lateral confinement. We compare the density of states obtained within the two models. Furthermore, we study the polaron effects in strong electron-LO-phonon coupling regime based on the non-perturbative model
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Reaction dynamics on highly excited statesBrinne Roos, Johanna January 2009 (has links)
In this thesis I have performed theoretical studies on the reaction dynamics in few-atom molecules. In particular, I have looked at reaction processes in which highly excited resonant states are involved. When highly excited states are formed, the dynamics becomes complicated and approximations normally used in chemical reaction studies are no longer applicable.To calculate the potential energy curve for some of these states as a function of internuclear distance, a combination of structure calculations and scattering calculations have to be performed, and the reaction dynamics on the potentials has been studied using both time-independent and time-dependent methods.The processes that have been studied and which are discussed in this thesis are ion-pair formation in electron recombination with H3+, dissociative recombination and ion-pair formation of HF+, mutual neutralization in H++F- collisions and dissociative recombination of BeH+. Isotope effects in these reactions have also been investigated. Our calculated cross sections are compared with experimentally measured cross sections for these reactions.
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Interação elétron-fônon em pontos quânticos semicondutores polares / Electron-phonon interaction in polar semiconductor quantum dotsSolemar Silva Oliveira 29 August 2005 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho é examinar os efeitos causados pela interação elétron-fônon em pontos quânticos semicondutores polares. Primeiramente, nós apresentamos cálculos detalhados da taxa de espalhamento e do tempo de relaxação eletrônico em pontos quânticos simples (Single Quantum Dot - SQD) e em dois pontos quânticos acoplados (Coupled Quantum Dots - CQDs) devido à interação entre o elétron e os fônons longitudinais acústicos (LA) na presença e na ausência de campos externos, magnético ou elétrico. O regime de energia usado no cálculo do espalhamento eletrônico foi escolhido de forma que os fônons LA dominam o processo de espalhamento. Nós verificamos que na ausência de campo externo, a taxa de espalhamento do elétron por fônons LA entre dois níveis específicos é essencialmente determinada pela diferença de energia entre estes dois níveis. Observamos que um campo magnético modula fortemente a taxa de espalhamento. Verificamos que o processo de relaxação via multicanais desempenha um papel essencial no mecanismo de relaxação do elétron de estados excitados para o estado fundamental. Um campo magnético externo aumenta ainda mais a relaxação através de transições indiretas. Também fizemos um estudo teórico dos efeitos da interação elétron-fônons longitudinais ópticos (LO) em dois pontos quânticos acoplados compostos de InAs/AlInAs. Fizemos cálculos para o polaron ressonante num regime onde a energia de confinamento do elétron é comparável a energia do fônon L0 utilizando o formalismo da função de Green e teoria de perturbação considerando temperatura zero e finita. Observamos uma renormalização do estado fundamental obtida devido a absorção de fônons virtuais para uma temperatura T > O. Discutimos os efeitos do tunelamento entre os pontos quânticos e a sua influência nas propriedades eletrônicas e analisamos o espectro de absorção óptica neste sistema. Verificamos modificações nos orbitais eletrônicos como resultado direto do tunelamento assistido por fônons. Finalmente, avaliamos os efeitos da interação elétron-fônons L0 na densidade de estados do elétron confinado em pontos quânticos utilizando dois modelos distintos: Um modelo não-perturbativo e o formalismo da função de Green. Estudamos cada método separadamente e avaliamos a densidade de estados como função da temperatura e do confinamento lateral. Consideramos um sistema com apenas dois níveis eletrônicos de energia e comparamos os dois métodos avaliando as suas diferenças básicas. Utilizando o método não-perturbativo fizemos cálculos da densidade de estados para um regime de acoplamento forte entre o elétron e os fônons LO / The purpose of this work is to study effects of electron-phonons interactions in polar semiconductor quantum dots. Firstly, we present a detailed calculation on the electron-LA-phonon scattering rates and electron relaxation processes in single and coupled quantum dots in the absence and in the presence of external magnetic or electric fields. In the absence of external field, interplay among the effective confinement lengths in different directions as well as the phonon wavelength leads to a strong oscillation of the LA-phonon scattering rate between two levels. In other words, the scattering depends strongly on the geometry and confinement potential of the quantum dot. An external magnetic field also strongly modulates the scattering rate in severa1 orders of magnitude. The magnetic field induced effects are very similar in single quantum dot (SQD) and coupled quantum dots (CQDs) where the effective confinement strength in the x-direction affects strongly the scattering rate. However, we find that the multiple relaxation process plays an essential role for electron relaxing from the excited states to ground state both in single and coupled quantum dots. Including all possible relaxation channels, an external magnetic field enhances the relaxation through indirect transitions. Secondly, we present a theoretical study on the effects of electron-LO-phonon interaction in two coupled stacked InAs/InAIAs quantum dots. The contribution of resonant and nonresonant electron-LO-phonon coupling to the polaron states are obtained in the framework of t he Green function formalism and the perturbation approach at zero and finite temperatures. Ground state renormalization is found due to virtual phonon absorption at T > O. Tunneling effects between the dots have been addressed and their influente on the electronic properties and optical absorption are analyzed. Topological modifications of electronic orbitals are found as a result of phonon-assisted tunneling. Finally, we investigate the effects of electron-LO-phonon interaction on the electron density of states in quantum dots using two distinct models. A non-perturbative model and the Green function formalism. Within the non-perturbative model, we consider only two electronic levels in a quantum dot interacting to LO-phonons. An exact solution is obtained for the polaron states and spectral function. We evaluate the density of states in the regime at zero and finite temperature for severa1 values of the lateral confinement. We compare the density of states obtained within the two models. Furthermore, we study the polaron effects in strong electron-LO-phonon coupling regime based on the non-perturbative model
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Estados eletrônicos e rotovibracionais da molécula de água no SolLEITE, Bruno Silva 16 December 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / Um refinamento na análise do espectro de absorção IV das manchas solares permitiu a
identificação de 67 novas bandas, que agora se somam as 185 já identificadas como transições
rotovibracionais da molécula de água. Os resultados revelam transições dentro do mesmo
nível vibracional assim como transições cruzadas envolvendo níveis vibracionais distintos.
Identificamos ainda bandas que podem ser atribuídas aos estados eletrônicos excitados1ue
3
u, ambos com geometria linear D∞h. A partir desta identificação, consideramos também a
possível ocorrência de outros estados excitados da molécula de água nas manchas solares,
como os estados paramagnéticos 3A2 e 3B2. Os estados eletrônicos da molécula de água foram
calculados em nível B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVTZ, obtendo-se geometria de equilíbrio, momentos
de dipolo elétrico e magnético e outras propriedades que foram empregados para discutir a
influência de estados eletrônicos excitados na dinâmica das manchas solares e no aumento de
seu campo magnético. / A refinement in the analysis of the infrared absorption spectra of the sunspots allowed the
identification of 67 new bands, which now add up to the 185 already identified as
rotovibrational transitions of the water molecule. The results reveal transitions within the
same vibrational level as well as cross transitions involving different vibrational levels. We
have also identified bands that can be assigned to the excited electronic states 1uand 3u,
both with linear geometry D∞h. From this identification, we also consider the possible
occurrence of other excited states of the water molecule in sunspots, such as paramagnetic
states 3A2 and 3B2. The electronic states of the water molecule were calculated at the
B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVTZ level, obtaining equilibrium geometry, electric and magnetic dipole
moments, and other properties that were used to discuss the influence of excited electronic
states on the dynamics of sunspots and in the increase of their magnetic field.
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[pt] FOTODETECTORES DE INFRAVERMELHO BASEADOS EM SUPERREDES ASSIMÉTRICAS COM ESTADOS VAZANTES NO CONTÍNUO / [en] INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS BASED ON ASYMMETRIC SUPERLATTICES WITH LEAKY STATES IN THE CONTINUUMPEDRO HENRIQUE PEREIRA 12 May 2020 (has links)
[pt] Nesta tese, apresento uma investigação teórica e experimental das
propriedades eletro-ópticas de um fotodetector baseado em uma superrede
assimétrica InGaAs/InAlAs com um defeito estrutural. Essa heteroestrutura
apresenta duas importantes características: estados parcialmente localizados
no contínuo, chamados de estados eletrônicos vazantes, e um aumento
virtual do band offset na banda de condução. Devido à assimetria da
superrede, a função de onda do estado eletrônico vazante é localizada numa
direção e estendida na outra. Em consequência dessas características, o
fotodetector apresenta modo dual de operação, fotocondutivo e fotovoltaico,
e temperatura de operação ambiente. O modo fotovoltaico foi alcançado
devido à direção preferencial de escape do fluxo de elétrons excitados para
os estados eletrônicos vazantes no contínuo. A temperatura de operação
elevada ocorre devido à diminuição da corrente de escuro térmica causada
pelo aumento virtual do band offset. No modo fotovoltaico, o espectro de
fotocorrente apresenta dois picos estreitos de energias em 300 meV e em
torno 440 meV, sendo eles relacionados às transições ópticas do estado
fundamental para o primeiro e o segundo estado vazante no contínuo,
respectivamente. Para o modo fotocondutivo, a largura de linha do espectro
de fotocorrente é fortemente dependente da direção do bias de voltagem
aplicado. Para o bias positivo, o espectro de fotocorrente apresenta um
pico em 300 meV e um ombro de energia em torno de 260 meV. Para o
bias negativo, o espectro de fotocorrente mostra uma banda larga com dois
picos em 300 meV e 260 meV. Esse comportamento está relacionado com a
população dos estados na minibanda em função da direção do bias aplicado.
As figuras de mérito do fotodetector, em ambos os modos de operação,
apresentam resultados similares aos melhores fotodetectores encontrados
na literatura. / [en] In this thesis, I present a theoretical and experimental investigation of the electro-optical properties of a photodetector based on an InGaAs/InAlAs asymmetric superlattice with a structural defect. This heterostructure has two important characteristics: partially localized states in
the continuum, called by leaky electronic states, and a virtual increase in
conduction band offset. Due to the asymmetry of the superlattice, the wavefunction of the leaky electronic state is located in one direction and extended
in another one. As a result of these features, the photodetector presents a
dual-mode operation, photoconductive and photovoltaic modes, and room
temperature operating. The photovoltaic mode has reached due to the preferential direction for the flow of excited electrons in the leaky electronic
state in the continuum. The high operating temperature occurs because of
the decrease in thermal dark current due to the virtual increase of band
offset. In photovoltaic mode, the photocurrent spectrum has two narrow
energy peaks at 300 meV and around 440 meV, which are related to optical
transitions from the ground state to the first and the second leaky electronic
states, respectively. For photoconductive mode, the line width of the photocurrent spectrum is strongly dependent on the direction of the applied
voltage bias. For the positive bias, the photocurrent spectrum has a peak
at 300 meV and a power shoulder around 260 meV. For the negative bias,
the photocurrent spectrum shows broadband with two peaks at 300 meV
and 260 meV. This behavior is related to the population of the mini band
states as a function of the applied bias direction. The figure of merits of the
photodetector, in both operation modes, present results similar to the best
photodetectors found in the literature.
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Properties of metastable linkage NO isomers in Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O incorporated in mesopores of silica xerogelsTahri, Zakaria, Lepski, Robert, Hsieh, Kuan-Ying, Bendeif, El-Eulmi, Pillet, Sebastien, Durand, Pierrick, Woike, Theo, Schaniel, Dominik 07 April 2014 (has links) (PDF)
We study the properties of photoinduced metal–nitrosyl linkage isomers in sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a function of particle size. By embedding the molecular complex at various concentrations into mesopores of silica xerogels the size of the particles can be adjusted. The ground state is characterized by X-ray diffraction, absorption and infrared spectroscopy. The physical properties of the photoswitched molecules were analysed by steady-state low-temperature absorption, infrared spectroscopy and by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The electronic structure as well as the activation energies of the metastable linkage isomers are independent of the particle size down to single isolated molecules, indicating that the SNP complexes are quasi-free inside the pores of the gel. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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Properties of metastable linkage NO isomers in Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O incorporated in mesopores of silica xerogelsTahri, Zakaria, Lepski, Robert, Hsieh, Kuan-Ying, Bendeif, El-Eulmi, Pillet, Sebastien, Durand, Pierrick, Woike, Theo, Schaniel, Dominik January 2012 (has links)
We study the properties of photoinduced metal–nitrosyl linkage isomers in sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a function of particle size. By embedding the molecular complex at various concentrations into mesopores of silica xerogels the size of the particles can be adjusted. The ground state is characterized by X-ray diffraction, absorption and infrared spectroscopy. The physical properties of the photoswitched molecules were analysed by steady-state low-temperature absorption, infrared spectroscopy and by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The electronic structure as well as the activation energies of the metastable linkage isomers are independent of the particle size down to single isolated molecules, indicating that the SNP complexes are quasi-free inside the pores of the gel. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
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