Timaeus 69a6-92c9 is a causal theory of the nature of man. Demigods, created heavenly bodies, take over soul and four elements, structured by a divine, good craftsman, who uses mathematical processes on things of two unlike origins. Imitating their creator, the demigods build man and leave him to run his life. What each individual man ‘takes over’ varies as does his individual and society’s handling of it, resulting in human lives ranging from the god-like to the murkiest low-life. This, through cycles of reincarnation, diversifies fauna bringing life, and extending the influence of reason into every elemental region; in a word it brings the heavens down to earth. Presented as anatomy, physiology, nosology and care of man, this is ancient Greek medical theory in the widest sense, including the use of hypothesis and claims about the soul. It mentions but stops short of addressing social and political levels. As cosmogony it is concerned with a micro-cosmos, but as cosmology with the running of this micro-cosmos within the macro-cosmos and as a part serving its overall being and purpose, as an organ serves and is served by the whole body of which it is an inner part. As a medical theory it brims with debated issues. Has Plato successfully answered the objections against using hypotheses, raised in On Ancient Medicine (Ch. III)? Is Aristotle’s objection to the theory of breathing a challenge to Plato’s analogy of macro- and micro cosmology? Why did Plato, unlike Galen later, chose to include soul in medicine, and to emphasise the elements, rather than the humours? Does movement as a cause of change and the different kinds of movements available for man’s self-care (Ch. V), mirror the intellectual and motivational division of human soul? Is the shaking receptacle a paradigm for vital human self-reflection? Chapter I discusses how introductions to English translations of the Timaeus reflect the old debate on keeping either to the heavens or to earth, to theology or to physics. Chapter II contains an introductory discussion on the Timaeus as a whole, with emphasis on its structure. In chapters III on anatomy, IV on physiology and in V on diseases and care of man, I focus on the structure of the causal account with regard to man as a mixed being. Using other texts purely for contrast and comparison I keep, to the extent possible, to the Timaeus, and mostly to 68e1-92c9. I argue that the transition between demiurgic and lesser gods’ causation at the junction of our main text and the previous lines, later carries over from the demigods to man’s self-care, individually and collectively, and that it mirrors the division of labour between Timaeus, Critias and Hermocrates, as natural philosophers, whereas Socrates, the fourth participant is a philosopher of a different kind along the line of division drawn at 29b. This thesis offers an outline of an argument for re-evaluating the Timaeus on the nature of man, particularly with regard to its formal logical side and its relation to rational persuasion.

Das Thema der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Theorie und Terminologie der Mischung nach Galen. Im ersten Teil, der sich aus den ersten zwei Hauptkapiteln zusammensetzt, werden die historischen und theoretischen Quellen für Galens Modell zur Mischung der Primärelemente (das Warme, das Kalte, das Trockene und das Feuchte) und sein System der neun Mischungen (acht schlechte Mischungen und eine gute Mischung, in der keine Qualität überwiegt). Im ersten Hauptkapitel illustriere ich im Gegensatz zu den bisherigen konträren wissenschaftlichen Meinungen, dass Galens Modell zur Mischung der Primärelemente eine klare innere Logik aufweist und von der peripatetischen Naturphilosophie des 2. Jahrhunderts unserer Zeitrechnung beeinflusst wird. Dabei entbehrt es keinesfalls des „archaischen“ hippokratischen Ansatzes. Im zweiten Hauptkapitel der Dissertation analysiere ich die historischen und theoretischen Quellen von Galens Theorie der neun Mischungen. Genauer gesagt zeige ich in diesem Kapitel auf, dass Galens Theorie im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Gelehrtenmeinungen nicht vollständig von dem System der neun Mischungen abhängt, das die Pneumatiker entwickelt haben. In der Tat beruht Galens Modell auf einer anderen – peripatetischen – Elementartheorie. Im Gegensatz zur pneumatischen Medizin ist dieses Modell der neun Mischungen in seinem allgemeinen Weltbild fest verankert. Im zweiten Teil dieser Dissertation, der dem dritten Hauptkapitel entspricht, setze ich mich mit Galens Terminologie der Mischung und genauer gesagt mit seiner Verwendung der Begriffe krasis und mixis auseinander. Im Gegensatz zu vorherigen wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten, die besagen, dass der Unterschied von den Bestandteilen abhänge (krasis wäre eine Mischung von Qualitäten, während mixis eine Mischung von Substanzen wäre), zeige ich, dass der Unterschied zwischen krasis und mixis in der Phase des Prozesses und in dem Grad der Wiedererkennbarkeit der Bestandteile liegt. / The present dissertation aimed at studying the theory and the terminology of mixture in Galen. The first part, which is composed of the first two main chapters, intended to examine the historical and theoretical sources of Galen’s model of mixture of primary elements (the hot, the cold, the dry and the wet) and of its system of nine mixtures (eight bad mixtures and one good mixture, where no quality predominates). In the first main chapter, I illustrated that, differently from the conflicting views expressed so far by the previous scholarship, Galen’s model of mixture of primary elements shows a clear internal logic and comes under the sway of the Peripatetic natural philosophy of the 2nd century CE, while in no way renouncing, on the other hand, the “archaic” Hippocratic background. In the second main chapter of the dissertation I analysed the historical and theoretical sources of Galen’s scheme of nine mixtures. More precisely, in this chapter we pointed out that, differently from what has been said by previous scholarship, although the Pneumatists developed a system of nine mixtures, Galen’s is not entirely dependent on it insofar as Galen’s relies on a different – Peripatetic – elemental theory and, differently from Pneumatic medicine, this scheme of nine mixtures is embedded in Galen’s general world view. In the second part of the thesis, which corresponds to the third main chapter, I have dealt with Galen’s terminology of mixture and, more precisely, with his usage of the terms krasis and mixis. Differently from the previous scholarship according to which the difference would depend on the constituents (krasis would be a mixture of qualities whereas mixis a mixture of substances), I have showed that the difference between krasis and mixis lies in the stage of the process and in the degree of recognisability of the constituents.

本研究藉由測量制約場地偏好行為及制約活動量兩種制約反應，透過制約期及後測期對藥物配對刺激之操弄，探討制約刺激與酬賞性藥物配對之歷程及其相關之神經機制。本文所使用的為低劑量(1.5 mg/kg)之安非他命，採腹腔注射方式給藥。實驗一探討後測日呈現不同的藥物配對刺激組合對兩種制約反應之影響效果，實驗結果發現受試只對與藥物配對過的兩個以上元素刺激同時出現才能引發受試表現制約場地偏好，且受試對複合刺激的活動量皆顯著高於對單一元素刺激的活動量。實驗二在制約期分別將視覺刺激與觸覺刺激與藥物配對，後測期於藥物配對箱單獨呈現視覺刺激或兩者所組成的複合刺激，測量受試兩種制約反應。實驗結果發現視覺刺激與複合刺激皆能引發制約場地偏好，受試對複合刺激的活動量亦高於對視覺刺激的活動量。實驗三則是於制約前分別破壞受試之杏仁核、背側海馬或腹側海馬，並進行實驗二之制約實驗程序。結果發現破壞杏仁核顯著的減抑單一元素刺激所引發之制約場地偏好，但不影響複合刺激引發之制約場地偏好。破壞背側海馬及腹側海馬減抑複合刺激引發之制約場地偏好。但在制約活動量表現方面，這三個腦組織均未獲得較一致性的結果。總而言之，本研究得到制約刺激之連結強度確實可以透過制約場地偏好及制約活動量反映出差異，且結果支持Rescorla-Wagner元素理論對制約刺激與非制約刺激配對歷程之假設。由破壞杏仁核及海馬對受試表現制約場地偏好造成不等程度之影響，可見杏仁核與海馬所參與以藥物配對的制約之行為功能不同。 關鍵字：心理藥物學，安非他命，制約場地偏好，制約活動，元素理論，整體理論，大白鼠 / By measuring of conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned locomotion, the present study manipulated various patterns of environment by composing three different contextual stimuli in the test chamber during different stages of conditioning to investigate behavioral processing and neural mechanisms underlying the association of conditioned stimulus and psychoactive drug. A relatively low dose of amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) administered via intraperitoneal route was conducted as drug treatment throughout the study. In Experiment 1, the effects of CPP and conditioned locomotion were evaluated as different patterns of contextual stimuli composed in the test chamber presented during post-conditioning stage. The results showed CPP was significantly induced in the environment with context stimuli composed by at least two elements. And, the magnitude of conditioned locomotion induced by compound stimulus was higher than that induced by a single elemental stimulus. In Experiment 2, the effects of CPP and conditioned locomotion induced by a two-element compound stimulus were evaluated in the subjects received the drug pairing with both of each element stimulus in separate during the conditioning stage. The CPP was reliable induced by that compound stimulus. Although such CPP effect could also induced by an elemental stimulus specifically regarding to visual modality, it was not true for the other elemental stimulus manipulated on tactual modality. In Experiment 3, behavioral effects tested on the procedures of Experiment 2 were re-evaluated in the subjects received neurotoxic lesions in the amygdala, the dorsal hippocampus, or the ventral hippocampus before conditioning. While amygdaloid lesion significantly attenuated the CPP induced by elemental stimulus, such lesion did not inhibit the CPP induced by the compound stimulus. Lesions on those two hippocampal subareas disrupted the formation of CPP induced by compound stimulus. Regarding the conditioned locomotion, in contrast to what found on CPP, lesion treatment did not produce reliable effect induced by compound stimulus or elemental stimulus. In conclusion, the present findings on two conditioned responses measured support the assumption of Rescorla-Wagner Model on elemental theory. The lesion data indicate that amygdala and hippocampus are differentially involved in conditioned responses induced by psychoactive drug. Key words: psychopharmacology, amphetamine, conditioned place preference, conditioned locomotion, elemental theory, configural theory, rat.