O Citocromo P450 (CYP) é responsável pela biotransformação de fármacos, poluentes e outros xenobióticos. O lercanidipino (LER), empregado na clínica como racemato no tratamento da hipertensão arterial, é biotransformado pelo CYP3A4. O etilbenzeno (EBZ), um solvente de ampla utilização industrial, é substrato e indutor do CYP3A em ratos. O estudo visa investigar a influência do EBZ na farmacocinética enantiosseletiva do LER administrado sob forma racêmica a ratos. Foram investigados ratos Wistar tratados com dose única de 3 mg kg-1 de LER racêmico administrado por gavagem. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos: controle, expostos ao EBZ 436 mg/m3 e expostos ao EBZ 876 mg/m3. Os animais foram expostos ao EBZ durante 6 horas, em câmara de exposição, do tipo somente pelo nariz, por 5 dias consecutivos. As amostras seriadas de sangue (n=6 animais por tempo de coleta) foram coletadas até 6 horas após a administração do LER. Os enantiômeros do LER em plasma de ratos foram analisados em coluna de fase quiral utilizando LC-MS/MS. A farmacocinética do LER é enantiosseletiva em ratos do grupo controle com acúmulo plasmático do distômero (-)- (R)-LER (AUC0-? = 19,23 vs 5,53 Ig min-1 mL-1) e razões enantioméricas de concentrações plasmáticas (-)-(R)/(+)-(S)-LER com mediana de 3,87. O clearance aparente (78,25 vs 277,08 mL min-1 kg-1) e o volume de distribuição aparente (16,63 vs 48,95 L kg-1) mostraram-se reduzidos para o distômero (-)-(R)-LER. A disposição cinética do LER para os animais dos grupos EBZ 436 mg/m3 e 876 mg/m3, à semelhança do grupo controle, foi enantiosseletiva com observação de acúmulo plasmático do enantiômero (-)-(R)-LER. O acúmulo plasmático do enantiômero (-)-(R)- LER, traduzido pelo parâmetro AUC0-?, respectivamente para os grupos EBZ 436 mg/m3 e 876 mg/m3 (34,06 vs 10,23 Ig min mL-1 e 23,79 vs 6,97 Ig min mL-1) foi decorrente do menor volume de distribuição (17,02 vs 57,79 L kg-1 e 23,11 vs 76,05 L kg-1) e do menor clearance aparente (44,87 vs 147,60 mL min-1 kg-1 e 65,57 vs 258,21 mL min-1 kg-1). Não foram observadas diferenças nas razões de AUC(-)/(+) entre os grupos controle (3,87), EBZ 436 mg/m3 (3,35) e EBZ 876 mg/m3 (4,26). Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos relativos aos enantiômeros do LER não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os animais do grupo controle e os animais expostos ao EBZ nas concentrações 434 e 868 mg/m3. / Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is responsible for biotransformation of drugs, pollutants and other xenobiotics. Lercanidipine (LER), clinically employed as quiral compound in the treatment of arterial hypertension, is biotransformed by CYP3A4. Etylbenzene (EBZ), a solvent of large industrial use, is substrate and inducer of CYP3A in rats. The present study investigated influence of EBZ in pharmacokinetics of racemic LER 3 mg kg-1 in rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups: control, exposed to EBZ 436 mg/m3 and exposed to EBZ 876 mg/m3. Animals were exposed to EBZ during 6 hours, in a chamber of exposition with nose only exposure system, 5 consecutive days. Serial blood samples (n=6, each time of collection) were collected up to 6 hours after LER administration. LER enantiomers were separated on a quiral phase column and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. LER pharmacokinetics was enantiosselective in control rats not treated with EBZ, with plasma accumulation of (-)-(R)-LER distomer (AUC0-? = 19.23 vs 5.53 Ig min-1 mL-1) and enantiomeric ratios of (-)-(R)/(+)-(S)-LER of 3.87. Apparent clearance (78.25 vs 277.08 mL min-1 kg-1) and apparent volume of distribution (16.63 vs 48.95 L kg-1) were decreased for (-)-(R)-LER distomer. Kinetic disposition of LER for animals exposed to EBZ 436 and 876 mg/m3, as for control group, was enantiosselective with plasma accumulation of (-)-(R)-LER enantiomer. Plasmatic accumulation of (-)-(R)-LER enantiomer for 436 mg/m3 and 876 EBZ mg/m3 groups (34.06 vs 10.23 Ig min mL-1 and 23.79 vs 6.97 Ig min mL-1, respectively) was consequent of lower volume of distribution (17.02 vs 57.79 L kg-1 and 23.11 vs 76.05 L kg-1) and lower apparent clearance (44.87 vs 147.60 mL min-1 kg-1 and 65.57 vs 258.21 mL min-1 kg-1). No differences were observed in AUC(-)/(+) ratios between the control group (3.87), 436 EBZ mg/m3 (3,35) and EBZ 876 mg/m3 (4.26). Pharmacokinetic parameters of LER enantiomers did not show significant differences between animals of control group and exposed animals to EBZ 434 and 868 mg/m3.

Considerando que o metoprolol é metabolizado preferencialmente pelos CYP3A e CYP2D e que o etilbenzeno é um indutor do CYP3A em ratos, o presente estudo visa investigar a influência da exposição ao etilbenzeno, por via inalatória, na disposição cinética e no metabolismo estereosseletivos do metoprolol. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, tratados com dose única de 15 mg/kg ou 30mg/kg de metoprolol racêmico (gavagem). Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos, sendo dois controles (15 e 30mg/kg) e dois expostos ao etilbenzeno em concentrações de 434mg/m3 e 1736mg/m3 e tratados com 15mg/kg de metoprolol. Os animais foram expostos ao etilbenzeno durante 6 horas/dia, por 5 dias consecutivos, em câmara de exposição do tipo somente pelo nariz. As amostras seriadas de sangue (n=6 animais por tempo de coleta) foram coletadas até 6 horas após a administração do metoprolol. Os enantiômeros foram analisados no plasma por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por fluorescência e a farmacocinética do metoprolol foi avaliada empregando modelo bicompartimental. O metoprolol na dose de 30mg/kg exibe farmacocinética não linear, com acúmulo plasmático de ambos os enantiômeros do metoprolol e redução do clearance do enantiômero R-(+)-metoprolol (39,91 vs 78,37 L/h/kg) quando comparado ao grupo de animais tratados com a dose de 15mg/kg. A farmacocinética do metoprolol na dose de 15mg/kg é linear e não enantiosseletiva. A exposição ao etilbenzeno inalado na concentração de 434mg/m3 (1 LEO) não altera a farmacocinética de ambos os enantiômeros do metoprolol. A exposição ao etilbenzeno inalado na concentração de 1736mg/m3 (4 LEO) aumenta o clearance de ambos os enantiômeros do metoprolol em aproximadamente 3 vezes (224,66 vs 78,37 L/h/kg e 213,62 vs 73,63 L/h/kg), respectivamente para os enantiômeros R-(+)- e S-(-)-metoprolol. O aumento do clearance de ambos os enantiômeros do metoprolol no grupo de animais expostos ao etilbenzeno inalado na concentração de 1736mg/m3 (4 LEO) pode ser explicado pelo aumento na formação de ambos os enantiômeros dos metabólitos O-desmetilmetoprolol (AUC0-122,84 vs 61,57 ng/h/mL e 92,33 vs 58,56 ng/h/mL, respectivamente para os enantiômeros R-(+)- e S-(-)-) e ácido O-desmetilmetoprolóico (AUC0- 8592,0 vs 6812,5 ng/h/mL e 8733,0 vs 6787,0 ng/h/mL respectivamente para os enantiômeros R-(+)- e S-(-)-). Os dados permitem inferir que ratos expostos durante 5 dias, 6h/dia, ao etilbenzeno na concentração de 4 vezes o LEO, mostram indução de maneira não enantiosseletiva no metabolismo de ambos os isômeros do metoprolol. / Metoprolol is mainly metabolized by CYP3A and CYP2D and ethylbenzene is an inducer of CYP3A in rats. In view of these considerations, the objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of low-level inhalation exposure to ethylbenzene on the kinetic dispo¬sition and metabolism of metoprolol enantiomers. Male Wistar rats were received a single dose of 15 or 30 mg/kg racemic metoprolol by gavage. The animals were divided into 4 groups: two control groups (15 and 30 mg/kg) and two groups exposed to ethylbenzene at concentrations of 434 and 1736 mg/m3. The animals were exposed to ethylbenzene in a nose-only exposure chamber for 6 h/day during 5 consecutive days. Serial blood samples (n=6 animals per sampling time) were collected during the first 6 h after metoprolol administration. The isomers of metoprolol and its metabolites were analyzed in plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a two-compartment model. Metoprolol administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg showed nonlinear pharmacokinetics, with plasma accumulation of both metoprolol enantiomers and a reduction in the clearance of R-(+)-metoprolol (39.91 vs 78.37 L/h/kg) when compared to the group receiving the dose of 15 mg/kg. The kinetic disposition of the enantiomers of metoprolol administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg was linear and non-enantioselective. Exposure to 434 mg/m3 ethylbenzene did not influence the pharmacokinetics of either metoprolol enantiomer. Exposure to 1736 mg/m3 ethylbenzene increased the clearance of both metoprolol enantiomers by approximately 300% (224.66 vs 78.37 L/h/kg and 213.62 vs 73.63 L/h/kg for the R-(+)- and S-(-)-metoprolol enantiomer, respectively). These changes in clearance might be explained by an increase in the formation of the enantiomers of the two metabolites O-demethylmetoprolol (AUC0-: 122.84 vs 61.57 ng/h/mL and 92.33 vs 58.56 ng/h/mL for the R-(+)- and S-(-)- enantiomer, respectively) and O-demethylmetoprolol acid (AUC0-: 8592.0 vs 6812.5 ng/h/mL and 8733.0 vs 6787.0 ng/h/mL). In conclusion, inhalation exposure of rats to ethylbenzene at a concentration of 1736 mg/m3 for 5 days, 6 h per day, resulted in the non-enantioselective induction of the metabolism of metoprolol.

A farmacocinética dos enantiômeros da ciclofosfamida (CPA) foi avaliada em pacientes portadores de nefrite lúpica distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com o clearance da creatinina: Grupo 1 90,6-144,6mL/min/1,73m2 e Grupo 2 42,8-76,4mL/min/1,73m2. Os pacientes foram tratados com doses de 0,75 a 1,3g de ciclofosfamida racêmica sob forma de infusão com duração de 2h e com 1mg de midazolam (MDZ) administrado via endovenosa para a avaliação da atividade in vivo do CYP3A. As concentrações plasmáticas dos enantiômeros da CPA e do MDZ foram avaliadas por LC-MS/MS. Os enantiômeros da CPA foram resolvidos na coluna Chiralcel OD-R, com fase móvel constituída por mistura de acetonitrila e água (75:25, v/v) adicionada de 0,2% de ácido fórmico. Os enantiômeros da CPA foram extraídos do plasma com recuperações maiores que 95% e o limite de quantificação obtido foi de 2,5ng de cada enantiômero da CPA/mL plasma. As seguintes diferenças (teste de Wilcoxon, p<0,05) foram observadas nos parâmetros farmacocinéticos entre os enantiômeros (S)-(-)-CPA e (R)-(+)-CPA para os pacientes do Grupo 1: AUC do tempo 0 ao infinito 152,41 vs 129,25g.h/mL; Cl 3,28 vs 3,89L/h; Vd 31,38 vs 29,74L e t1/2 6,79 vs 5,56h e para os pacientes do Grupo 2: AUC do tempo 0 ao infinito 167,20 vs 139,08g.h/mL; Cl 2,99 vs 3,59L/h e t1/2 6,15 vs 4,99h. Não foi observada diferença (teste de Mann-Whitney, p<0,05) nos parâmetros farmacocinéticos de ambos os enantiômeros entre os grupos 1 e 2. Não foi observada corrrelação entre o clearance do MDZ (2,92-16,40ml/min.kg) e o clearance de cada enantiômero da CPA. Concluindo, a farmacocinética da CPA é enantiosseletiva em pacientes portadores de nefrite lúpica com acúmulo plasmático do enantiômero (S)-(-)-CPA e a farmacocinética de ambos os enantiômeros da CPA não é alterada pela agravamento da função renal. / The pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide (CYC) enantiomers was evaluated in patients with lupus nephritis distributed in two groups according to creatinine clearance; Group 1 - 90.6-144.6mL/min/1.73m2 and Group 2 - 42.8- 76.4mL/min/1.73m2. All patients were treated with 0.75 to 1.3g of racemic CYC as a 2-hour infusion and with 1mg intravenous midazolam as a drug marker. CYC enantiomers and midazolam concentrations in plasma were measured by LC-MS/MS. CYC enantiomers were separated on a Chiralcel OD-R column, with the mobile phase consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile and water (75:25, v/v) plus 0.2% formic acid. Recovery rates were higher than 95% and the quantification limit was 2.5ng/ml plasma for both enantiomers. The coefficients of variation and the relative errors obtained for the validation of intra- and interassay precision and accuracy were less than 10%. The following differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters (Wilcoxon test, p<0.05) were observed between the (S)-(-) and (R)-(+) enantiomers for Group 1 AUC from time 0 to infinity 152.41 vs 129.25g.h/mL, Cl 3.28 vs 3.89L/h, Vd 31.38 vs 29.74L and t1/2 6.79 vs 5.56h and for Group 2 AUC from time 0 to infinity 167.20 vs 139.08g.h/mL, Cl 2.99 vs 3.59 L/h and t1/2 6.15 vs 4.99 h. No differences (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05) were observed between Groups 1 and 2 in the pharmacokinetics parameters of both enantiomers. No significant relationship was observed between midazolam clearance (2.92-16.40 ml/min.kg) and clearance of each CYC enantiomer. In conclusion, CYC kinetic disposition is enantioselective resulting in higher exposure of (S)-(-)-CYC in lupus nephritis patients and the pharmacokinetic parameters of both enantiomers are not altered by the worsening of renal condition.

The ortho metallation of some aromatic ring systems has been investigated in regard to the influence of several types of phosphorus-centred directing groups upon the reactivity, regioselectivity, and utility in later synthetic elaboration. The metallation step allows derivatisation in several useful ways, offering several routes to the synthesis of novel chiral ditertiary phosphines. Thus, an ortho lithiation of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-P-phenylphosphonic diamide (10) led to the interesting primary phosphine, 2-(diphenylphosphino)phenylphosphine (14), after elaboration of the phosphonic diamide directing group. This primary phosphine undergoes an unprecedented facile phenyl group exchange process between its two phosphorus atoms, upon di-lithiation of the primary phosphorus centre. The primary phosphorus centre of (14) has been elaborated in several ways to yield new ditertiary phosphines. The alkylation of this centre in the copper(I) chelate complex has been investigated in several directions. In another direction, (14) has been chemically elaborated to give a new hybrid chiral ditertiary phosphine ligand, &quotSemiPHOS&quot, containing both a chiral phospholane ring and an adjacent diphenylphosphino group. SemiPHOS has been obtained in optically pure forms by a stereoselective synthesis and, independently, by a resolution procedure on its racemate. The molecular design of SemiPHOS was devised such that, when chelated to a metal atom, a subtle steric interaction appears to allow the chirality of the phospholane ring to influence the neighbouring diphenylphosphino group to adopt a complementary chiral conformation. This idea was tested and evaluated by applying SemiPHOS in catalytic asymmetric hydrogenations of (Z)-a-(Nacylamino) acrylate substrates to produce the R-amino acid precursors. Aryl species lithiated ortho to phosphorus-centred directing groups were coupled oxidatively by a convenient in situ method, to yield biaryl species that could then be elaborated to give biaryl ditertiary phosphine ligands. This method was used to make several atropisomeric chiral ditertiary phosphines.

Thesis (M.Sc.(Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

The ortho metallation of some aromatic ring systems has been investigated in regard to the influence of several types of phosphorus-centred directing groups upon the reactivity, regioselectivity, and utility in later synthetic elaboration. The metallation step allows derivatisation in several useful ways, offering several routes to the synthesis of novel chiral ditertiary phosphines. Thus, an ortho lithiation of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-P-phenylphosphonic diamide (10) led to the interesting primary phosphine, 2-(diphenylphosphino)phenylphosphine (14), after elaboration of the phosphonic diamide directing group. This primary phosphine undergoes an unprecedented facile phenyl group exchange process between its two phosphorus atoms, upon di-lithiation of the primary phosphorus centre. The primary phosphorus centre of (14) has been elaborated in several ways to yield new ditertiary phosphines. The alkylation of this centre in the copper(I) chelate complex has been investigated in several directions. In another direction, (14) has been chemically elaborated to give a new hybrid chiral ditertiary phosphine ligand, &quotSemiPHOS&quot, containing both a chiral phospholane ring and an adjacent diphenylphosphino group. SemiPHOS has been obtained in optically pure forms by a stereoselective synthesis and, independently, by a resolution procedure on its racemate. The molecular design of SemiPHOS was devised such that, when chelated to a metal atom, a subtle steric interaction appears to allow the chirality of the phospholane ring to influence the neighbouring diphenylphosphino group to adopt a complementary chiral conformation. This idea was tested and evaluated by applying SemiPHOS in catalytic asymmetric hydrogenations of (Z)-a-(Nacylamino) acrylate substrates to produce the R-amino acid precursors. Aryl species lithiated ortho to phosphorus-centred directing groups were coupled oxidatively by a convenient in situ method, to yield biaryl species that could then be elaborated to give biaryl ditertiary phosphine ligands. This method was used to make several atropisomeric chiral ditertiary phosphines.

The ortho metallation of some aromatic ring systems has been investigated in regard to the influence of several types of phosphorus-centred directing groups upon the reactivity, regioselectivity, and utility in later synthetic elaboration. The metallation step allows derivatisation in several useful ways, offering several routes to the synthesis of novel chiral ditertiary phosphines. Thus, an ortho lithiation of N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-P-phenylphosphonic diamide (10) led to the interesting primary phosphine, 2-(diphenylphosphino)phenylphosphine (14), after elaboration of the phosphonic diamide directing group. This primary phosphine undergoes an unprecedented facile phenyl group exchange process between its two phosphorus atoms, upon di-lithiation of the primary phosphorus centre. The primary phosphorus centre of (14) has been elaborated in several ways to yield new ditertiary phosphines. The alkylation of this centre in the copper(I) chelate complex has been investigated in several directions. In another direction, (14) has been chemically elaborated to give a new hybrid chiral ditertiary phosphine ligand, &quotSemiPHOS&quot, containing both a chiral phospholane ring and an adjacent diphenylphosphino group. SemiPHOS has been obtained in optically pure forms by a stereoselective synthesis and, independently, by a resolution procedure on its racemate. The molecular design of SemiPHOS was devised such that, when chelated to a metal atom, a subtle steric interaction appears to allow the chirality of the phospholane ring to influence the neighbouring diphenylphosphino group to adopt a complementary chiral conformation. This idea was tested and evaluated by applying SemiPHOS in catalytic asymmetric hydrogenations of (Z)-a-(Nacylamino) acrylate substrates to produce the R-amino acid precursors. Aryl species lithiated ortho to phosphorus-centred directing groups were coupled oxidatively by a convenient in situ method, to yield biaryl species that could then be elaborated to give biaryl ditertiary phosphine ligands. This method was used to make several atropisomeric chiral ditertiary phosphines.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.