ABSTRACT This master thesis examined the impact of digitalization on the speed of internationalization and explores the various foreign market entry options for a company that would like to expand from a developed market to an emerging market as part of its internationalization.  The case study analyzed in this paper is Arctic Space Technologies, a unique satellite operator company offering an all-in-one solution for sustainable satellite data handling and processing. The firm’s founders have a niche market (satellite operators) and have established business in Sweden and would like to enter an emerging market (South Africa). The firm can be classified under the high-tech industry and the study obtained valuable information that could be useful to other similar firms. The nature of technology for adoption is easily transferable for such firms regardless of geographical location. Digitalization is instrumental in facilitating earlier and faster internationalization through digitalized knowledge, network creation and decision-making processes (Coviello et al., 2017). The digitalization of new foreign market development helps such firms to efficiently identify new market opportunities in global markets and with this approach, they save resources while developing the most attractive markets (Neubert, 2018a). Qualitative research was applied through a company case study, where primary interviews and a survey were used to collect data. A case study was employed to further understand and practically apply adaptations a firm can make to increase its chances of success in a foreign market environment. The researcher also obtained information from desktop and literature review. The study findings suggested that business networking, business models, culture and geographical distance, market size are key factors that influence the choice of foreign market entry mode for a high-tech firm internationalization process from a developed market to an emerging market. In addition, the main challenges faced by born-global firm in entering an emerging market includes, lack of financial resources, management transitions and lack of proper market information for the internationalization process. The firm may need to identify information related to the market size, competitors, financial costs and entry barriers of the emerging market.  The study insight was that despite the born global firms’ nature of technology enabling faster adoption in terms of digitalization being instrumental in facilitating their internationalization process through the digitalized knowledge, network creation and decision-making processes, they still face the challenges of entry into unfamiliar emerging markets. The researcher identified the institutional voids faced, liability of foreignness and noted that it would be crucial for the firm to conduct a proper environmental analysis. This may include political and legal forces, economic forces, social-cultural forces and technological forces.  Arctic Space Technologies may need to create relevant business networks and the study identified that the ideal foreign market entry mode would be Joint venture/Partnership.  Since the South African government is keen on foreign investors/entrepreneurs entering into their market through partnership with a local business entity. The firm could establish a good network with South African National Space Agency (SANSA) and other space firms in the country. SANSA is keen on fostering international partnerships to enable unlock opportunities for the national space sector.   Further studies could investigate the time frames for high-tech firms internationalization processes. Further research is needed to analyze connections between software firms’ business models and selected entry modes by using a quantitative research method. The study could also be extended to other emerging countries in Africa and new business opportunities in the global markets for high-tech firms especially with the changing dynamics of international business in the wake of the current pandemic.

This study explores how foreign owned service firms with headquarters in developed markets transfer their service culture into a country with an emerging market like Nigeria. This study is motivated by the need to understand this process considering the unique features of these markets, and the expansion into countries with emerging markets by service firms located in countries with developed markets to take advantage of both natural and human resources. The research uses case studies of two hotels from different firms, both in Abuja, Nigeria, to explore activities that enhance the transfer of service culture from the Headquarters of these hotels based in the USA. Both hotels were investigated through semi-structured interviews, based on elements of internal service quality from the service profit chain model, in addition to documents and observation notes. The finding reveals the process of transferring service culture is difficult and complex because of unique contextual challenges. Some of these challenges were shown to be country specific, while some may be unique to countries with emerging markets. The country specific challenges include; strong religious allegiance and cultural affinity, and unique societal factors. Other factors could apply to any country with an emerging market these include; corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of skilled labour. Similarly this study identified new elements that enabled both firms to address these challenges as well as enhance the transfer of focal areas in their signature service culture. Some of these elements have also been identified to be country specific i.e. inclusiveness and provision of social support, while the remaining three are emerging market specific i.e. transfer of knowledge and skills, accommodating corruption, and improvisation. These new elements also add to the existing five elements of internal service quality, which are employee selection, job description, reward and recognition, tools to serve customers, and workplace design. The study demonstrates the important role that intermediaries can play in achieving accommodations to achieve at least partial transfer of the parent service culture. Overall, the research contributes to management practice by highlighting areas to focus on when attempting to transfer service culture in similar circumstances. This thesis adds to the academic literature on the transfer of service culture from headquarters in a developed country to a unit in a country with an emerging market. It does this by extending concepts from the service profit chain to show how internal elements can enhance or block the transfer of service culture.

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This study investigates which mechanisms that needs to be improved in order to facilitate more early stage venture capital (VC) investments on emerging markets. For this purpose a qualitative case study of the VC scene in Nairobi, Kenya was performed. The study has a 'best-practice' viewpoint aiming to provide insights to venture capitalists on how to operate within the Kenyan startup scene. The empirical findings of the case study indicate that the region is still an untapped market for VC investments, partly as a result of an equity gap towards early stage startups. The success stories of mobile money transfer startup M-Pesa and information crowdsourcing startup Ushahidi ignited the Nairobi startup scene in 2008 and enabled the city to become the startup hub of East Africa. M-Pesa has not only demonstrated that it is possible to develop highly successful tech companies but also created a payment infrastructure that facilitates for future startups. In light of this, Kenya presents an interesting case study, as the market poses opportunities as well as challenges. Our result indicates that the present equity gap hampers early stage VC and is derived from a lack of experience and knowledge from investor’s and entrepreneurs. In conclusion, the entire "ecosystem" needs to be aligned in order to diminish the gap; VC’s must adopt a more hands on approach in their investment strategy, entrepreneurs need a global mindset, development financial institutions (DFIs) and private equity (PE) funds should act more catalytic in early stage rounds and governmental entities should focus on enhancing entrepreneurial education and the overall economic performance. These alignments will in the long run lead to a more effective startup and VC scene and should be applicable on similar markets. However, specific adjustments for the subject market should always be considered before implemented. / Denna studie undersöker vilka mekanismer som behöver förbättras på tillväxtmarknader i syfte att attrahera tidigt riskkapital. Arbetet har utförts genom en kvalitativ studie över riskkapitalscenen i Nairobi, Kenya. Studien syftar till att beskriva god praxis samt underlätta och vägleda riskkapitalister inom den Kenyanska startup-scenen. En litteraturstudie och granskning av den Kenyanska marknaden indikerar att det finns investeringsmöjligheter inom startup-scenen. Möjligheterna grundas i en bristande konkurrenssituation, där få aktörer erbjuder finansiering till startups i uppstartsfas. Startup-scenen i Kenya är förhållandevis ung men framgångarna för M-Pesa och Ushahidi har bidragit till ett ökat intresse för scenen i Kenya. M-Pesa bevisade inte bara att det går att starta högteknologiska startups i Kenya utan utvecklade även en infrastruktur för mobilbetalningar som i sin tur främjar företagande. Med hänsyn till detta utgör Kenya en intressant fallstudie, då marknaden är kantad av både möjligheter och utmaningar. Resultaten indikerar att bristen på kapital för startups härstammar från en brist av erfarenhet och kunskap från investerare och entreprenörer. Slutsatsen är att hela "ekosystemet" behöver förändras för att minska bristen på kapital; riskkapitalister bör understödja portföljbolag med handledning, lokala entreprenörer behöver tänka mer globalt, Development Finance Institutions (DFI) och Private Equity (PE) firmor bör agera mer katalytiskt och staten bör fokusera på att erbjuda och förbättra utbildning inom entreprenörskap. Dessa anpassningar kommer med tiden leda till en mer effektiv startup och riskkapitalscen. Lärdomar och slutsatser från studien bör med framgång kunna användas på andra tillväxtmarknader, men bör anpassas utefter dess lokala förutsättningar.

We are currently in the golden age of sustainable investing much thanks to the increasedimportance of companies acting responsibly and sustainably. ESG reporting practices aredrastically improving globally. However, emerging market equities remain remarkablyunderrepresented compared to developed market equities in institutional investors’sustainability portfolios. One of the most popular sustainable investing practices is ESG investing. Over the years, institutional investors have developed several ESG investingstrategies. A relatively new and upcoming strategy which is expected to growtremendously over the coming years is thematic ESG investing which differentiates itselfcompared to more traditional strategies. To the author’s knowledge, very few studies havebeen conducted comparing the performance of ESG investment strategies against eachother, especially comparing thematic ESG versus more traditional ESG investingstrategies in emerging markets. This study found that emerging market based thematic ESG portfolios built around thetheme of clean energy perform better financially compared to more traditional emergingmarket-based non-thematic ESG portfolios. Hence, answering our stated researchquestion “How do Clean Energy focused thematic ESG investment portfolios performcompared to non-thematic ESG portfolios in emerging markets?”. Thematic clean energyportfolios rebalanced annually and quarterly performed better in almost every aspect(return, risk and risk/return) compared to broader non-thematic ESG portfolios during ourselected 5-year period, indicating that thematic investing may be the better strategy toadopt if investing sustainably in emerging markets. This study also found evidenceindicating that emerging market-based thematic clean energy portfolios may performbetter than their developed market counterpart. These findings should persuade investorsto finally break the norm and allocate more capital towards emerging market equities,unlocking the potential for previously hidden diversification opportunities. By analyzingthe performance differences through the lens of existing financial theories, this studymanages to also break new ground within the field of sustainable investing literatureadding new valuable insights while also challenging already existing financial theoriessuch as the efficient market hypothesis. This is a quantitative comparative study utilizing a deductive approach, where the authorshave created and compared the performance of sustainable equity portfolios in emergingmarkets. The Carhart four-factor model was applied through OLS regression to explainthe excess returns of the portfolios, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to predictfuture movements of the portfolios while multiple performance metrics such as Sharpe,Sortino, and Treynor were calculated and compared.

Yes / This study seeks to investigate the effectiveness of Cloud Computing Utilization (CCU) in the mitigation of informational and marketing barriers for SMEs from the Emerging Market-Countries (EM-SMEs). A quantitative-research methodology was applied to collect data by using self-administered questionnaires from top managers of 227 SMEs based in Iran and Turkey. The study contributes theoretically to both small business and international business literature by developing a new classification of the internationalization barriers that EM-SMEs face, and proposing a series of cloud computing (CC) solutions for mitigating these barriers, resulting in the creation and testing of a new model. The empirical findings confirm that CCU can help EM-SMEs to mitigate a series of informational and marketing barriers. The key practical contributions of the study offer insights to both EM-SMEs and Cloud-Service-Providers (CSPs) on the extent to which CCU is effective in mitigating the internationalization barriers faced by EM-SMEs.

Yes / This study examines the effects of firm performance and corporate governance on chief executive officer (CEO) compensation in an emerging market, Pakistan. Using a more robust Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation approach for a sample of non-financial firms listed at Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) over the period 2005 to 2012, we find that both current and previous year accounting performance has positive influence on CEO compensation. However, stock market performance does not appear to have a positive impact on executive compensation. We further find that ownership concentration is positively related with CEO compensation, indicating some kind of collusion between management and largest shareholder to get personal benefits. Inconsistent with agency theory, CEO duality appears to have a negative influence, while board size and board independence have no convincing relationship with CEO compensation, indicating board ineffectiveness in reducing CEO entrenchment. The results of dynamic GMM model suggest that CEO pay is highly persistent and takes time to adjust to long-run equilibrium.

Yes / Little research has been done on female board representation in emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). Our paper considers the role of female board representation and its impact on open innovation (OI) in the unique context of emerging markets. We draw on upper echelons and institutional theories to understand how female board representation and cross-country institutional contexts influence coupled OI. Combining a 10-year (2009-2019) dataset with a rich in-depth content analysis of 183 (EMNEs) engaged in OI, our results reveal a significant positive association between female board representation and a firm’s commitment to coupled OI initiatives. We also find that country-level institutional factors affect and positively moderate the relationship between female board representation and coupled OI. In emerging market environments where managerial perception and cultural beliefs sometimes hinder the promotion of females into top positions, our work has implications for EMNEs regarding how they harness diversity. We contribute to the OI literature by showing that female board representation enhances corporate OI investment within EMNEs.

Yes / The linear economic business model was deemed unsustainable, necessitating the emergence of the circular economy (CE) business model. Due to resource scarcity, increasing population, and high food waste levels, the food sector has been facing significant sustainability challenges. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly those in the food sector, are making efforts to become more sustainable and to adopt new business models such as the CE, but adoption rates remain low. Industry 4.0 and its associated technological applications have the potential to enable CE implementation and boost business competitiveness. In the context of emerging economies facing significant resource scarcity constraints and limited technology availability, CE principles need to be adapted. CE could create a new job economy in emerging economies, bringing scale and a competitive advantage. This study explores the enablers of and barriers to Industry 4.0 adoption for CE implementation in fruit and vegetable SMEs in India from a resource-based perspective. The purpose is to develop an evidence-based framework to help inform theory and practice about CE implementation by SMEs in emerging economies. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in food SMEs. The interview transcripts were first subjected to thematic analysis. The analysis was then complemented with sentiment and emotion analyses. Subsequently, hierarchical cluster analysis, k-means analysis, and linear projection analysis were performed. Among others, the findings suggest that Industry 4.0 plays a key role in implementing CE in SMEs in emerging economies such as India. However, there are specific enablers and barriers that need to be considered by SMEs to develop the resources and capabilities needed for CE competitive advantage.

Background: Academic interest in emerging markets and their growth has been relevant due to their promised potential for foreign multinational companies. Internationalization is a fundamental differentiator for MNCs aiming to expand and grow in novel markets. The existing unequalness prevailing in emerging markets necessitates strategy adaptation to overcome the existing heterogeneity.  Research Problem: Despite the increasing relevance of emerging markets, research on both institutional environment and foreignness in structurally unequal markets is underdeveloped. Combining institutional theory with internationalization activities presented itself as a research area, with the focus on structurally unequal emerging markets being identified as a research gap. Research Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify the interconnectedness between institutions and foreignness under the theoretical lens of institutional theory. It aims to showcase the relevance of strategy adaptation and market awareness for continued success within the context of South Africa.   Research Question: How do internationalization activities affect the survival of foreign MNCs in structurally unequal emerging markets? Research Method:  The study follows qualitative, inductive research – based on a relativist ontology and social constructionist epistemology. Research is approached with an explorative multiple-case study, with data being purposefully collected through semi-structured interviews and company reports. Data was analyzed with the Gioia method. Conclusion: Our findings concentrate on the existence of institutional voids, with distance being an important factor. Foreignness is found to be an advantage for foreign MNCs, with isomorphic behavior to be absent. From this we abstract a framework which showcases the distance and foreignness under the driving factor of internationalization.