Abstract To improve the application of Point Interpolation Method (PIM) in Element Free Galerkin Method (EFG) is the aim of this study. The trait of EFG is using overlap of influence domain between different nodes to construct discretization nodes¡¦ connection. EFG just uses nodal data, but not element. For constructing shape function, EFG has two types of methods, Fitting and Interpolation. Fitting uses Moving Least Square Method (MLS). MLS-EFG has stable effect on numerical analysis; however, users who use it need to choose more numerical parameters and do more computation. Besides, users can not apply boundary conditions directly when using MLS-EFG. Interpolation method applies nodal coordinates to proceed computation, and it called PIM. Boundary conditions could be used directly and less computation is needs while using PIM. However, the coefficient of interpolation function of sample is singular. This study tries to construct Coordination Point Interpolation Method. It owns advantages of both methods that mentioned above, and extra numerical parameters are not needed. It applies the notion of influence domain of MLS-EFG, then search correlative efficient nodes which are contained in near field of sample. The correlative efficient nodes make up matrix that con cause inverse matrix. In addition, via numerical simulations, it shows that CPIM has excellent convergence and accurate solution, and is better that MLS-EFG.

In this study, the Element-Free Galerkin (EFG) method has been used for the analysis of plane stress problems. A computer program has been developed by using FORTRAN language. The moving least squares (MLS) approximation has been used in generating shape functions. The results obtained by the EFG method have been compared with analytical solution and the numerical results obtained by MSC. Patran/Nastran. The comparisons show that the mesh free method gives more accurate results than the finite element approximation with less computational effort.

The Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method, which is based on the Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximation, is developed here for vibration, buckling and static analysis of homogenous and FGM plate with curvilinear stiffeners. Numerical results for different stiffeners configurations and boundary conditions are presented. All results are verified using the commercial finite element software ANSYS® and other available results in literature. In addition, the vibration analysis of plates with curvilinear stiffeners is carried out using Ritz method. A 24 by 28 in. curvilinear stiffened panel was machined from 2219-T851 aluminum for experimental validation of the Ritz and meshfree methods of vibration mode shape predictions. Results were obtained for this panel mounted vertically to a steel clamping bracket using acoustic excitation and a laser vibrometer. Experimental results appear to correlate well with the meshfree and Ritz method results. In reality, many engineering structures are subjected to random pressure loads in nature and cannot be assumed to be deterministic. Typical engineering structures include buildings and towers, offshore structures, vehicles and ships, are subjected to random pressure. The vibrations induced from gust loads, engine noise, and other auxiliary electrical system can also produce noise inside aircraft. Consequently, all flight vehicles operate in random vibration environment. These random loads can be modeled by using their statistical properties. The dynamical responses of the structures which are subjected to random excitations are very complicated. To investigate their dynamic responses under random loads, the meshfree method is developed for random vibration analysis of curvilinearly-stiffened plates. Since extensive efforts have been devoted to study the buckling and vibration analysis of stiffened panel to maximize their natural frequencies and critical buckling loads, these structures are subjected to in-plane loading while the vibration analysis is considered. In these cases the natural frequencies calculated by neglecting the in-plane compression are usually over predicted. In order to have more accurate results it might be necessary to take into account the effects of in-plane load since it can change the natural frequency of plate considerably. To provide a better view of the free vibration behavior of the plate with curvilinear stiffeners subjected to axial/biaxial or shear stresses several numerical examples are studied. The FEM analysis of curvilinearly stiffened plate is quite computationally expensive, and the meshfree method seems to be a proper substitution to reduce the CPU time. However it will still require many simulations. Because of the number of simulations may be required in the solution of an engineering optimization problem, many researchers have tried to find approaches and techniques in optimization which can reduce the number of function evaluations. In these problems, surrogate models for analysis and optimization can be very efficient. The basic idea in surrogate model is to reduce computational cost and giving a better understanding of the influence of the design variables on the different objectives and constrains. To use the advantage of both meshfree method and surrogate model in reducing CPU time, the meshfree method is used to generate the sample points and combination of Kriging (a surrogate model) and Genetic Algorithms is used for design of curvilinearly stiffened plate. The meshfree and kriging results and CPU time were compared with those obtained using EBF3PanelOpt. / Ph. D.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de análise da heterogeneidade do concreto a partir de modelos computacionais desenvolvidos com o método de Galerkin livre de elementos. Esse método se caracteriza pela discretização de um domínio de interesse por um conjunto de partículas sem que exista explicitamente uma malha de elementos no sentido convencional. O objetivo é a previsão das propriedades mecânicas macroscópicas do material resultante a partir das fases individuais e do arranjo geométrico. O concreto foi admitido, na escala mesoscópica, como um composto formado por inclusões (agregado graúdo) imersas em uma matriz (argamassa). Para a simulação foi desenvolvida uma formulação multiregiões onde se admitiu que cada agregado e a argamassa são domínios distintos interligados nas suas interfaces. Para isto foram utilizadas técnicas de subdivisões do domínio (elemento representativo) ao ponto que os seus comportamentos mecânicos não foram comprometidos. Para simular o processo das perdas de rigidez com a formação da fissuração no concreto foi admitido o efeito da mecânica do dano contínuo através do modelo de Mazars. Para as análises foram desenvolvidos modelos computacionais bidimensionais e tridimensionais da heterogeneidade do concreto. A geometria dos agregados foi aproximada por circunferências e elipses no caso 2D e por esferas e elipsoides no caso 3D. Como conclusão a metodologia de multiregiões com o método de Galerkin livre de elementos foi satisfatória e os modelos apresentaram caminhos preferenciais de ruptura adequados durante a evolução da danificação. / This thesis presents a methodology for analyzing the heterogeneity of concrete from computational models developed with the element free Galerkin method. This method is characterized by discretization of a domain of interest by a set of particles with no explicit mesh in the conventional sense. The goal is to predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of the material resulting from the individual phases and the geometric arrangement. The concrete was assumed, in the mesoscopic scale, as a compound formed by inclusions (coarse aggregate) embedded in a matrix (mortar). For the simulation, a formulation was developed where multi regions were admitted, assuming that each aggregate and mortar are distinct domains connected by their interfaces. For this we used techniques of subdivisions of the domain (representative elements) to the point that their mechanical behaviors were not compromised. To simulate the process of loss of stiffness with the formation of cracks in the concrete, continuum damage mechanics was admitted through Mazars model. For the analysis, two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer models of the heterogeneity of the concrete were developed. The shape of the aggregates was approximated by circles and ellipses in the two-dimensional case, and by spheres and ellipsoids for the 3D problems. In conclusion the multi region methodology with the element free Galerkin methods was satisfactory and the models presented suitable preferred paths for the rupture during the evolution of damage.

Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de análise da heterogeneidade do concreto a partir de modelos computacionais desenvolvidos com o método de Galerkin livre de elementos. Esse método se caracteriza pela discretização de um domínio de interesse por um conjunto de partículas sem que exista explicitamente uma malha de elementos no sentido convencional. O objetivo é a previsão das propriedades mecânicas macroscópicas do material resultante a partir das fases individuais e do arranjo geométrico. O concreto foi admitido, na escala mesoscópica, como um composto formado por inclusões (agregado graúdo) imersas em uma matriz (argamassa). Para a simulação foi desenvolvida uma formulação multiregiões onde se admitiu que cada agregado e a argamassa são domínios distintos interligados nas suas interfaces. Para isto foram utilizadas técnicas de subdivisões do domínio (elemento representativo) ao ponto que os seus comportamentos mecânicos não foram comprometidos. Para simular o processo das perdas de rigidez com a formação da fissuração no concreto foi admitido o efeito da mecânica do dano contínuo através do modelo de Mazars. Para as análises foram desenvolvidos modelos computacionais bidimensionais e tridimensionais da heterogeneidade do concreto. A geometria dos agregados foi aproximada por circunferências e elipses no caso 2D e por esferas e elipsoides no caso 3D. Como conclusão a metodologia de multiregiões com o método de Galerkin livre de elementos foi satisfatória e os modelos apresentaram caminhos preferenciais de ruptura adequados durante a evolução da danificação. / This thesis presents a methodology for analyzing the heterogeneity of concrete from computational models developed with the element free Galerkin method. This method is characterized by discretization of a domain of interest by a set of particles with no explicit mesh in the conventional sense. The goal is to predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of the material resulting from the individual phases and the geometric arrangement. The concrete was assumed, in the mesoscopic scale, as a compound formed by inclusions (coarse aggregate) embedded in a matrix (mortar). For the simulation, a formulation was developed where multi regions were admitted, assuming that each aggregate and mortar are distinct domains connected by their interfaces. For this we used techniques of subdivisions of the domain (representative elements) to the point that their mechanical behaviors were not compromised. To simulate the process of loss of stiffness with the formation of cracks in the concrete, continuum damage mechanics was admitted through Mazars model. For the analysis, two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer models of the heterogeneity of the concrete were developed. The shape of the aggregates was approximated by circles and ellipses in the two-dimensional case, and by spheres and ellipsoids for the 3D problems. In conclusion the multi region methodology with the element free Galerkin methods was satisfactory and the models presented suitable preferred paths for the rupture during the evolution of damage.

Les projets d'Ingénierie Structurale doivent s’adapter aux critères de performance, de sécurité, de fonctionnalité, de durabilité et autres, établis dans la phase d’avant-projet. Traditionnellement, les projets utilisent des informations de nature déterministe comme les dimensions, les propriétés des matériaux et les charges externes. Toutefois, la modélisation des systèmes structuraux complexes implique le traitement des différents types et niveaux d'incertitudes. Dans ce sens, la prévision du comportement doit être préférablement faite en termes de probabilités puisque l'estimation de la probabilité de succès d'un certain critère est une nécessité primaire dans l’Ingénierie Structurale. Ainsi, la fiabilité est la probabilité rapportée à la parfaite opération d'un système structural donné durant un certain temps en des conditions normales d'opération pour trouver le meilleur compromis entre coût et sécurité pour l’élaboration des projets. Visant à pallier les désavantagés des méthodes traditionnelles FORM et SORM (First and Second Order Reliability Method), cette thèse propose une méthode d’analyse de fiabilité basée sur des techniques d’optimisation heuristiques (HBRM, Heuristic-based Reliability Method). Les méthodes heuristiques d’optimisation utilisées par cette méthode sont : Algorithmes Génétiques (Genetic Algorithms), Optimisation par Essaims Particulaires (Particle Swarm Optimisation) et Optimisation par Colonie de Fourmis (Ant Colony Optimization). La méthode HBRM ne requiert aucune estimation initiale de la solution et opère selon le principe de la recherche multi-directionnelle, sans besoin de calculer les dérivées partielles de la fonction d’état limite par rapport aux variables aléatoires. L’évaluation des fonctions d’état limite est réalisée en utilisant modèles analytiques, semi analytiques et numériques. Dans ce but, la mise en oeuvre de la méthode de Ritz (via MATLAB®), la méthode des éléments finis (via MATLAB® et ANSYS®) et la méthode sans maillage de Galerkin (Element-free Galerkin sous MATLAB®) a été nécessaire. La combinaison d’analyse de fiabilité, des méthodes d’optimisation et méthodes de modélisation, ci-dessus mentionnées, configure la méthodologie de conception fiabiliste proposée dans ce mémoire. L’utilisation de différentes méthodes de modélisation et d’optimisation a eu pour objectif de mettre en évidence leurs avantages et désavantages pour des applications spécifiques, ainsi pour démontrer l’applicabilité et la robustesse de la méthodologie de conception fiabiliste en utilisant ces techniques numériques. Ce qui a été possible grâce aux bons résultats trouvés dans la plupart des applications. Dans ce sens, des applications uni, bi et tridimensionnelles en statique, stabilité et dynamique des structures explorent l’évaluation explicite et implicite des fonctions d’état limite de plusieurs variables aléatoires. Procédures de validation déterministe et analyses stochastiques, et la méthode de perturbation de Muscolino, donnent les bases de l’analyse de fiabilité des applications en problèmes d’interaction fluide-structure bi et tridimensionnelles. La méthodologie est particulièrement appliquée à une structure industrielle. Résultats de applications uni et bidimensionnelles aux matériaux composites stratifiés, modélisés par la méthode EFG sont comparés avec les obtenus par éléments finis. A la fin de la thèse, une extension de la méthodologie à l’optimisation fiabiliste est proposée à travers la méthode des facteurs optimaux de sûreté. Pour cela, sont présentes des applications pour la minimisation du poids, en exigent un indice de fiabilité cible, aux systèmes modélisés par la méthode de EF et par la méthode EFG. / Structural Engineering designs must be adapted to satisfy performance criteria such as safety, functionality, durability and so on, generally established in pre-design phase. Traditionally, engineering designs use deterministic information about dimensions, material properties and external loads. However, the structural behaviour of the complex models needs to take into account different kinds and levels of uncertainties. In this sense, this analysis has to be made preferably in terms of probabilities since the estimate the probability of failure is crucial in Structural Engineering. Hence, reliability is the probability related to the perfect operation of a structural system throughout its functional lifetime; considering normal operation conditions. A major interest of reliability analysis is to find the best compromise between cost and safety. Aiming to eliminate main difficulties of traditional reliability methods such as First and Second Order Reliability Method (FORM and SORM, respectively) this work proposes the so-called Heuristic-based Reliability Method (HBRM). The heuristic optimization techniques used in this method are: Genetic Algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization and Ant Colony Optimization. The HBRM does not require initial guess of design solution because it’s based on multidirectional research. Moreover, HBRM doesn’t need to compute the partial derivatives of the limit state function with respect to the random variables. The evaluation of these functions is carried out using analytical, semi analytical and numerical models. To this purpose were carried out the following approaches: Ritz method (using MATLAB®), finite element method (through MATLAB® and ANSYS®) and Element-free Galerkin method (via MATLAB®). The combination of these reliability analyses, optimization procedures and modelling methods configures the design based reliability methodology proposed in this work. The previously cited numerical tools were used to evaluate its advantages and disadvantages for specific applications and to demonstrate the applicability and robustness of this alternative approach. Good agreement was observed between the results of bi and three-dimensional applications in statics, stability and dynamics. These numerical examples explore explicit and implicit multi limit state functions for several random variables. Deterministic validation and stochastic analyses lied to Muscolino perturbation method give the bases for reliability analysis in 2-D and 3-D fluidstructure interaction problems. This methodology is applied to an industrial structure lied to a modal synthesis. The results of laminated composite plates modelled by the EFG method are compared with their counterparts obtained by finite elements. Finally, an extension in reliability based design optimization is proposed using the optimal safety factors method. Therefore, numerical applications that perform weight minimization while taking into account a target reliability index using mesh-based and meshless models are proposed. / Os projectos de Engenharia Estrutural devem se adaptar a critérios de desempenho, segurança, funcionalidade, durabilidade e outros, estabelecidos na fase de anteprojeto. Tradicionalmente, os projectos utilizam informações de natureza deterministica nas dimensões, propriedades dos materiais e carregamentos externos. No entanto, a modelagem de sistemas complexos implica o tratamento de diferentes tipos e níveis de incertezas. Neste sentido, a previsão do comportamento deve preferivelmente ser realizada em termos de probabilidades dado que a estimativa da probabilidade de sucesso de um critério é uma necessidade primária na Engenharia Estrutural. Assim, a confiabilidade é a probabilidade relacionada à perfeita operação de um sistema estrutural durante um determinado tempo em condições normais de operação. O principal objetivo desta análise é encontrar o melhor compromisso entre custo e segurança. Visando a paliar as principais desvantagens dos métodos tradicionais FORM e SORM (First and Second Order Reliability Method), esta tese propõe um método de análise de confiabilidade baseado em técnicas de optimização heurísticas denominado HBRM (Heuristic-based Reliability Method). Os métodos heurísticos de otimização utilizados por este método são: Algoritmos Genéticos (Genetic Algorithms), Optimização por Bandos Particulares (Particle Swarm Optimisation) e Optimização por Colónia de Formigas (Ant Colony Optimization). O método HBRM não requer de uma estimativa inicial da solução e opera de acordo com o princípio de busca multidirecional, sem efetuar o cálculo de derivadas parciais da função de estado limite em relação às variáveis aleatórias. A avaliação das funções de estado limite é realizada utilizando modelos analíticos, semi analíticos e numéricos. Com este fim, a implementação do método de Ritz (via MATLAB®), o método dos elementos terminados (via MATLAB® e ANSYS®) e o método sem malha de Galerkin (Element-free Galerkin via MATLAB®) foi necessária. A combinação da análise de confiabilidade, os métodos de optimização e métodos de modelagem, acima mencionados, configura a metodologia de projeto proposta nesta tese. A utilização de diferentes métodos de modelagem e de otimização teve por objetivo destacar as suas vantagens e desvantagens em aplicações específicas, assim como demonstrar a aplicabilidade e a robustez da metodologia de análise de confiabilidade utilizando estas técnicas numéricas. Isto foi possível graças aos bons resultados encontrados na maior parte das aplicações. As aplicações foram uni, bi e tridimensionais em estática, estabilidade e dinâmica de estruturas, as quais exploram a avaliação explícita e implícita de funções de estado limite de várias variáveis aleatórias. Procedimentos de validação déterministica e de análises estocásticas, aplicando o método de perturbação de Muscolino, fornecem as bases da análise de confiabilidade nas aplicações de problemas de iteração fluído-estrutura bi e tridimensionais. A metodologia é testada com uma estrutura industrial. Resultados de aplicações bidimensionais em estratificados compostos, modelados pelo método EFG são comparados com os obtidos por elementos finitos. No fim da tese, uma extensão da metodologia à optimização baseada em confiabilidade é proposta aplicando o método dos factores óptimos de segurança. Finalmente são apresentadas as aplicações para a minimização do peso em sistemas modelados pelo método de EF e o método EFG que exigem um índice de confiabilidade alvo.

This thesis makes two noteworthy contributions in the are of mesh-free methods: a Pseudo-Divergence-Free (PDF) Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method which alleviates the volumetric locking and a Stabilized Updated Lagrangian formulation which allows to solve fast-transient dynamic problems involving large distortions. The thesis is organized in the following way. First of all, this thesis dedicates one chapter to the state of the art of mesh-free methods. The main reason is because there are many mesh-free methods that can be found in the literature which can be based on different ideas and with different properties. There is a real need of classifying, ordering and comparing these methods: in fact, the same or almost the same method can be found with different names in the literature. Secondly, a novel improved formulation of the (EFG) method is proposed in order to alleviate volumetric locking. It is based on a pseudo-divergence-free interpolation. Using the concept of diffuse derivatives an a convergence theorem of these derivatives to the ones of the exact solution, the new approximation proposed is obtained imposing a zero diffuse divergence. In this way is guaranteed that the method verifies asymptotically the incompressibility condition and in addition the imposition can be done a priori. This means that the main difference between standard EFG and the improved method is how is chosen the interpolation basis. Modal analysis and numerical results for two classical benchmark tests in solids corroborate that, as expected, diffuse derivatives converge to the derivatives of the exact solution when the discretization is refined (for a fixed dilation parameter) and, of course, that diffuse divergence converges to the exact divergence with the expected theoretical rate. For standard EFG the typical convergence rate is degrade as the incompressible limit is approached but with the improved method good results are obtained even for a nearly incompressible case and a moderately fine discretization. The improved method has also been used to solve the Stokes equations. In this case the LBB condition is not explicitly satisfied because the pseudo-divergence-free approximation is employed. Reasonable results are obtained in spite of the equal order interpolation for velocity and pressure. Finally, several techniques have been developed in the past to solve the well known tensile instability in the SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) mesh-free method. It has been proved that a Lagrangian formulation removes completely the instability (but zero energy modes exist). In fact, Lagrangian SPH works even better than the Finite Element Method in problems involving distortions. Nevertheless, in problems with very large distortions a Lagrangian formulation will need of frequent updates of the reference configuration. When such updates are incorporated then zero energy modes are more likely to be activated. When few updates are carried out the error is small but when updates are performed frequently the solution is completely spoilt because of the zero energy modes. In this thesis an updated Lagrangian formulation is developed. It allows to carry out updates of the reference configuration without suffering the appearance of spurious modes. To update the Lagrangian formulation an incremental approach is used: an intermediate configuration will be the new reference configuration for the next time steps. It has been observed that this updated formulation suffers from similar numerical fracture to the Eulerian case. A modal analysis has proven that there exist zero energy modes. In the paper the updated Lagrangian method is exposed in detail, a stability analysis is performed and finally a stabilization technique is incorporated to preclude spurious modes.

Apesar de serem intensamente estudados em muitos países que caminham na vanguarda do conhecimento, os métodos sem malha ainda são pouco explorados pelas universidades brasileiras. De modo a gerar uma maior difusão ou, para a maioria, fazer sua introdução, esta dissertação objetiva efetuar o entendimento dos métodos sem malha baseando-se em aplicações atinentes à mecânica dos sólidos. Para tanto, são apresentados os conceitos primários dos métodos sem malha e o seu desenvolvimento histórico desde sua origem no método smooth particle hydrodynamic até o método da partição da unidade, sua forma mais abrangente. Dentro deste contexto, foi investigada detalhadamente a forma mais tradicional dos métodos sem malha: o método de Galerkin sem elementos, e também um método diferenciado: o método de interpolação de ponto. Assim, por meio de aplicações em análises de barras e chapas em estado plano de tensão, são apresentadas as características, virtudes e deficiências desses métodos em comparação aos métodos tradicionais, como o método dos elementos finitos. É realizado ainda um estudo em uma importante área de aplicação dos métodos sem malha, a mecânica da fratura, buscando compreender como é efetuada a representação computacional da trinca, com especialidade, por meio dos critérios de visibilidade e de difração. Utilizando-se esses critérios e os conceitos da mecânica da fratura, é calculado o fator de intensidade de tensão através do conceito da integral J. / Meshless are certainly very researched in many countries that are in state of art of scientific knowledge. However these methods are still unknown by many brazilian universities. To create more diffusion or, for many people, to introduce them, this work tries to understand the meshless based on solid mechanic applications. So basic concepts of meshless and its historic development are introduced since its origin, with smooth particle hydrodynamic until partition of unity, its more general form. In this context, most traditional form of meshless was investigated deeply: element free Galerkin method and also another different method: point interpolation method. This way characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, comparing to finite elements methods, are introduced by applications in analyses in bars and plates in state of plane stress. This work still researched an important area of meshless application, fracture mechanical, to understand how a crack is computationally represented, particularly, with visibility and diffraction criterions. By these criterions and using fracture mechanical concepts, stress intensity factor is calculated by J-integral concept.

Apesar de serem intensamente estudados em muitos países que caminham na vanguarda do conhecimento, os métodos sem malha ainda são pouco explorados pelas universidades brasileiras. De modo a gerar uma maior difusão ou, para a maioria, fazer sua introdução, esta dissertação objetiva efetuar o entendimento dos métodos sem malha baseando-se em aplicações atinentes à mecânica dos sólidos. Para tanto, são apresentados os conceitos primários dos métodos sem malha e o seu desenvolvimento histórico desde sua origem no método smooth particle hydrodynamic até o método da partição da unidade, sua forma mais abrangente. Dentro deste contexto, foi investigada detalhadamente a forma mais tradicional dos métodos sem malha: o método de Galerkin sem elementos, e também um método diferenciado: o método de interpolação de ponto. Assim, por meio de aplicações em análises de barras e chapas em estado plano de tensão, são apresentadas as características, virtudes e deficiências desses métodos em comparação aos métodos tradicionais, como o método dos elementos finitos. É realizado ainda um estudo em uma importante área de aplicação dos métodos sem malha, a mecânica da fratura, buscando compreender como é efetuada a representação computacional da trinca, com especialidade, por meio dos critérios de visibilidade e de difração. Utilizando-se esses critérios e os conceitos da mecânica da fratura, é calculado o fator de intensidade de tensão através do conceito da integral J. / Meshless are certainly very researched in many countries that are in state of art of scientific knowledge. However these methods are still unknown by many brazilian universities. To create more diffusion or, for many people, to introduce them, this work tries to understand the meshless based on solid mechanic applications. So basic concepts of meshless and its historic development are introduced since its origin, with smooth particle hydrodynamic until partition of unity, its more general form. In this context, most traditional form of meshless was investigated deeply: element free Galerkin method and also another different method: point interpolation method. This way characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, comparing to finite elements methods, are introduced by applications in analyses in bars and plates in state of plane stress. This work still researched an important area of meshless application, fracture mechanical, to understand how a crack is computationally represented, particularly, with visibility and diffraction criterions. By these criterions and using fracture mechanical concepts, stress intensity factor is calculated by J-integral concept.