Prior research has indicated that family experiences, including parental divorce, interparental conflict, and the parent-child relationship, play an important role in adult childrens romantic relationships (e.g., Wallerstein & Lewis, 1998; Mahl, 2001; Harvey & Fine, 2004). Research on how these variables may work in combination and on how these family experiences affect romantic relationships during the developmental period of emerging adulthood is lacking. The current study investigated the impact that family divorce has on features of emerging adults romantic relationships. It also examined whether these relationships are mediated by parent-child relationship, are moderated by interparental conflict, and vary with gender and age at the time of divorce.<p>A total of 310 students between the ages of 18-25 from University of Saskatchewan participated in this study. Contrary to the hypothesis, the findings showed that in their romantic relationships emerging adults from divorced families, compared to emerging adults from intact families, had a higher degree of three romantic features: care, commitment, and maintenance. Partly in line with the hypothesis, only retrospective interparental conflict moderated the link between family structure and romantic conflict. Finally, differences, regardless of family structure, were found between males and females, where females indicated having higher levels of intimacy and males indicated having higher levels of coercion in their romantic relationships. Possible explanations for the findings and implications for future research are discussed.

Title:  Brand Brazil – A study on brand equity in an emerging market  Authors:  Anders Andersson &amp; Jonathan Karlsson  Subject:  Bachelor thesis in marketing, 15 credits  Keywords:  Brand equity, Emerging markets, Brand awareness, Brand associations, Perceived quality, Brand loyalty  Purpose:  The purpose of this thesis is to gain deeper understanding of how a company operating on an emerging market can work with brand equity, and what benefits it provides to the brand owner.  Theoretical framework:  The chapter begins with a description of brand equity to be further decomposed to its four dimensions; brand awareness, brand associations, perceived quality, brand loyalty  Methodology:  A qualitative research method with a deductive approach is conducted, where interviews with Brand/Marketing coordinators for the Brazilian subsidiaries of Volkswagen, Toyota and General Motors, are performed.  Empirical framework:  The chapter presents performed interviews that are supposed to describe our case studies’ work and benefits from brand equity.  Conclusion:  This study shows that companies operating on an emerging market are working actively with brand equity, often in accordance with theory. The companies also experience positive effects from increased brand equity. / Titel:  Brand Brazil – En studie om brand equity på en emerging market  Författare:  Anders Andersson &amp; Jonathan Karlsson  Ämne:  Kandidatuppsats i marknadsföring, 15 hp  Nyckelord:  Brand equity, Emerging markets, Märkeskännedom, Märkesassociationer, Upplevd kvalitet, Märkeslojalitet  Syfte:  Syftet med uppsatsen är att få ökad förståelse för hur företag verksamma på en emerging market kan arbeta med brand equity, samt vilken nytta det ger varumärkesinnehavaren.  Teoretisk referensram:  Kapitlet inleds med en beskrivning av brand equity för att sedan brytas ner i de fyra dimensionerna; märkeskännedom, märkesassociationer, upplevd kvalitet och märkeslojalitet.  Metod:  En kvalitativ studie med deduktiv ansats där Brand/Marketing coordinators för de brasilianska dotterbolagen till Volkswagen, Toyota och General Motors är intervjuade.  Empiri:  I empirikapitlet presenteras genomförda intervjuer vilka är tänkta att beskriva respektive fallföretags arbete och nytta av brand equity.  Slutsatser:  I denna undersökning framgår att företag verksamma på en emerging market arbetar aktivt med brand equity, ofta i enlighet med teori. Dessutom upplever företagen positiva effekter av ökad brand equity.

Abstract Title: Closing the gap between frugal and reverse innovation – Lessons learned from the case of the Tata Nano Authors: Martin Aschmoneit (martin.aschmoneit@gmail.com) Dijana Janevska (dijana.janevska@gmail.com) Supervisor: Malin Tillmar Date: May 27, 2013 Background: Emerging markets are growing and have become increasingly important for the global economy, while the growth of developed markets has slowed down. Emerging economies are the home of a new type of innovation that can help multinationals (both Western and local) to achieve further growth. Reverse innovation is a new approach that entails developing frugal products in emerging markets that are later introduced in advanced economies. Aim: To develop a framework of reverse innovation, and to use this framework to find critical issues necessary for the Tata Nano to enter developed economies. Hence, we develop our own definition and a model of reverse innovation that will be used in the analysis of the Nano, with a specific focus on: the search for reverse innovation features present in the case and the problems/obstacles in the reverse innovation process. Methodology: Qualitative approach using a single-case study based on predominantly secondary data. The case study of the Tata Nano was chosen due to its compatibility with our research aims. Completion and results: The case of the Tata Nano fulfills all but one of the requirements for a reverse innovation: the last step of the process or the transition of the innovation to a developed market. Several critical issues regarding the reversal process were identified and discussed. Keywords: reverse innovation, frugal innovation, emerging markets, multinational companies, Tata Nano.

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Many hedge funds are believed to yield considerable returns to investors; there is an assumption that suggests hedge funds seem uncorrelated with market fluctuations and have relatively low volatility. In recent years, emerging market hedge funds have experienced a higher capital inflow in periods when the diversification benefits of investing in emerging markets are higher. However, the strategy‟s share of the hedge fund industry‟s total capital flows has decreased significantly during the same periods: this might imply that investors have reallocated capital to other hedge fund strategies. This paper investigates whether emerging markets hedge funds have been as consistent in performance as the benchmark indices by presenting results of comparative analysis of two sample emerging markets hedge fund indices and two standard emerging markets benchmarks performance. The empirical study ranges from the period of January 2006 to December 2010.

This study aims to test the Uppsala Internationalisation model and one of its crucial elements, the concept of psychic distance. The evidence is drawn from a Chilean multinational Business to Business manufacturing company, AJ Ing which has gone international since 1997, 14 years after its inception. The Uppsala model and the concept of psychic distance are discussed and explored as well as other relevant literature. This is followed by a computation of psychic distance between Chile and some of the countries AJ Ing is established in, as well as Kenya where it seeks to establish itself soon. Interviews were then conducted with the Assistant Director of Operations at the company in order to give insight into the company's internationalisation process. The results show that the Uppsala model was followed to some extent. The internationalisation was done in incremental steps and after gaining knowledge and experience, but the notion of psychic distance played a minor direct role in the process.

The internationalization process of emerging market multinationals (EMNCs) has been the focus of study of several studies on the recent decades. Importance was given as well to differentiate the patters of those from the multinationals coming from developed countries (MNCs). This study investigates specificities in the path of a Brazilian steel industry, Gerdau, into foreign production in developed countries, Canada and United States. By pointing out the different theories, the case of Gerdau can be better understood not only as an internationalization process, but as well as a company that could reach opportunities in a sector going through a problematic period by acquiring regional players, instead of using exports to reach those markets. Some authors states managerial capabilities being understood as second most important competitive advantage of Brazilian firms, loosing only to differentiated access of natural resources. In this study, we go through the understanding of how this capabilities played important role in a company outside of the natural resources business, supporting Gerdau's successful path.

Prior research has indicated that family experiences, including parental divorce, interparental conflict, and the parent-child relationship, play an important role in adult childrens romantic relationships (e.g., Wallerstein & Lewis, 1998; Mahl, 2001; Harvey & Fine, 2004). Research on how these variables may work in combination and on how these family experiences affect romantic relationships during the developmental period of emerging adulthood is lacking. The current study investigated the impact that family divorce has on features of emerging adults romantic relationships. It also examined whether these relationships are mediated by parent-child relationship, are moderated by interparental conflict, and vary with gender and age at the time of divorce.<p>A total of 310 students between the ages of 18-25 from University of Saskatchewan participated in this study. Contrary to the hypothesis, the findings showed that in their romantic relationships emerging adults from divorced families, compared to emerging adults from intact families, had a higher degree of three romantic features: care, commitment, and maintenance. Partly in line with the hypothesis, only retrospective interparental conflict moderated the link between family structure and romantic conflict. Finally, differences, regardless of family structure, were found between males and females, where females indicated having higher levels of intimacy and males indicated having higher levels of coercion in their romantic relationships. Possible explanations for the findings and implications for future research are discussed.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the challenges faced by Pakistan Textiles industry as an emerging market from MNCs of Bangladesh, China and India and to find out the appropriate strategies which should adopted by the managers of this industry to counter these challenges. Method: In this research qualitative data is used that is gathered through unstructured interview and questioners have been used to have desirable results. Results &amp; Conclusion: It is reflected from results that internal problems of Pakistan textiles industry such as energy crisis, high input cost, political instability, low return on investment are the main problems of this industry. To counter these challenges, their strategic approach should be Collaboration in product development and strategic alliance with attacking firms. Suggestion for Future Research: This research is focused on the Problems and challenges faced by Pakistan Textiles Industry. For the future studies research could be done to find out the strategies for the firms from Pakistan Textiles industry to do the business in international market and how these companies can compete in International Market with presence of other MNCs of the world. Contribution of the Thesis: This study provides action plans for the managers of Pakistan textiles industry to design and implement the strategies that build core competencies such as high quality products for their firms. It can also be helpful for researchers and students those are interested to develop the strategies for the firms from emerging markets.

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