Cette thèse est faite dans le cadre de l'ILC. La détermination des couplages électrofaible du quark top, est une des tâches à l'ILC. La thèse est consacrée à la mesure de l'asymétrie avant-arrière dans des paires de quark top, à 500 GeV, utilisant deux configurations de polarisation de faisceau, dans la chaîne de désintégration purement hadronique. Le quark top se désintègre à un quark b et un boson W, presque exclusivement. L'état final, qui consiste de six jets, est analysé utilisant la simulation de détecteur complète. Deux jets avec le b-tag la plus haute, sont pris comme des b jets et les quatre jets qui restent, sont utilisés pour reconstruire les Ws. L'identification des quarks top et anti-top est faite en utilisant la charge de vertex du quark b. Les précisions sur la section efficace sont aussi calculées. On trouve que l'ILC sera capable de mesurer les couplages électrofaible du quark top, avec une précision meilleur que 0.5%. Cette thèse inclut aussi une chapitre sur l'optimisation de calorimètre Électromagnétique Si-W du International Large Detector(ILD), un des deux détecteurs à l'ILC. L'ECAL d'ILD, consistera en couches alternatives de Silicium et le Tungstène, où des couches de Silicium sont des couches actives, et le Tungstène est le matériel passif. Les couches de Silicium sont divisées en 'wafer', entourées par des anneaux de protection(guard rings), pour éviter les courants de fuite. L'analyse est concentrée pour optimiser la taille d'anneau de garde. Les résultats montrent que un anneau de protection de taille jusqu'à 2mm, ne dégrades pas la performance d'ECAL gravement. La thèse est divisée en 6 chapitres. Le premier chapitre donne un résumé du Modèle Standard. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux aspects théoriques de la physique de quark top à l'ILC. On donne une description détaillée de l'ILD et ses sous-détecteurs dans le 3ème chapitre. Le 4ème chapitre présente les études de l'optimisation de Si-W ECAL. Le 5ème chapitre contient les détails d'analyse de production tt à ILC et la mesure de l'AFBt. Le dernier chapitre contient le résumé des résultats. / This thesis is done in the framework of the ILC. The determination of the electroweak couplings of the top quark, is one of the tasks at the ILC. The thesis is dedicated to the measurement of the Forward-backward asymmetry in top quark pairs, at 500 GeV, using two beam polarization configurations, in the fully hadronic decay channel. The top quark almost exclusively decays to a b quark and a W boson. The 6 jet final state is analyzed using full detector simulation. Two jets with highest b-tag are taken as b jets and the remaining four jets are used to reconstruct the W s. The identification of the top and anti-top quarks is done by using the vertex charge of the b quark. Precisions on the production cross sections are also calculated. This thesis also includes a chapter on the optimization of the Si-W Electromagnetic calorimeter of the International Large Detector (ILD), one of the two detectors at the ILC. The ECAL of ILD, will consist of alternate layers of Silicon and Tungsten, where Silicon layers are active layers, while Tungsten is passive material. The Silicon layers are divided into wafers, surrounded by guard rings, to avoid the leakage currents. The analysis is focused to optimize the guard ring size. The thesis is divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter gives a brief over view of the Standard Model. The second chapter is dedicated to the theoretical aspects of the top quark physics at the ILC. A detailed description of the ILD and its sub-detectors is given in the 3rd chapter. The 4th chapter presents the studies of the optimization of Si-W ECAL guard ring size. The 5th chapter contains the details of analysis of tt production at ILC, and measurement of the AFBt . The last chapter contains the summary of the results.

Foi analisada, através de simulação Monte Carlo, a probabilidade de que um gap de rapidez seja observado na produção do boson de Higgs por fusão de bosons vetoriais com massa (W), no LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Foi analisada, também através do uso de Monte Carlo, a possibilidade de que a existência ou não de um gap de rapidez seja usada na distinção de um Higgs produzido por fusão de bosons vetoriais W de outro produzido por fusão de gluons. Os diferentes modelos para tratamento de processos não perturbativos dos códigos Monte Carlo DTUJET e PYTHIA foram comparados. / The gap survival probability for a higgs boson produced by W fusion at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) is analyzed through Monte Carlo simulation. The possibility of distinguishing between two higgs production mechanisms, W and gluon fusion is studied using Monte Carlo simulation. The two different models for non pertubative processes, used by DTUJET and PYTHIA are compared.

The electroweak hierarchy problem is one of the most important puzzles of particle physics that remains without conclusive answer nowadays. One of the most recent new class of solutions to this problem is presented in this thesis, i.e., the cosmological relaxation of the electroweak scale. In this framework, we postulate the existence of a new particle, the relaxion, which drives the Higgs mass to values much smaller than the cutoff of the theory during inflation. As tools to develop this subject, this work presents a resume of chiral perturbation theory, the strong CP problem, axions and the eta prime particle. Finally, we will describe the most simple model of cosmological relaxation of the electroweak scale and the non-QCD model, where a new strong group SU(N) forms a condensate that interacts with the relaxion. / O problema da hierarquia eletrofraco é um dos enigmas mais importantes da física de partículas que continua sem uma solução conclusiva hoje em dia. Uma nova classe de soluções, dentre as mais recentes, para este problema é apresentado nessa dissertação, i.e., o relaxamento cosmológico da escala eletrofraca. Neste quadro, nós postulamos a existência de uma nova partícula, o relaxion, que conduz a massa do bóson de Higgs para valores muito menores que o cutoff da teoria durante a inflação. Como ferramentas para desenvolver este assunto, este trabalho apresenta um resumo de teoria de perturbação quiral, o problema CP forte, axions e a partícula eta prime. Finalmente, iremos descrever o modelo mais simples de relaxamento cosmológico da escala eletrofraca e o modelo sem-QCD, onde um novo grupo de interação forte SU(N) forma um condensado que interage com o relaxion.

Foi analisada, através de simulação Monte Carlo, a probabilidade de que um gap de rapidez seja observado na produção do boson de Higgs por fusão de bosons vetoriais com massa (W), no LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Foi analisada, também através do uso de Monte Carlo, a possibilidade de que a existência ou não de um gap de rapidez seja usada na distinção de um Higgs produzido por fusão de bosons vetoriais W de outro produzido por fusão de gluons. Os diferentes modelos para tratamento de processos não perturbativos dos códigos Monte Carlo DTUJET e PYTHIA foram comparados. / The gap survival probability for a higgs boson produced by W fusion at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) is analyzed through Monte Carlo simulation. The possibility of distinguishing between two higgs production mechanisms, W and gluon fusion is studied using Monte Carlo simulation. The two different models for non pertubative processes, used by DTUJET and PYTHIA are compared.

The cross sections for neutral current (NC) deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in e+p collisions with a longitudinally polarised positron beam are measured at high momentum transfer squared (Q2 > 185 GeV2) at the ZEUS detector at HERA. The HERA accelerator provides e+-p collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV, which allows the weak contribution to the NC process to be studied at high Q2. The measurements are based on a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 135.5 pb-1 collected with the ZEUS detector in 2006 and 2007. The single differential NC cross sections dsigma/dQ2, dsigma/dx and dsigma/dy and the reduced cross section are measured. The structure function xF3 is determined by combining the e+p NC reduced cross sections with the previously measured e-p measurements. The interference structure function xF 3^gamma,Z is extracted at Q2 = 1500 GeV2. The cross-section asymmetry between the positive and negative polarisation of the positron beam is measured and the parity violation effects of the electroweak interaction are observed. The predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics agree well with the measurements.

The goal of the Q-weak experiment is to make a measurement of the proton's weak charge ($Q^p_W = 1-4\sin^2\theta_W$) to an accuracy of ~4%. This would represent a ~0.3% determination of the weak mixing angle ($\sin^2\theta_W$) at low energy. The measurement may be used for a precision test of the Standard Model (SM) prediction on the running of $\sin^2\theta_W$ with energy scale. The Q-weak experiment operates at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). The experiment determines the proton's weak charge by measuring the parity violating asymmetry in elastic electron-proton scattering at low momentum transfer $Q^2 = 0.026 (GeV/c)^2$ and forward angles (~8 degree). The anticipated size of the asymmetry, based on the SM, is about 230 parts per billion (ppb). With the proposed accuracy, the experiment may probe new physics beyond Standard Model at the TeV scale. This thesis focuses on my contributions to the experiment, including track reconstruction for momentum transfer determination of the scattering process, and the focal plane scanner, a detector I designed and built to measure the flux profile of scattered electrons on the focal plane of the Q-weak spectrometer to assist in the extrapolation of low beam current tracking results to high beam current. Preliminary results from the commissioning and the first run period of the Q-weak experiment are reported and discussed.

The goal of the Q-weak experiment is to make a measurement of the proton's weak charge ($Q^p_W = 1-4\sin^2\theta_W$) to an accuracy of ~4%. This would represent a ~0.3% determination of the weak mixing angle ($\sin^2\theta_W$) at low energy. The measurement may be used for a precision test of the Standard Model (SM) prediction on the running of $\sin^2\theta_W$ with energy scale. The Q-weak experiment operates at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). The experiment determines the proton's weak charge by measuring the parity violating asymmetry in elastic electron-proton scattering at low momentum transfer $Q^2 = 0.026 (GeV/c)^2$ and forward angles (~8 degree). The anticipated size of the asymmetry, based on the SM, is about 230 parts per billion (ppb). With the proposed accuracy, the experiment may probe new physics beyond Standard Model at the TeV scale. This thesis focuses on my contributions to the experiment, including track reconstruction for momentum transfer determination of the scattering process, and the focal plane scanner, a detector I designed and built to measure the flux profile of scattered electrons on the focal plane of the Q-weak spectrometer to assist in the extrapolation of low beam current tracking results to high beam current. Preliminary results from the commissioning and the first run period of the Q-weak experiment are reported and discussed.

This thesis is done in the framework of the ILC. The determination of the electroweak couplings of the top quark, is one of the tasks at the ILC. The thesis is dedicated to the measurement of the Forward-backward asymmetry in top quark pairs, at 500 GeV, using two beam polarization configurations, in the fully hadronic decay channel. The top quark almost exclusively decays to a b quark and a W boson. The 6 jet final state is analyzed using full detector simulation. Two jets with highest b-tag are taken as b jets and the remaining four jets are used to reconstruct the W s. The identification of the top and anti-top quarks is done by using the vertex charge of the b quark. Precisions on the production cross sections are also calculated. This thesis also includes a chapter on the optimization of the Si-W Electromagnetic calorimeter of the International Large Detector (ILD), one of the two detectors at the ILC. The ECAL of ILD, will consist of alternate layers of Silicon and Tungsten, where Silicon layers are active layers, while Tungsten is passive material. The Silicon layers are divided into wafers, surrounded by guard rings, to avoid the leakage currents. The analysis is focused to optimize the guard ring size. The thesis is divided into 6 chapters. The first chapter gives a brief over view of the Standard Model. The second chapter is dedicated to the theoretical aspects of the top quark physics at the ILC. A detailed description of the ILD and its sub-detectors is given in the 3rd chapter. The 4th chapter presents the studies of the optimization of Si-W ECAL guard ring size. The 5th chapter contains the details of analysis of tt production at ILC, and measurement of the AFBt . The last chapter contains the summary of the results.

The cross sections for neutral current (NC) deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in e+p collisions with a longitudinally polarised positron beam are measured at high momentum transfer squared (Q2 > 185 GeV2) at the ZEUS detector at HERA. The HERA accelerator provides e+-p collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV, which allows the weak contribution to the NC process to be studied at high Q2. The measurements are based on a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 135.5 pb-1 collected with the ZEUS detector in 2006 and 2007. The single differential NC cross sections dsigma/dQ2, dsigma/dx and dsigma/dy and the reduced cross section are measured. The structure function xF3 is determined by combining the e+p NC reduced cross sections with the previously measured e-p measurements. The interference structure function xF 3^gamma,Z is extracted at Q2 = 1500 GeV2. The cross-section asymmetry between the positive and negative polarisation of the positron beam is measured and the parity violation effects of the electroweak interaction are observed. The predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics agree well with the measurements.

Un moment dipolaire électrique permanent (EDM) est une propriété fondamentale des systèmes simples comme par exemple l'électron, les atomes/molécules ou le neutron dont l'existence est prédite par le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules (MS) mais qui n'a pas pour l'heure jamais été observée. Cette observable violant la symétrie CP offre la possibilité de relier la physique des particules à l'énigme cosmologique fondamentale de l'asymétrie baryonique de l'Univers observée de nos jours. Produire une telle asymétrie requiert de nouvelles sources/de nouveaux mécanismes de violation de CP, hors MS, qui peuvent être sondés de façon privilégiée par les recherches d'EDM. La sensibilité des expériences EDM actuelles se trouve des ordres de grandeurs au-dessus des prédictions du secteur faible du MS. L'absence de signal, après 60 ans de quête, détermine la limite supérieure la plus forte sur la violation de CP dans le secteur fort du MS et contraint l'espace des phases des modèles de nouvelle physique. A contrario, la mesure d'un EDM non nul dans les années à venir pourra s'interpréter comme le signal d'une physique au-delà du MS évoluant à l'échelle multi-TeV. Dans cette perspective envoûtante, de nombreux nouveaux projets de mesures des EDM ont vu le jour ces dernières années et d'importants efforts sont poursuivis auprès du neutron notamment. Ce manuscrit présente la recherche de l'EDM du neutron menée auprès de l'expérience la plus sensible à ce jour basée à l'Institut Paul Scherrer en Suisse. / A permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) is a fundamental property of simple systems such as the electron, atoms/molecules or the neutron whose amplitude is expected to be non-zero within the Standard Model of particles physics (SM) but which has never been observed so far. This observable violating the CP symmetry offers the opportunity to link particle physics to the fundamental cosmological enigma of the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe. Such an asymmetry requires new CP violation sources/mechanism beyond the SM, which can be best probed by EDM searches. The current EDM experiments sensitivity is order of magnitude above the weak SM sector predictions. Measuring a null EDM, after a 60 years quest, set the strongest upper limit on the CP violation in the strong SM sector and constrains the new physics models phase space. On the contrary, measuring a non-zero EDM in the coming years can be understood as a signal from physics beyond the SM evolving at a multi-TeV scale. In this haunting perspective, many new EDM projects raised in the last years and important efforts are pursued near the neutron in particular. This manuscript present the neutron EDM search near the most sensitive experiment running at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland.