Note:

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Physiology, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, 1977.

Although a seemingly basic and simple behavior, micturition necessitates precise integration and coordination of multiple divisions of the nervous system: visceral sensory, somatic motor, sympathetic, parasympathetic, as well as voluntary control from higher brain/ brainstem centers. When coordination of this circuitry falters, the consequences can be devastating and include severely decreased quality of life and substantial economic burden. This dissertation project investigates the potential role(s) of inflammatory mediators in bladder sensory physiology with the long term goal of elucidating potential targets for intervention. The overall hypothesis is that inflammatory-induced changes in the urinary bladder or afferent projections ultimately lead to dysfunctional micturition symptoms. Using a rodent model of cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced bladder inflammation, we examined the expression and function of the chemokine/ receptor pair, CXCL12/CXCR4, and the activated (phosphorylated) form of ubiquitous signaling molecule, AKT using a multidisciplinary approach that includes: immunohistochemistry, protein and transcript quantification techniques, and in vivo bladder physiology studies combined with pharmacological tools. Peripheral chemokine levels are elevated in patients with various chronic pelvic inflammatory/ pain syndromes including interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and are implicated in numerous inflammatory and mechanical pain models in rodents. However studies had not previously shown a direct functional role for chemokine signaling in micturition. We hypothesized that CXCL12 and CXCR4 would increase in the urinary bladder with CYP-induced bladder inflammation and that CXCR4 receptor blockade with AMD3100 would reduce CYP-induced bladder hyperreflexia. ELISA, immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR experiments demonstrate duration-dependent increases in CXCL12 and CXCR4 protein and transcript expression in specific tissue compartments of the urinary bladder, mainly the urothelium. In vivo studies provide evidence of a role for chemokine signaling in the mediation of micturition function. Intravesical infusion with AMD3100, a CXCR4 receptor antagonist, significantly reduced CYP-induced bladder hyperreflexia as evidenced by increased bladder capacity, intercontraction interval and decreased voiding frequency. AKT is a putative cellular survival signal, however, recent studies also implicate the signaling molecule in the induction and maintenance of pain processes, development of long term plasticity (e.g. LTP and central sensitization) and visceral inflammation. Functional studies addressing the contribution of pAKT in micturition have not been performed. We hypothesized that increasing pAKT levels would contribute to CYP-induced bladder hyperreflexia. Western blot and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that phosphorylation of AKT increases in the whole urinary bladder with CYP-induced bladder inflammation in a tissue compartment- and time-dependent manner. Intravesical infusion with inhibitors of AKT phosphorylation, AKT Inhibitor IV and deguelin, significantly improved symptoms of CYP-induced bladder hyperreflexia suggesting a functional role for pAKT in bladder physiology. These studies demonstrate the functional capacity of inflammatory mediators and inflammatory associated signaling pathways in micturition reflex pathways. Chemokine signaling via the CXCR4 receptor and upstream activators of AKT may provide therapeutic targets with respect to inflammatory-induced bladder sensory physiology dysfunction.

Thesis (doctoral)--Turun, 1978.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carcano_fm_me_botfm.pdf: 463339 bytes, checksum: 1e76f6dc55ab48a9f3d597694700438f (MD5) / Fundação Pio Xii - Barretos / O câncer de próstata é o sexto tipo de câncer mais comum no mundo e cerca de três quartos dos casos ocorrem a partir dos 65 anos. O tratamento paliativo inicial para doença avançada contempla a castração, mas invariavelmente, metástases e resistência é desenvolvida em algum momento, quando então a quimioterapia é oferecida. Entretanto, a busca por tratamentos menos tóxicos se faz necessária para atender uma população cada vez mais idosa e com comorbidades que limitam o uso de drogas convencionais. As combinações à base de Ciclofosfamida oral metronômica têm sido uma opção atraente e merecem melhor avaliação. Objetiva-se avaliar aqui, os fatores prognósticos e o melhor perfil de pacientes para receber este tipo de tratamento. Para isso, dados de pacientes com câncer de próstata metastáticos e resistentes à castração foram recuperados, nos quais tinham utilizado quimioterapia metronômica à base de Ciclofosfamida entre os anos de 2004 e 2009 no Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. Os dados de sobrevivência foram analisados pelo método de Kaplan Meier e o modelo de regressão proporcional de riscos de Cox foi aplicado para avaliar os fatores prognósticos. Cento e quatro pacientes foram avaliados e dois terços deles receberam quimioterapia metronômica à base de Ciclofosfamida como uma primeira linha de tratamento. A taxa de resposta do PSA foi de 32% e a mediana da sobrevivência livre de progressão foi de 6,3 meses (IC 95%, 5,1 - 7,4). A sobrevivência global mediana foi 14,4 meses (IC 95%, 11,1 -17,7). Performance Status (HR 2,4 e IC 95% 1,32 - 4,34; p= 0,004) e PSA pré-tratamento (HR 2,5 e IC 95% 1,33 - 4,81; p= 0,005) foram os fatores prognósticos mais significativos. Três grupos foram identificados com sobrevivências medianas de 8,0 meses (IC 95%, 5,0 - 11,1), 13,3 meses (IC 95%, 10,0 - 16,6) e 23,4 meses (IC 95%, 22,7 - 24,1), respectivamente... / Prostate cancer is the sixth more common worldwide and about two-thirds occurs in men of sixty-five or older. Palliative treatment of advanced disease has been initially done by castration, but invariably the disease become resistant anytime and standard-based chemotherapies are delivered. However, low-toxicity chemotherapies are aimed to treat a scenario of elderly frail. Metronomic cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapies has been attractive option and deserves better assessment. It aimed to assess prognostic factors and better profile to get this therapy. It was requested data of one hundred four metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients that had received metronomic cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapies between 2004 to 2009 at Barretos Cancer Hospital. Kaplan Meier method was applied to analyze survivals and Cox hazard regression model analysis was done to assess prognostic factors. Two-thirds of the study subjects have done first line metronomic cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy. PSA response rate was 32% and median progression free-survival was 6,3 months (95% CI, 5,1 - 7,4). Median overall survival was 14,4 months (95% CI, 11,1 -17,7). Performance Status (HR 2,4 and 95% CI 1,32 - 4,34; p= 0,004) and baseline pretreatment PSA (HR 2,5 and 95% CI 1,33 - 4,81; p= 0,005) were the better prognostic factors. Three risk groups were identified achieving median survivals of 8,0 months (95% CI, 5,0 - 11,1), 13,3 months (95% CI, 10,0 - 16,6) and 23,4 months (95% CI, 22,7 - 24,1), respectively (log rank, p< 0,001). Intermediate group got also benefit with more actives drugs in selected cases of rescue proposes. In conclusion, metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients unfit to receive standard-based chemotherapies can get benefit with metronomic cyclophosphamide-based therapy. Performance Status and baseline pretreatment PSA have prognostic value in this setting. Is first ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

x, 123 leaves : photos., graphs, tables ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Physiology, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, 1977

Orientador: Sérgio Vicente Serrano / Banca: Odair Carlito Michelin / Resumo: O câncer de próstata é o sexto tipo de câncer mais comum no mundo e cerca de três quartos dos casos ocorrem a partir dos 65 anos. O tratamento paliativo inicial para doença avançada contempla a castração, mas invariavelmente, metástases e resistência é desenvolvida em algum momento, quando então a quimioterapia é oferecida. Entretanto, a busca por tratamentos menos tóxicos se faz necessária para atender uma população cada vez mais idosa e com comorbidades que limitam o uso de drogas convencionais. As combinações à base de Ciclofosfamida oral metronômica têm sido uma opção atraente e merecem melhor avaliação. Objetiva-se avaliar aqui, os fatores prognósticos e o melhor perfil de pacientes para receber este tipo de tratamento. Para isso, dados de pacientes com câncer de próstata metastáticos e resistentes à castração foram recuperados, nos quais tinham utilizado quimioterapia metronômica à base de Ciclofosfamida entre os anos de 2004 e 2009 no Hospital de Câncer de Barretos. Os dados de sobrevivência foram analisados pelo método de Kaplan Meier e o modelo de regressão proporcional de riscos de Cox foi aplicado para avaliar os fatores prognósticos. Cento e quatro pacientes foram avaliados e dois terços deles receberam quimioterapia metronômica à base de Ciclofosfamida como uma primeira linha de tratamento. A taxa de resposta do PSA foi de 32% e a mediana da sobrevivência livre de progressão foi de 6,3 meses (IC 95%, 5,1 - 7,4). A sobrevivência global mediana foi 14,4 meses (IC 95%, 11,1 -17,7). Performance Status (HR 2,4 e IC 95% 1,32 - 4,34; p= 0,004) e PSA pré-tratamento (HR 2,5 e IC 95% 1,33 - 4,81; p= 0,005) foram os fatores prognósticos mais significativos. Três grupos foram identificados com sobrevivências medianas de 8,0 meses (IC 95%, 5,0 - 11,1), 13,3 meses (IC 95%, 10,0 - 16,6) e 23,4 meses (IC 95%, 22,7 - 24,1), respectivamente ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Prostate cancer is the sixth more common worldwide and about two-thirds occurs in men of sixty-five or older. Palliative treatment of advanced disease has been initially done by castration, but invariably the disease become resistant anytime and standard-based chemotherapies are delivered. However, low-toxicity chemotherapies are aimed to treat a scenario of elderly frail. Metronomic cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapies has been attractive option and deserves better assessment. It aimed to assess prognostic factors and better profile to get this therapy. It was requested data of one hundred four metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients that had received metronomic cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapies between 2004 to 2009 at Barretos Cancer Hospital. Kaplan Meier method was applied to analyze survivals and Cox hazard regression model analysis was done to assess prognostic factors. Two-thirds of the study subjects have done first line metronomic cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy. PSA response rate was 32% and median progression free-survival was 6,3 months (95% CI, 5,1 - 7,4). Median overall survival was 14,4 months (95% CI, 11,1 -17,7). Performance Status (HR 2,4 and 95% CI 1,32 - 4,34; p= 0,004) and baseline pretreatment PSA (HR 2,5 and 95% CI 1,33 - 4,81; p= 0,005) were the better prognostic factors. Three risk groups were identified achieving median survivals of 8,0 months (95% CI, 5,0 - 11,1), 13,3 months (95% CI, 10,0 - 16,6) and 23,4 months (95% CI, 22,7 - 24,1), respectively (log rank, p< 0,001). Intermediate group got also benefit with more actives drugs in selected cases of rescue proposes. In conclusion, metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer patients unfit to receive standard-based chemotherapies can get benefit with metronomic cyclophosphamide-based therapy. Performance Status and baseline pretreatment PSA have prognostic value in this setting. Is first ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg significantly lowered plasma sodium and significantly increased plasma potassium but did not result in saline preference in a strain of wild-derived house mice given a choice between water and saline (0.15M) to drink. Deoxycorticosterone acetate treatment in dosages up to 1.5 mg for four days also failed to increase salt intake. The data suggest a possible absence of a sodium appetite mechanism in this species.

Metronomic cyclophosphamide (CPA) treatment activates robust anti-tumor immunity and induces regression of implanted tumors in mouse models of brain cancer when administered on an intermittent, every 6-day schedule (CPA/6d), but not on a daily low-dose or a maximum-tolerated dose schedule. Five intermittent metronomic CPA schedules were investigated in GL261 gliomas implanted in scid mice. Metronomic CPA treatments spaced 9 or 12 days apart induced extensive tumor regression, however, tumor-infiltrating natural killer cell responses were not sustained, and tumor growth rapidly resumed after treatment day 24. Increasing the CPA dose prolonged the period of tumor regression on the every 9-day schedule, but natural killer cell activation was markedly decreased. Thus, sustained immune and anti-tumor responses were only achieved on the CPA/6d schedule. Furthermore, CPA/6d treatment eradicated GL261 tumors implanted in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice by activating anti-tumor CD8-T cell responses and immune memory, which provides proof-of-concept that single agent chemotherapy delivered on an optimized metronomic schedule can cure large established cancers. Transcriptomic profiling, KEGG pathway, and upstream regulator analysis were employed to compare CPA/6d-induced gene expression changes between: immune-responsive GL261 tumors and immune-unresponsive Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and B16F10 melanoma tumors; between GL261 tumors implanted in immunocompetent mice versus in scid immunodeficient mice; and between GL261 tumors in scid mice treated with CPA every 6-days or every 9-days. CPA-treated LLC tumors were associated with inhibited VEGFA-targeted genes, down-regulated cell adhesion and transendothelial migration genes, and up-regulated drug metabolism pathways. In B16F10 tumors, CPA activated genes in chemokine signaling and antigen processing and presentation pathways, but no NK cell and T cell effector pathways were activated. GL261 tumors in scid mice were deficient in CPA activation of a subset of cytokine and cytokine receptor genes and T cell receptor signaling genes seen in immunocompetent mice. Cytokine gene expression was lower and drug metabolism gene expression was higher in every 9-day CPA-treated tumors versus CPA/6d-treated tumors. Together, these studies elucidate the dose, schedule, and adaptive immune-dependence of CPA-induced anti-tumor immune responses, giving new insight into the molecular signaling events underlying the deficiencies in immune responses seen in intermittent metronomic CPA-unresponsive tumor models. / 2017-05-31T00:00:00Z