The benefits that altruistic behaviours, emotional intelligence (EQ) and intrinsic motivation have on organisations are increasingly becoming observable and enticing greater insights into these constructs, especially from the perspective of leaders. Moreover, the increase in the effectiveness of leaders across all of these constructs enables greater employee performance, from both the perspective of leaders and their followers, which results in increased organisational profitability. The primary objective of this research study was to investigate the relationship between the three constructs of altruistic behaviour, EQ and intrinsic motivation amongst leaders in South African organisations. This study also attempted to determine whether intrinsic motivation has a mediating effect on EQ and altruistic behaviours. Moreover, this study wishes to identify demographic differences in terms of the responses to the items related to each of the constructs. The questionnaires employed by this study was administered to leaders (n=136) who currently work in South Africa. Positive and statistically significant relationships were found amongst these constructs, implying that, an increase in one of these constructs will result in an increase in another. However, there was no sufficient evidence in support of mediating effect of intrinsic motivation on EQ and altruistic behaviours. The confirmatory factor analysis was able to validate all three measuring instruments used to assess the constructs from a South African perspective. The present study was unable to identify any demographic differences for the Adapted Self-Report Altruism Scale and Intrinsic Work Motivation Scale and was only able to identify demographic differences by the Schutte Self-report Emotional Intelligence Test as a whole and the perception of emotion scale. The study encountered some limitations. Firstly, the researcher encountered a difficulty in finding appropriate literature on the constructs. Secondly, the study obtained a small sample size (n=136). The reason for this is that the target sample chosen by the researcher, namely leaders in organisations, proved to be a challenging sample because many leaders were not able or willing to complete the questionnaire due to their heavy workload and strict deadlines. Thirdly, given that three measuring instruments were used to gain the data needed for this study, the total number of items came to 136. This could mean that the questionnaire may have been burdensome to complete and it would take approximately 15 minutes to complete. In addition, factors such as biased responses, as well as personal and environmental factors on the part of the respondents all posed limitations to this study in that it may have influenced the responses given by the sample. The results obtained by this study suggests that the higher the level of EQ of leaders, the higher the likelihood that they will be intrinsically motivated and exhibit altruistic behaviour. As explained by exchange theory, if one is conditioned to be “good”, the likelihood of partaking in altruistic behaviour is enhanced (Bar-Tal, 1986). If an organisation creates a culture of altruistically helping others in the workplace and the community, the possibility of creating a “habit” of exhibiting altruistic behaviour could result. The benefits of creating this altruistic culture could be far-reaching. The researcher encourages organisations to measure and identify the level of EQ of their leaders and provide development opportunities should this be lacking. This is because, as identified by Barbuto and Burbach (2006), in order for leaders to achieve support from their followers, it is crucial that they develop a high reliance on their empathy to identify with the feelings and emotions of their followers. It is important to note that the results of this study was analysed in June 2016 and is based only on 136 leaders across some industries of South Africa. It is suggested that the results of this study to be validated in the South African context by additional empirical research that tests the hypothesis identified in this study to ascertain whether the results of the current study can be replicated and applied broadly. It is advised that the study is tested over a longer period, in different industries and across various countries. This is so that increasing value can be added to this field of research.

The objective of this study was to investigate what the critical elements were for an employee performance appraisal system (EPA) to be effective and successful and whether the latter would enhance employee engagement. The study hypothesised that three elements, namely the level of trust in the appraiser, communication by the appraiser and the level of training of the appraiser would be critical to achieve an effective EPA. Effective performance appraisal is known to benefit organisations by helping them measure performance, motivate employees and most commonly help to make HR related administrative decisions, such as promotions and rewards. The study was conducted in a national public entity, which is constituted and mandated in terms of the PPEC Act, No 9 of 1983, to perform cold chain services and also under the APS Act, No.119 of 1990. The organisation studied also delivers inspection and food safety services for perishable products as mandated by the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. The research adopts a survey approach where self-administered questionnaires were used to gather data from the employees to measure their opinions of the measured elements of the employee performance appraisal (EPA). The surveys were issued to a total of 150 employees within the organisation and a total of 82 usable surveys were returned. The findings of the study revealed that the employees were generally satisfied with the level of competency, training of, and trust in, the appraiser, but there was still work to be done in improving the system and making it more successful and rewarding. Communication by the appraiser was found to be not significantly related to the effectiveness of the current performance appraisal system.

Thesis (MTech (Busines Administration))--Cape Technikon, 1999. / The purpose of this research is to answer the following fundamental question: "Is the performance bonus approach a viable alternative methodology for implementing a Performance Management and Development intervention in South African companies? " The intention is to use the performance bonus as an entry vehicle for the establishment of a fully functional performance management and development system. The introduction of a performance based bonus system is intended to instill the recognition of "the pay for performance" concept as opposed to one of entitlement. What is expected is that a culture of performance will develop encompassing standards of work performance, goal orientation and a level of individual responsibility for recognition and reward. Understanding and acceptance of the performance bonus will create a platform for the introduction of further levels of remuneration, being increases and finally basic salary becoming performance based. Furthermore, this will allow the development of the further necessary levels of a fully functional integrated performance management and development system. This would entail the inclusion of management levels within the system as well as operational levels (departments, divisions and regions) and finally the organisational level thereby linking all aspects of the system to overall strategy.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / When one refers to tertiary education in general or specific institutions, its academic functions and features are paramount. Often, there is little dialogue around those who constitute most of the workforce, the administrative staff, and more specifically, the frontline administrators. Given that frontline administrators are ‘customer-facing’ and that their behaviour could significantly influence perceptions of the organisation, these staff members are often portrayed as ones who do not have any authority at work but merely serve a support role. Ensuring that these staff members are ‘taken care of’ is an operational way of guaranteeing that the customers (staff and stakeholders) have a pleasant experience that could positively affect the bottom line. The working lives, feelings of efficiency, job satisfaction and overall empowerment of frontline administrative staff, especially in tertiary education, have not been well documented in scholarly literature. This research project attempts to identify areas where universities of technology could take cognisance of the power that frontline administrative staff hold and also to ascertain how to improve their overall work experience.

M.Comm. / Although "work" is one of the most familiar words in the vocabulary it can be used in many different ways. For the purpose of this dissertation the definition of "work" is taken from the Oxford dictionary as "action involving effort or exertion directed to a definite end; what a person does to earn a living" (Oxford, 1994: 926). Earning one's living does not necessarily mean working for money. Housewives receive no salary for the job they do. Housework does, however, fall within the definition, since it involves considerable effort directed towards family living and creating and maintaining a home. The most obvious feature of work is the vast range of activities by which people can earn their living. Equally vast are the personality and temperament differences between workers that determine their needs and expectations. This radically influences people's perceptions. To an intellectual, the task of working on a production line, the monotony, noise and other discomforts would be almost an unbearable penance. To the person doing the job it is a way of earning a living and it is acceptable as such. The person may not enjoy the task, but at least it is something that he/she knows they can do. When Adam had eaten from the forbidden tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden, the Lord said to him: Gen. 3:17-19 "...all the days of your life; ... by the sweat of your brow you will eat bread" (Bible, 1998: 4). Work is a life sentence; it absorbs the major portion of each day; for most of one's life. 1 Workers are not alike; they are not cast from the same mould. They come in assorted shapes, sizes, colours, education and experience, attitudes and ambitions. Some work for a living; for others working is a living. Some think of work as their central purpose in life; others think of work as a way of providing the necessities and look at time away from work as the real joy of living. Thus, there are many different reasons why people work. Since the beginning of this century, employers and social scientists have started looking at the role that work fulfils in satisfying man's needs and in the utilisation and development of his abilities. Emphasis has been placed primarily on the psychological and sociological aspects of work. Management have been interested in these developments primarily for increasing productivity. From this research into man's needs, a number of theories have evolved relating to work motivation. In today's competitive world and market it is essential that a company have positively motivated employees to improve productivity and efficiency. Motivation is one of the factors that influence performance. The purpose of this study is to do a study on motivation of employees within a technical division of Telkom SA. The aim is to establish the causes for the level of motivation and to present to management a proposal on improving the level of motivation.

D.Comm. / The market orientation construct describes the behaviours and activities necessary for an organisation to become market oriented - in other words reflect its adoption of the marketing concept. In this study an organisation's perceived level of market orientation was determined using salespeople to assess the extent to which their organisations exhibited market oriented behaviours. The results obtained revealed that on the whole salespeople tend to see their organisation as having above average levels of market orientation. Market oriented organisations provide salespeople with a support system that enable them to provide their customers with optimal satisfaction since everyone in the organisation is focused on this objective. Salespeople operating in market oriented organisations will tend to experience less role stress than those salespeople operating in organisations with lower levels of market orientation. Salespeople with certain personality traits are better able to cope with role stress and therefore these individuals would probably be found in organisations with low levels of market orientation. In this study the personality trait profiles of salespeople working for organisations with different perceived levels of market orientation were determined and the results obtained were correlated with their perceptions of their organisations level of market orientation. The results obtained revealed that there was a correlation between two of the salesperson's personality traits namely, gregarious and energies and their organisation's perceived level of market orientation. The personality dimensions measured in this study were also used to develop a model whereby one could predict 68% ofthe overall respondents correctly in terms of their customer or competitor orientations. Two factors namely apprehensive and conservative, with a negative loading entered into the model in this order, would enable one to predict the salesperson's dominant orientation.

M.Comm. / The BMW SA Body-in-White section performs an integral function in the production of BMW 3 -series automobiles for the local and international market. The plant as a whole, and the Body-in-White section in particular faces several challenges not least of all the need to reach cost parity with its German sister plants. This means that the planned future production increases will have to be achieved with fewer people, and therefore ways will have to found in order to extract more productive output from existing staff. In this regard the understanding and application of motivational theory holds the key to overcoming the challenges that the department will face. In the course of this research, the theories directly related to motivation as well as certain associated theories will be investigated in order to gain insight as to the content and process of motivation in the work place. The aim is to gain a holistic view of motivational aspects in general, and to provide the basis for a questionnaire aimed at identifying what motivational factors are currently at play in the BMW Body-in-White section. Finally, having identified the issues affecting motivation in the department certain deficiencies or areas of possible improvement will be identified. Recommendations will then be put forward as to how management can go about addressing motivational factors specifically in the BMW Body-in-White section, with the aim of creating an environment conducive to high employee job satisfaction and performance.

M.A. / The Employee Assistance Program (EAP) is a worksite-based program designed to assist in the identification and resolution of productivity problems associated with employees impaired by personal and work-related concerns. Although EAPs have been established in government departments in South Africa in recent years, this model has not yet been tried in the Department of Education, Malamulele district. The Department of Education can be described as a work environment that has many characteristics common to most other work environments, but it appears that there are characteristics that are unique to the particular context that have to be considered before establishing an EAP in such context. This study will attempt to provide fresh perspectives to the Department of Education; it may happen that this model can be introduced subsequent to the submission of the recommendations. EAP is regarded as a component for workforce development and quality of work-life in contemporary organizations; therefore it is vital that this program should be established in the Department of Education. The primary aim of this study is to explore the perceptions and needs of teaching personnel regarding the feasibility and the implementation of EAP in the work environment. The objectives are as follows: to peruse the available literature relevant to the research topic, to collect qualitative data from teachers by means of focus groups, to compile a profile of perceptions and needs for the formulation of proposal regarding the feasibility of implementing an EAP in the educational setting, to transcribe, analyze and present the data that was collected in a way that it can generate knowledge about the feasibility of EAP in the rural area of Malamulele, to submit recommendations to the Department of Education and to identify and recommend areas for future research. The study was conducted with 12 teachers and 7 managers (principals) in the Department of Education, Malamulele district, Limpopo. The research findings postulate that teachers perceive EAP as vital and also feasible for their work environment. They articulate that it should have been established long time ago.

M.Comm. / The South African Police Services (SAPS) undertake to provide security and safety for the South African public. This study seeks to find out the causes of motivation and demotivation within the SAPS, in order to contribute towards improving services rendered to the public. The researcher worked in the SAPS and observed lower ranked police officers as being demotivated - leading to an interest in, and an exploration of, the causes of this demotivation. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of rewards as motivation for members of the SAPS in the Polokwane Police Station in the Limpopo province. This study was conducted in the SAPS with the population of police officers at lower ranks (constable to inspector) in order to survey what effectively motivates them. The variables surveyed were monetary-based rewards (promotion, pay progression and incentives), and non-monetary rewards that include internal systems and human resources practices. There were 115 respondents from a pool of 288 police officers. Human resources managers can use rewards to motivate employees to be more productive and rewards are generally viewed as an important motivational tool for any organisation. According to two noted experts in this field, Fred Luthans and Robert Kreitner, whether employees maintain high productivity depends on how they perceive the consequences of their efforts. If they believe high productivity will be rewarded, they will be more likely to work to achieve it. For this reason, organisations should place considerable emphasis on rewards that employees perceive as desirable (Sherman & Colander, 1992). The objective of the study is to determine how successfully the rewards on offer motivate police officers at lower ranks in the Limpopo Province to perform their functions effectively. Although this is mainly a quantitative study, two types of research methods were used, namely qualitative and quantitative. A qualitative pilot study was conducted in order to refine the main questionnaire that is quantitative. The research findings illustrate that the rewards are not having the intended impact as police officers are dissatisfied with the monetary-based rewards and ambivalent towards the internal systems and human resources practices. There were statistically significant differences between the various biographical characteristics in the sample. The measuring instrument yielded an overall Chronbach Alpha coefficient of 0. 79 thus yielding internal consistency in the measuring instrument. The study was limited to police officers of the Limpopo Province at lower ranks and the results should not be generalised. It would be interesting to do a broader study that included more senior ranking officers. Since police officers form the frontline of the criminal justice system, improving their work through motivation has crucial implications. A motivated police officer will perform his or her work with vigour and passion and the significance of motivating employees' growth cannot be over-emphasised.

The impact of a leader on his or her followers has been a topic of much research and therefore organizations, including the financial services sector in South Africa, are placing more and more emphasis on what this leadership construct looks like. Research suggests that Authentic Leadership might be a new kind of leadership approach that the world is looking for. This study aims to establish the possible relationship between an authentic leader and the impact the leader’s behaviour has on the performance of his or her employee. The study further attempts to establish if satisfaction can play a mediating role in the relationship between authentic leadership and the performance of an employee. The research used two established research instruments, namely the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ), as well as a section of Freese and Schalk’s (2008) psychological contract questionnaire relating to satisfaction specifically. Respondents were also requested to indicate their most recent performance rating. The study was conducted within the financial sector based in the Eastern and Southern Cape with a total population of 1077 employees across all business units, job grades, race, age, education and gender. The study established a significant positive relationship between authentic leadership and employee performance. A further significant positive relationship was established between authentic leadership and satisfaction. However, no relationship could be established between satisfaction and performance, thereby indicating that satisfaction was not a mediator of the relationship between authentic leadership and employee performance. In conclusion, recommendations for management practice and for further research are made.