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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

IMPACT OF TRIBOSYSTEM COMPATIBILITY ON TOOL WEAR AND SURFACE INTEGRITY

Arif, Taib 11 1900 (has links)
H13 tool steel is widely used in the mold and die industry. Due to tighter geometric tolerances and higher quality expectations, the use of hard machining has increased over the years. Hard machining refers to the machining of materials in their hardened state. The challenges with hard machining are rapid tool wear and maintaining a high surface integrity of the machined surface. Surface integrity is measured in terms of surface roughness, residual stresses, presence of surface and subsurface cracks, and the quality of the developed microstructure. In order to minimize wear and improve product quality, researchers are working on the development of different tool coatings. Some of the recent tool coatings function by adapting to their environment using heat to form thin layers of oxides, referred to as ―tribo-films‖, on the surface of the tool. If engineered properly, these tribofilms can prolong tool life and improve the surface integrity of a hard machined surface. A titanium based nano multi-layered coating (TiAlCrSiYN/TiAlCrN) has been developed by researchers at the MMRI. The tribological performance of two different coatings TiAlCrSiYN/TiAlCrN and TiAlCrN were tested in a hard machining metal cutting process. The impact of these coatings on tool wear, Cutting process (Chips) and Surface Integrity (Quality of machined surface) was assessed. This research involves characterizing the coating to understand how the formation of different oxide films (tribofilms) effect tool wear and surface integrity. The generation of these tribofilms is sensitive to coating composition and cutting condition (temperature/pressure). Next, an in-depth characterization of the chips produced during machining was carried out as part of studying the effect of different tribological conditions between the tool and workpiece. The chip's hardness, oxidation, chip formation mechanism and topography as the chip slid against the cutting tool surface was studied. Also, the Surface integrity of the machined part was investigated, considering its microstructure, residual stresses and surface roughness. Lastly, tests were performed in an attempt to accelerate the generation of beneficial tribofilms. Results indicate significant improvement in wear life and surface integrity of the machined surface due to the generation of tribo-films in this machining application. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)
12

Modelovanje i optimizacija procesa glodanja vretenastim glodalima / Modeling and optimization in the ball end milling process

Pejić Vlastimir 20 July 2016 (has links)
<p>Proces glodanja tvrdih (kaljenih) čelika, vretenastim loptastim glodalima,<br />najčešće se primenjuje u operacijama završne obrade kompleksnih<br />površina. Modelovanje ovog procesa i optimizacija njegovih parametara su<br />veoma važni, kao pomoć za razumevanje samog procesa tako i za rešavanje<br />praktičnih problema. Za modelovanje izlaznih performansi procesa obrade<br />i nalaženje optimalnih vrednosti ulaznih parametara, korišteno je<br />nekoliko klasičnih i prirodom-inspirisanih metoda. Od klasičnih metoda<br />modelovanja i optimizacije, u radu su primenjene: metodologija odzivne<br />površine-RSM, Taguči metoda i Taguči metoda sa sivom relacionom<br />analizom. Korištene prirodom-inspirisane metode modelovanja i<br />optimizacije su: genetski algoritam&ndash;GA, sivi vuk optimizer&ndash;GWO i<br />nedominantno sortirajući genetski algoritam II&ndash;NSGA II. Dobijeni pouzdani<br />matematički modeli izlaznih performansi procesa obrade i optimalni<br />ulazni parametri obrade, potvrđuju opravdanost primene svih navedenih<br />metoda u procesu glodanja vretenastim loptastim glodalima tvrdih<br />(kaljenih) čelika. Posebno treba izdvojiti rezultate dobijene pomoću metode<br />sivi vuk optimizer&ndash;GWO. Ova prirodom-inspirisana metoda je potpuno nova<br />metoda i do sada nije bilo literaturnih informacija o mogućnostima njene<br />primene u procesima obrade rezanjem.</p> / <p>The ball end milling process of hard (hardened) steel, is usually applied in the<br />finishing operations of machining comlex surfaces. Modeling of this process and<br />optimization of its parameters are very important as an aid to understanding the<br />processes and to solve practical problems. Several classic and nature-inspired<br />methods were used for modeling of the output process performances and finding<br />the optimal values of input parameters. From traditional methods of modeling and<br />optimization Response Surface Methodology-RSM, Taguchi method and Taguchi<br />method with Gray Relational Analysis, and nature-inspired methods of modeling<br />and optimization Genetic Algorithm-GA, Gray Wolf Optimizer-GWO and Nondominant<br />Sorting Genetic Algorithm II- NSGA-II, were applied in the paper. Reliable<br />mathematical models of the output process performances and the optimal input<br />parameters, confirm the validity of the application of these methods in the process<br />of ball end milling hard (hardened) steel. The results obtained by the method of the<br />Gray Wolf Optimizer-GWO should be particulary noted. This nature-inspired<br />method is quite a new method, and so far there was no literature information on<br />the possibilities of its application in the cutting processes.</p>
13

Nonlinear Dynamic Modeling And Analysis Of Spindle-tool Assemblies In Machining Centers

Kilic, Murat Zekai 01 September 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Chatter is unwanted since it causes deteriorating effects on the milling process. Stability lobe diagrams are developed in order to determine the stable cutting conditions at which chatter-free machining can be made. The need of cutting away more chips to make milling operations quicker has brought the concept of high-speed milling. This increased the importance of estimating stability lobe diagrams of the milling process more accurately. The state-of-art chatter and spindle-toolholder-tool models predict the stability lobe diagram for milling process quite effectively. However, sometimes chatter might occur even at cutting conditions selected using theoretically obtained stability lobe diagrams. One of the reasons for that may be nonlinearities in the system. This being the motivation, in this work, nonlinearities at the bearings of spindle-toolholder-tool system are investigated. In this thesis, cubic nonlinearity is assumed to represent stiffness of a bearing in a spindle-toolholder-tool system. Effects of nonlinearity on stability lobe diagram of a milling process are studied by using the mathematical model developed for such a system. Frequency response function of spindle-toolholder-tool system without bearings is obtained using Timoshenko beam model. Then, bearings are modeled by using describing function theory and coupled to the dynamics of spindle-toolholder-tool modeled. Solution of the equations of motion of the system in frequency domain is obtained via Newton&#039 / s method with ALC. It is an effective frequency domain method in which turning points on frequency response function are traced. This is important for the system studied, as bearing nonlinearity may introduce turn backs in the response of the system. Case studies are carried out to study the effects of bearing nonlinearity on stability lobe diagram. The effects of the following factors are studied: Magnitude of cutting force, degree of nonlinearity and number of teeth on cutter. Displacement amplitude dependent stiffness of bearings affects the dynamic response due to rigid body modes of the system. It is observed that an increase in cutting force magnitude or in coefficient of bearing nonlinearity results in increase of natural frequencies, thus showing hardening behavior. Shifting of frequencies in the response curve shifts stability lobes related to the affected modes, to the right. For increased number of flutes on cutter, effect of nonlinearity at bearings on stability of the milling process becomes lower. Experimental studies to determine the changes in dynamics of a system during cutting are also carried out in this thesis. Inverse chatter analysis is conducted to obtain modal parameters of a single-degree-of-freedom system using the experiment data. Decrease in natural frequency is observed at high cutting speeds for the particular spindle used. This shift may be due to speed-dependent bearing dynamics and real time adjustment of preload on bearings.
14

Process Planning for Hybrid Manufacturing with Directed Energy Deposition and Machining Processing

Hughes, Zane Weldon 12 1900 (has links)
This thesis details the creation and application of a generalized process plan for the hybrid manufacturing of AISI 316L stainless steel, using direct energy deposition (DED) and ball-nose end-mill machining, that includes the inspection and measurement of objects created by that hybrid manufacturing process plan. The proposed process plan progresses through the selection of substrate thickness, single-track, multi-track, and multi-layer depositions, then on to machining processing. A manufacturers' recommended set and range of DED parameters were used to create a designed experiment that aided in the analysis of objects created in each of the DED process planning steps; those objects were then machined in the same enclosure using a set of machining parameters screened from industry recommendations for ball-nose milling of stainless steel, after which measurements were taken for surface roughness, some material characteristics, and for tool deterioration. The results, analyses, and discussions collected herein show that the proposed process plan can provide models for geometrical outputs for each step in the plan, some improvements in substrate stability, surface roughness, tool deterioration, and material porosity due to voids. Current research in hybrid manufacturing does not show generalized process planning influences. The process plan as demonstrated by the work in this thesis will help operators, designers, and researchers in the future by defining a generalized workflow that can be applied to other materials used in hybrid manufacturing.
15

Fundamentos do fresamento: uma aplicação em microfresamento / Fundamentals of end milling operation: an application to micro end milling

Dib, Marcel Henrique Militão 17 September 2013 (has links)
Nos últimos anos, o estudo do microfresamento tem recebido grande atenção devido a seu uso na fabricação de microcomponentes como células de combustível, microatuadores ou sensores, circuitos integrados, etc. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os fundamentos do fresamento aplicados ao microfresamento. Para isto foi investigado, em escala reduzida, o comportamento de alguns princípios fundamentais da usinagem convencional, tais como espessura de corte instantânea, espessura de corte média, força de corte, pressão específica de corte, potência de corte, entre outros. A importância deste trabalho justifica-se pela necessidade de se entender como estes princípios comportam-se em escalas reduzidas. Inicialmente foi realizada uma investigação da literatura a fim de mostrar a origem de alguns destes princípios fundamentais. Em seguida, uma análise critica destes fundamentos foi apresentada e experimentos foram realizados com o intuito de confrontar o levantamento teórico com os resultados práticos. Para isso foram realizados testes de microfresamento com duas microfresas de metal duro constituídas de dois dentes cada uma com diâmetro de 0,8 mm. O raio da aresta de corte de cada ferramenta foi medido usando um microscópio confocal e os valores variaram de 1,8 \'mü\'m a 3,3 \'mü\'m. O material usado nos experimentos foi um alumínio liga (RSA 6061) de grãos ultrafinos (valor médio de 1 \'mü\'m). O fresamento adotado foi o frontal parcial (não engajado) com penetrações de trabalho de 0,2 mm e 0,4 mm. Os avanços por dente usados foram de 5 \'mü\'m e 10 \'mü\'m a uma profundidade de usinagem de 50 \'mü\'m. A máquina usada foi um centro de usinagem CNC de três eixos com potência nominal de 18 kw e rotação máxima de 24000 RPM. A máxima velocidade de corte alcançada foi de 50 m/min. Para coletar o sinal das forças de usinagem um dinamômetro piezoelétrico modelo 9256 C2 (Kistler) foi usado. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que o comportamento da variação da força de corte, o aumento da pressão específica de corte com o decréscimo da espessura de corte, energia de corte, potência de corte e representação da energia e potência de corte com base na força de corte média durante a formação do cavaco, são semelhantes ao comportamento destes parâmetros durante a usinagem convencional. Com base nestes resultados, foi mostrado que os fundamentos do fresamento podem ser aplicados em microfresamento para explicar o comportamento da microusinagem. / Recently, micro end milling is a subject that has received a large contribution due to its feasibility to be applied to the manufacturing of micro components such as fuel cells, micro actuators and sensors, integrated circuits, etc. The objective of this study is to present fundamental principles of machining of end milling operation applied to the micro end milling operation. It will be investigated the behavior at small scale of some known conventional machining parameters such as instantaneous thickness of cut, average thickness of cut, cutting force, specific cutting pressure, cutting power among others. The relevance of this study is justified by the need of understanding how those cutting parameters behave when the machining scale is reduced. Firstly, a review of the literature was carried out in order to show the origin of some fundamental principles of machining of materials. Thereafter, a critical analysis was held on these fundamentals and experimental cutting tests were designed and carried out aiming to comparing the experimental results with the expected trend shown by those parameters in conventional machining scale. The micro end milling tests used two carbide two teeth micro end mills with a diameter of 0,8 mm. The cutting edge of each tool was measured using a confocal optical profiler and the values ranged from 1,8 \'mü\'m up to 3,3 \'mü\'m. The workpiece material used in the cutting experiments was an ultra fine grain (average 1 \'mü\'m) aluminum alloy (RSA 6061). The machining operation was partial (not engaged) end milling with radial depths of cut of 0,2 mm and 0,4 mm. The feed per tooth used were 5 \'mü\'m and 10 \'mü\'m at constant depth of cut of 50 \'mü\'m. The machine tool used was a three axis CNC machining center with 18 kw nominal power and maximum spindle speed of 24000 RPM. At the maximum spindle speed the maximum cutting speed reached was 50 m/min. A mini piezoelectric dynamometer multicomponent model 9256 C2 (Kistler) was used to gather the cutting forces signals during machining. Therefore, the experimental results showed that the cutting force variation behavior, the increase of specific cutting pressure with the decrease of thickness of cut, cutting energy, cutting power, representing the energy and cutting power representation based on the average cutting force during chip formation are similar to the behavior of these parameters during conventional machining. Based upon that it is shown that the fundamental principles may well be applied to explain the machining behavior at very reduced scales during micro end milling operation.
16

Microfresamento de aços com grãos ultrafinos / Micromilling of ultrafine grained steels

Assis, Cleiton Lazaro Fazolo de 20 September 2013 (has links)
A micromanufatura via usinagem apresenta algumas dificuldades, principalmente aquelas relacionadas à formação do cavaco, pois a espessura de corte passa a ter a dimensão do tamanho de grão do material da peça e da microgeometria da aresta de corte. Em operações de microcorte, a microestrutura do material é um fator importante no controle da geração da superfície da peça, mecanismo de formação de cavaco, etc. Este trabalho de pesquisa avaliou o efeito do tamanho ultrafino dos grãos do material da peça sobre os fenômenos inerentes ao corte no microfresamento. As variáveis de usinagem investigadas foram avanço por dente (fz), velocidade de corte (vc), diâmetro da microfresa (d&#934) e raio de aresta de corte (re), visando avaliar o mecanismo de formação do cavaco, acabamento da peça e integridade superficial. Os materiais utilizados nos experimentos foram um aço bifásico (ferrita-perlita) com tamanho de grão ferrítico de 11 µm e outro de microestrutura homogênea de grãos ultrafinos com 0,7 µm, ambos com mesma composição química e baixo-carbono. Dois grupos de ensaios foram propostos: (1) macro e microfresamento e (2) microfresamento de canais. O tipo de usinagem foi o de fresamento de topo, sem emprego de fluido de corte. Os ensaios de usinagem foram executados em centros de usinagem CNC. As ferramentas de corte foram de metal duro com recobrimentos, diâmetro 16 mm na escala macro de usinagem, 200 e 800 µm na escala micro. A adequação da microestrutura do material da peça à redução da escala de usinagem, através do mecanismo de refino de grão, gerou alguns aspectos favoráveis à microusinagem, como melhor acabamento (Ssk&#8776;0 e Sku&#8776;3), formação de cavaco contínuo e menor formação de rebarbas com a redução da espessura de corte (fz&#8804re), possibilitando aplicações em microfabricação por corte com ferramenta de geometria definida utilizando aços baixo carbono, antes limitadas à estruturas na construção civil e peças obtidas por conformação mecânica. / Micro manufacturing by means of machining presents difficulties, mainly those related to chip formation, since chip thickness become as small as normal material grain size, as well as the cutting edge radius. At such micro cutting operations material microstructure ascends as a very important issue in terms of machining output, i.e. surface roughness, subsurface damages, cutting forces, etc. This research evaluated the effect of the intervention on the metallurgical microstructure of the material on the cutting phenomena inherent in micromachining. The variables investigated were the feed per tooth (ft), cutting speed (vc), micro end-mill diameter (d&#934) and cutting edge radius (re). The materials used in the experiments were a steel two-phase (ferrite-pearlite) with ferritic grain size of 11 µm and similar one with homogeneous microstructure and ultrafine grains (0.7 µm), both low carbon. The mechanism of chip formation, surface finish and surface integrity were investigated and correlated with the studied variables. Two groups of machining experiments were proposed: (1) macro and micro end-milling and (2) microchannels. Overall, the type of machining was the end milling, without using cutting fluid. The machining tests were carried on a CNC machining center. The cutting tools are coated, diameter 16 mm in macro scale of machining, 200 and 800 &#956m in micro scale. the adequacy of the microstructure of the workpiece material to the reduce the scale of machining generated some favorable aspects to micromachining, such as better finishing (Ssk&#8776;0 e Sku&#8776;3), continuous chip formation and lesser burr formation by reducing the cutting thickness (fz&#8804re), enabling micromanufacturing applications for low carbon steels, once limited to structures in the civil construction and pieces obtained by mechanical forming.
17

Estudo do comportamento das vibrações em fresamento frontal do aço inoxidável AISI 316 utilizando transformada de Wavelet

Sória, Bruno Santana January 2016 (has links)
O fresamento do aço inoxidável austenítico é um processo importante para a produção de peças em que se deseja alta resistência mecânica e à corrosão. No entanto, a usinagem desse material representa um desafio por suas características adversas ao corte. A alta taxa de encruamento e a alta dureza relativa fazem-no resistente ao corte, podendo gerar vibrações em diferentes faixas de frequência. Uma técnica importante ao processamento de sinais de vibração é a Transformada de Wavelet que permite analisar diferentes frequências do sinal através da subdivisão em aproximações e detalhamentos. Neste trabalho analisaram-se vibrações em alta e baixa frequência geradas no fresamento frontal do aço inoxidável austenítico AISI 316 a partir de sinais de força, coletados por meio de um dinamômetro piezelétrico e processados via Transformada de Wavelet Discreta. Também se fez a investigação dos perfis de rugosidade, dos parâmetros de rugosidade média (Ra) e média parcial (Rz) e das ondulações gerados na superfície fresada. Nos ensaios, foram utilizados insertos com três raios de ponta distintos, hastes da fresa com três diferentes comprimentos em balanço e foram variadas a rotação do eixo-árvore e a profundidade de corte axial em três níveis cada, totalizando 81 combinações de parâmetros. Constatou-se que a profundidade de corte representou a maior influência na vibração. Na usinagem com rotações abaixo do valor mínimo recomendado pelo fabricante (1600 rpm), houve dificuldades na formação e remoção do cavaco. A modificação do raio de ponta influenciou mais a vibração em pequenas profundidades de corte ou em zonas próximas às condições de instabilidade. O comprimento da haste mostrou comportamentos diferentes para a vibração, podendo estar relacionado com a mudança das frequências naturais do sistema e também pode definir entrada em regime instável. Verificou-se correlação do detalhamento (D1) da força resultante (vibração em altas frequências) com o parâmetro Ra para condições de vibrações intensas (maiores amplitudes), mas em regime estável. Assim, o parâmetro D1 pode ser utilizado na detecção de vibrações chatter no processo de fresamento frontal do aço inoxidável AISI 316. / The milling of austenitic stainless steel is important process for the production of part that require mechanical and corrosion resistance. However, the machining of this steel represents a challenge by its adverse features. The high hardening rate and the high relative hardness make it resistant to cutting and can generate vibrations in different frequency ranges. An important technique for the processing of vibration signals is the Wavelet Transform that allows the analysis of different signal frequencies through the subdivisions into approximations and details. In this work, high and low frequency vibration generated in end milling of AISI 316 stainless steel were analyzed from force signals collected through a piezoelectric dynamometer and processed via Wavelet Discrete Transform. Besides, the roughness profiles were investigated, as well as average (Ra) and partial mean (Rz) roughness parameters, and waviness generated on the milled surface. Three different insert nose radius, end mill tool lengths, depths of cut and spindle speeds were used in the experiments, totaling 81 combinations of parameters. It was found that depth of cut represented the greatest influence on vibration. In end milling with spindle speed below the minimum recommended by the tool manufacturer (1600 rpm) it occurred difficulties in the chip formation and removal. The modification of tool nose radius greater influenced the vibration at small depths of cut or in regions close to the stability limit. The end mill tool length showed different behaviors for the vibration, which may be related to the change of natural frequencies of the mechanical system and may also define an unstable state. The correlation of detail (D1) of the resulting force (vibration at high frequencies) with the parameter Ra for intense vibration conditions (larger amplitudes) was verified, but in stable state. Thus, D1 can be used for detecting chatter in end milling process of AISI 316 stainless steel.
18

Microfresamento de aços com grãos ultrafinos / Micromilling of ultrafine grained steels

Cleiton Lazaro Fazolo de Assis 20 September 2013 (has links)
A micromanufatura via usinagem apresenta algumas dificuldades, principalmente aquelas relacionadas à formação do cavaco, pois a espessura de corte passa a ter a dimensão do tamanho de grão do material da peça e da microgeometria da aresta de corte. Em operações de microcorte, a microestrutura do material é um fator importante no controle da geração da superfície da peça, mecanismo de formação de cavaco, etc. Este trabalho de pesquisa avaliou o efeito do tamanho ultrafino dos grãos do material da peça sobre os fenômenos inerentes ao corte no microfresamento. As variáveis de usinagem investigadas foram avanço por dente (fz), velocidade de corte (vc), diâmetro da microfresa (d&#934) e raio de aresta de corte (re), visando avaliar o mecanismo de formação do cavaco, acabamento da peça e integridade superficial. Os materiais utilizados nos experimentos foram um aço bifásico (ferrita-perlita) com tamanho de grão ferrítico de 11 µm e outro de microestrutura homogênea de grãos ultrafinos com 0,7 µm, ambos com mesma composição química e baixo-carbono. Dois grupos de ensaios foram propostos: (1) macro e microfresamento e (2) microfresamento de canais. O tipo de usinagem foi o de fresamento de topo, sem emprego de fluido de corte. Os ensaios de usinagem foram executados em centros de usinagem CNC. As ferramentas de corte foram de metal duro com recobrimentos, diâmetro 16 mm na escala macro de usinagem, 200 e 800 µm na escala micro. A adequação da microestrutura do material da peça à redução da escala de usinagem, através do mecanismo de refino de grão, gerou alguns aspectos favoráveis à microusinagem, como melhor acabamento (Ssk&#8776;0 e Sku&#8776;3), formação de cavaco contínuo e menor formação de rebarbas com a redução da espessura de corte (fz&#8804re), possibilitando aplicações em microfabricação por corte com ferramenta de geometria definida utilizando aços baixo carbono, antes limitadas à estruturas na construção civil e peças obtidas por conformação mecânica. / Micro manufacturing by means of machining presents difficulties, mainly those related to chip formation, since chip thickness become as small as normal material grain size, as well as the cutting edge radius. At such micro cutting operations material microstructure ascends as a very important issue in terms of machining output, i.e. surface roughness, subsurface damages, cutting forces, etc. This research evaluated the effect of the intervention on the metallurgical microstructure of the material on the cutting phenomena inherent in micromachining. The variables investigated were the feed per tooth (ft), cutting speed (vc), micro end-mill diameter (d&#934) and cutting edge radius (re). The materials used in the experiments were a steel two-phase (ferrite-pearlite) with ferritic grain size of 11 µm and similar one with homogeneous microstructure and ultrafine grains (0.7 µm), both low carbon. The mechanism of chip formation, surface finish and surface integrity were investigated and correlated with the studied variables. Two groups of machining experiments were proposed: (1) macro and micro end-milling and (2) microchannels. Overall, the type of machining was the end milling, without using cutting fluid. The machining tests were carried on a CNC machining center. The cutting tools are coated, diameter 16 mm in macro scale of machining, 200 and 800 &#956m in micro scale. the adequacy of the microstructure of the workpiece material to the reduce the scale of machining generated some favorable aspects to micromachining, such as better finishing (Ssk&#8776;0 e Sku&#8776;3), continuous chip formation and lesser burr formation by reducing the cutting thickness (fz&#8804re), enabling micromanufacturing applications for low carbon steels, once limited to structures in the civil construction and pieces obtained by mechanical forming.
19

Fundamentos do fresamento: uma aplicação em microfresamento / Fundamentals of end milling operation: an application to micro end milling

Marcel Henrique Militão Dib 17 September 2013 (has links)
Nos últimos anos, o estudo do microfresamento tem recebido grande atenção devido a seu uso na fabricação de microcomponentes como células de combustível, microatuadores ou sensores, circuitos integrados, etc. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os fundamentos do fresamento aplicados ao microfresamento. Para isto foi investigado, em escala reduzida, o comportamento de alguns princípios fundamentais da usinagem convencional, tais como espessura de corte instantânea, espessura de corte média, força de corte, pressão específica de corte, potência de corte, entre outros. A importância deste trabalho justifica-se pela necessidade de se entender como estes princípios comportam-se em escalas reduzidas. Inicialmente foi realizada uma investigação da literatura a fim de mostrar a origem de alguns destes princípios fundamentais. Em seguida, uma análise critica destes fundamentos foi apresentada e experimentos foram realizados com o intuito de confrontar o levantamento teórico com os resultados práticos. Para isso foram realizados testes de microfresamento com duas microfresas de metal duro constituídas de dois dentes cada uma com diâmetro de 0,8 mm. O raio da aresta de corte de cada ferramenta foi medido usando um microscópio confocal e os valores variaram de 1,8 \'mü\'m a 3,3 \'mü\'m. O material usado nos experimentos foi um alumínio liga (RSA 6061) de grãos ultrafinos (valor médio de 1 \'mü\'m). O fresamento adotado foi o frontal parcial (não engajado) com penetrações de trabalho de 0,2 mm e 0,4 mm. Os avanços por dente usados foram de 5 \'mü\'m e 10 \'mü\'m a uma profundidade de usinagem de 50 \'mü\'m. A máquina usada foi um centro de usinagem CNC de três eixos com potência nominal de 18 kw e rotação máxima de 24000 RPM. A máxima velocidade de corte alcançada foi de 50 m/min. Para coletar o sinal das forças de usinagem um dinamômetro piezoelétrico modelo 9256 C2 (Kistler) foi usado. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que o comportamento da variação da força de corte, o aumento da pressão específica de corte com o decréscimo da espessura de corte, energia de corte, potência de corte e representação da energia e potência de corte com base na força de corte média durante a formação do cavaco, são semelhantes ao comportamento destes parâmetros durante a usinagem convencional. Com base nestes resultados, foi mostrado que os fundamentos do fresamento podem ser aplicados em microfresamento para explicar o comportamento da microusinagem. / Recently, micro end milling is a subject that has received a large contribution due to its feasibility to be applied to the manufacturing of micro components such as fuel cells, micro actuators and sensors, integrated circuits, etc. The objective of this study is to present fundamental principles of machining of end milling operation applied to the micro end milling operation. It will be investigated the behavior at small scale of some known conventional machining parameters such as instantaneous thickness of cut, average thickness of cut, cutting force, specific cutting pressure, cutting power among others. The relevance of this study is justified by the need of understanding how those cutting parameters behave when the machining scale is reduced. Firstly, a review of the literature was carried out in order to show the origin of some fundamental principles of machining of materials. Thereafter, a critical analysis was held on these fundamentals and experimental cutting tests were designed and carried out aiming to comparing the experimental results with the expected trend shown by those parameters in conventional machining scale. The micro end milling tests used two carbide two teeth micro end mills with a diameter of 0,8 mm. The cutting edge of each tool was measured using a confocal optical profiler and the values ranged from 1,8 \'mü\'m up to 3,3 \'mü\'m. The workpiece material used in the cutting experiments was an ultra fine grain (average 1 \'mü\'m) aluminum alloy (RSA 6061). The machining operation was partial (not engaged) end milling with radial depths of cut of 0,2 mm and 0,4 mm. The feed per tooth used were 5 \'mü\'m and 10 \'mü\'m at constant depth of cut of 50 \'mü\'m. The machine tool used was a three axis CNC machining center with 18 kw nominal power and maximum spindle speed of 24000 RPM. At the maximum spindle speed the maximum cutting speed reached was 50 m/min. A mini piezoelectric dynamometer multicomponent model 9256 C2 (Kistler) was used to gather the cutting forces signals during machining. Therefore, the experimental results showed that the cutting force variation behavior, the increase of specific cutting pressure with the decrease of thickness of cut, cutting energy, cutting power, representing the energy and cutting power representation based on the average cutting force during chip formation are similar to the behavior of these parameters during conventional machining. Based upon that it is shown that the fundamental principles may well be applied to explain the machining behavior at very reduced scales during micro end milling operation.
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Monitoramento da condição da ferramenta no microfresamento por meio de sinais de potência e emissão acústica / Monitoring of tool condition in micro-milling via cutting power and acoustic emission signals

Ribeiro, Kandice Suane Barros 22 February 2019 (has links)
Considerando as dimensões reduzidas das ferramentas de microfresamento, a seleção não otimizada dos parâmetros de corte tende a maximizar o desgaste e a quebra da ferramenta durante operações de microusinagem. Isto posto, o desenvolvimento de um sistema de monitoramento para explorar as condições da microfresa durante a usinagem é fundamental. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é monitorar via sinais de potência e emissão acústica (EA) o desgaste da ferramenta e a estabilidade de corte em operações de microfresamento do aço COS AR60 e COS AR60 de grãos ultrafinos (GUF). Os testes de microfresamento foram realizados com ferramentas de diâmetro de 1 mm e duas arestas, com substrato de metal duro e revestimento (Ti, Al, Cr) N, em um centro de usinagem CNC Romi D800 High Performance adaptado com um cabeçote de alta rotação. O microfresamento ocorreu nos dois materiais sem aplicação de fluido de corte e com velocidade de corte de 62,5 m/min e 125 m/min, mantendo constante a velocidade de avanço de 240 mm/min (fz = 6 &#956;m/aresta e 3 &#956;m/aresta), profundidade de usinagem de 100 m e comprimento de usinagem de 104 mm em corte em cheio. O sinal de potência e EA foram adquiridos à taxa de 5 kHz e 1,25 MHz, respectivamente. Os dados foram adquiridos em LabVIEW® e processados em LabVIEW® e MATLAB®. Os resultados de caracterização dos desgastes apontaram um desgaste de flanco mais expressivo e a formação de Aresta Postiça de Corte (APC) no GUF para vc = 125 m/min, e a presença de desgaste de cratera em todas as condições de corte. O aumento da potência de corte média representou a predominância do desgaste de flanco, e desgaste de cratera em sua redução. De forma semelhante, a ANOVA dos valores de EA RMS indicaram com significância (95% de confiança) uma correlação diretamente proporcional entre EA RMS e evolução do desgaste de flanco na microfresa. Quanto à estabilidade de corte, ambos os sinais apresentaram um aumento expressivo de amplitude quando o corte foi instável. Com isso, os métodos de monitoramento utilizados foram capazes de indicar a evolução do desgaste da microfresa e a ocorrência de chatter em operações de microfresamento. / Regarding the reduced dimensions of micro-milling tools, a non-optimised selection of cutting parameters tends to maximise tool wear and breakage during cutting operations. Hereupon the development of a monitoring system for exploring microtool conditions during machining is imperative. Therefore, the aim of this research is to monitor tool wear and cutting stability via cutting power and acoustic emission (AE) signals in micro-milling operations of steel COS AR60 and ultra fine-grained steel COS AR 60 (GUF). Cutting tests were performed by carbide endmill tools with (Ti, Al, Cr) N coating, two flutes and 1 mm diameter in a CNC machining centre Romi D800 High Performance adapted with a high spindle speed head. Micro-milling operations were carried out in both materials without cutting fluid application at 62.5 m/min and 125 m/min, and constant parameters of feed, set at 240 mm/min (fz = 6 &#956;m/tooth and 3 &#956;m/tooth), depth of cut of 100 m and cutting length of 104 mm performed in sloth cutting strategy. Cutting power and AE signals were acquired at the rate of 5 kHz and 1.25 MHz, respectively. The data were acquired in LabVIEW® and processed in both LabVIEW® and MATLAB®. The results on wear characterisation revealed a major flank wear and the formation of Built Up-Edge (BUE) in GUF at vc = 125 m/min, along with the occurrence of crater wear in all cutting conditions set. An increase in the average cutting power levels is linked to the predominancy of flank wear, while crater wear to its decrease. Likewise, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of EA RMS values indicated with significancy (95% confidence) a direct proportion between AE RMS and flank wear in the microtool. In terms of cutting stability both EA and cutting power signals have shown an expressive rise when performing instable cutting. Thus, the methods of monitoring were feasible for recognising tool wear evolution and chatter in micro-milling operations.

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