Abstract The natriuretic peptides are a family of hormones secreted by the heart. They play a fundamental role in salt and water balance and blood pressure regulation. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) are the known members of the mammalian natriuretic peptide family. A major stimulus for the secretion of cardiac natriuretic peptides is myocyte stretch. Therefore, the secretion of natriuretic peptides is increased in response to elevated blood volume. Natriuretic peptide production and release is also affected by several other factors, such as endothelin-1 (ET-1), acting in paracrine fashion. The aim of this study was to elucidate factors regulating the novel cardiac peptide hormone, salmon cardiac peptide (sCP), belonging to the family of natriuretic peptides. The role of mechanical load, temperature and ET-1 in sCP secretion and production was studied using in vitro (isolated perfused ventricle preparation) and in vivo methods. Comparisons between the natriuretic peptide systems in fish and mammals were done to clarify functional evolution of this hormone family. Salmon (Salmo salar) was selected as a model, since it has an outstanding adaptability to wide variations in environmental salinity and has developed defence mechanisms against volume or salt load. The results showed that salmon ventricle stores large amounts of the prohormone of sCP, whereas the secreted form is the mature 29-amino acid form. The N-terminal fragment of pro-sCP is co-secreted with sCP in equimolar amounts. sCP is released rapidly in response to appropriate stimulus, whereas induction of its gene expression is slower. Mechanical load is an important regulator of sCP secretion. Temperature also plays a major role in regulating sCP plasma concentration by affecting its elimination from circulation. Additionally, ET-1 is a potent secretagogue of the sCP system and an inotropic agent in salmon heart. Furthermore, the present results reveal remarkable synergism between the cardiac effects of ET-1 and β-adrenergic stimulation. In conclusion, the sCP system in salmon ventricle largely resembles the ANP system in mammalian atrium, while also having specific characteristics, such as a regulated ventricular natriuretic peptide secretion pathway. Therefore, the sCP system offers a unique model for studying mechanisms of natriuretic peptide biology.

No description available.

No / Two different theories of migraine aura exist: In the vascular theory of Wolff, intracerebral vasoconstriction causes migraine aura via energy deficiency, whereas in the neuronal theory of Leão and Morison, spreading depression (SD) initiates the aura. Recently, it has been shown that the cerebrovascular constrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) elicits SD when applied to the cortical surface, a finding that could provide a bridge between the vascular and the neuronal theories of migraine aura. Several arguments support the notion that ET-1¿induced SD results from local vasoconstriction, but definite proof is missing. If ET-1 induces SD via vasoconstriction/ischemia, then neuronal damage is likely to occur, contrasting with the fact that SD in the otherwise normal cortex is not associated with any lesion. To test this hypothesis, we have performed a comprehensive histologic study of the effects of ET-1 when applied topically to the cerebral cortex of halothane-anesthetized rats. Our assessment included histologic stainings and immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein, heat shock protein 70, and transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. During ET-1 application, we recorded (i) subarachnoid direct current (DC) electroencephalogram, (ii) local cerebral blood flow by laser-Doppler flowmetry, and (iii) changes of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin by spectroscopy. At an ET-1 concentration of 1 µM, at which only 6 of 12 animals generated SD, a microarea with selective neuronal death was found only in those animals demonstrating SD. In another five selected animals, which had not shown SD in response to ET-1, SD was triggered at a second cranial window by KCl and propagated from there to the window exposed to ET-1. This treatment also resulted in a microarea of neuronal damage. In contrast, SD invading from outside did not induce neuronal damage in the absence of ET-1 (n = 4) or in the presence of ET-1 if ET-1 was coapplied with BQ-123, an ETA receptor antagonist (n = 4). In conclusion, SD in presence of ET-1 induced a microarea of selective neuronal necrosis no matter where the SD originated. This effect of ET-1 appears to be mediated by the ETA receptor.

Die hier im Rahmen einer kumulativen Habilitation vorgelegten Arbeiten fassen die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des Autors zum Thema "Neue Mediatoren in der Pathophysiologie der Herzinsuffizienz" zusammen. Folgende neurohumorale Faktoren waren dabei Gegenstand klinischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen: Relaxin, Urotensin-II, Endothelin-1 und Adrenomedullin. Das wichtigste Ergebnis der klinischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen ist die Charakterisierung des Schwangerschaftshormones Relaxin als kompensatorisch wirksamer Mediator und Gegenspieler des Vasokonstriktors Endothelin-1. Aufgrund des Spektrums der biologischen Eigenschaften von Relaxin - funktioneller Endothelin-1-Antagonismus, Vasodilatation, Fibrosehemmung, Pro-Angiogenese, Föderung der glomerulären Filtration und Abschwächung renaler Vasokonstriktoreneffekte - erscheint das Konzept einer therapeutischen Nutzung des Peptides naheliegend. Von besonderem Interesse könnten wegen des ausgeprägten Endothelinantagonismus und der anti-fibrotischen Eigenschaften die Effekte von Relaxin bei pulmonalvaskulärer Hypertonie sein. Bezüglich der Stellung von Urotensin-II in der Pathophysiologie der Herzinsuffizienz sprechen die gewonnenen klinischen Daten zunächst nicht für eine signifikante Rolle des Peptides. Diese Fragestellung und auch die Frage nach der physiologischen Bedeutung von Urotensin-II sind derzeit Gegenstand einer sehr kontroversen wissenschaftlichen Debatte, so dass weitere und umfangreichere Studien zur endgültigen Klärung nötig sind. Schließlich wurde in einem Flusskammermodell erstmalig der bei Herzinsuffizienz typischerweise erhöhte pulmonalvaskuläre Druck als Regulator der pulmonalendothelialen Mediatorsynthese identifiziert, was klinische Daten zur pulmonalen Freisetzung von Endothelin-1 und Adrenomedullin bestätigt und ergänzt. Diese Befunde sollten Anlaß sein, nun die Signaltransduktion ("Mechanotransduktion") druckinduzierter Prozesse zu untersuchen, welche im Gegensatz zur Transduktion scherabhängiger Vorgänge bisher kaum Gegenstand von Forschungsarbeiten war. / This work comprises a summary of the author s experimental and clinical results regarding "Novel mediators in the pathophysiology of heart failure", including investigations on relaxin, endothelin-1, adrenomedullin, and urotensin-II. In this context, identification of the pregnancy hormone relaxin as compensatory mediator and counterplayer to the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 represents the most intriguing and important result of these studies. In spite of the spectrum of biological properties of relaxin - functional antagonism towards endothelin-1, vasodilation, inhibition of fibrosis, promotion of angiogenesis, stimulation of glomerular filtration and mitigation of renal vasoconstrictor effects - the therapeutical use of relaxin in heart failure seems to be a compelling concept. Given the pronounced functional endothelin antagonism and the profound anti-fibrotic effects of relaxin its use in pulmonary hypertension may be of particular interest. With regard to the relevance of urotensin-II the clinical data presented here do not confirm the view that this peptide plays a significant role in heart failure. However, this point as well as the physiological importance of urotensin-II are currently subject to a controversial scientific debate; therefore, additional studies are necessary to unravel these questions. Finally, using a novel flowchamber model, pulmonary vascular pressure - typically elevated in heart failure - was characterized as regulator of pulmonary endothelial mediator synthesis. These findings corroborate and extend clinical data showing pulmonary vascular release of endothelin-1 and adrenomedullin in patients with heart failure. Based on these results it appears rewarding to investigate signaling mechanisms of pressure-related vascular processes ("mechanotransduction"), which are poorly understood at present.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) ist ein gefä?aktives Peptid, welches zusätzlich verschiedenste nicht kardiovaskuläre physiologische und pathophysiologische Effekte besitzt. So wurde z.B. beschrieben, dass ET-1 in der Brustdrüse während der Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit exprimiert wird. Zusätzlich zu den bekannten Nährstoffen und Wachstumsfaktoren konnte auch ET-1 in der Muttermilch nachgewiesen werden, was auf eine physiologische Rolle von ET-1 für die Laktation und den säugenden Nachwuchs hinweist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die Funktion von ET-1 in der Brustdrüsenentwicklung mit Hilfe von ET-1 transgenen Mäusen aufgeklärt werden. Die eingesetzten transgenen Tiere überexprimieren humanes ET-1 mit den entsprechenden 5''- und 3'' regulatorischen Sequenzen. Mit Hilfe dieser Strategie sollen die ET-1 spezifischen Funktionen während der Brustdrüsenentwicklung untersucht werden. Transgenes ET-1 wurde während der Tragzeit und Stillzeit in der Brustdrüse detektiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass säugende Neugeborene der ET-1 transgenen Mäuse eine geringere Gewichtszunahme und eine erhöhte Mortalität aufwiesen, welches auf einen Laktationsdefekt hinweist. Die histologische Untersuchung der Brustdrüse während der Tragzeit ergab eine reduzierte Milchkanalausbildung, kollabierte und nicht expandierende Alveoli, vermehrte Adipozytenausbildung und fortbestehende zytoplasmatische Lipidtropfen (CLDs). Zusätzlich war die Expression des Milchproteins WAP reprimiert. Interessanterweise wurde diese Repression nicht durch STAT5, einem beschriebenem Regulator der Milchproteinexpression und Alveolarexpansion, vermittelt, da dessen Aktivität unverändert war. Als Konsequenz dieses Laktationsdefekts konnte eine verfrühte Rückbildung der Brustdrüse festgestellt werden. Diese ging mit einer erhöhten Expression von STAT3 einher. Interessanterweise wies der bekannte Aktivator von STAT3, LIF, ebenfalls eine gesteigerte Aktivität auf, sowohl während der Tragzeit als auch während der Laktation. Zusätzlich zu den beschriebenen Defekten bei der Milchabgabe zeigten histologische Untersuchungen der Brustdrüse eine Laktationshyperplasie während der mittleren Laktationsphase. In diesem Zusammenhang wird darauf hingewiesen, dass ET-1 Rezeptoren, neben den klassischen Signalwegen dieser G Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren, auch mit Tyosinkinaserezeptoren wie z. B. dem EGFR interagieren können. Brustdrüsen von ET-1 transgenen Tieren zeigten eine erhöhte Aktivität sowohl von EGFR als auch von ERK1/2, welches im Zusammenhang mit dem hyperplastischen Phänotyp stehen könnte. Die mögliche tumorfördernde Wirkung von ET-1 wird ferner durch die erhöhte Expression von Amphiregulin, einem EGFR-Liganden, während der Tragzeit und der Laktation verstärkt. Zusammenfassend konnte festgestellt werden, dass ET-1 sowohl die Milchsekretion als auch den Milcheinschuss negativ beeinflusst, so dass eine ausreichende Versorgung säugender Jungtiere in der 1. Hälfte der Laktationsperiode nicht mehr gewährleistet ist. Zusätzlich verursachte ET-1 eine Laktationshyperplasie, welche auf die Induktion der EGFR-Achse zurückzuführen ist. Zusammenfassend kann somit festgestellt werden, dass die Ergebnisse auf eine wichtige Rolle von ET-1 in der Brüstphysiologie des Säugers hinweisen. / Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoactive peptide having wide physiological effects on vascular homeostasis and on a variety of pathophysiological processes unrelated to cardiovascular system. It has been noted that ET-1 is expressed in mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation periods. Furthermore, ET-1 is secreted into milk, suggesting additional physiological roles in the lactating mother and in the suckling neonate. Hence, the present study was proposed to elucidate the possible functional roles of ET-1 in mammary gland development employing ET-1 transgenic mice. ET-1 transgenic mice had been generated by using a human genomic ET-1 construct containing 5´ and 3´ regulatory sequences. This transgenic construction strategy grants to analyse the specific functions of ET-1 in normal mammary gland physiology. The transgene expression was found in mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. ET-1 transgenic mice exhibited a lactational incompetence with reduced weight gain and increased mortality of their newborns, as a result of a secretory defect. In virtue of this defect, ET-1 transgenic mammary glands histologically revealed a reduced ductal outgrowth, collapsed alveoli with a reduced expansion capacity, increased adipocyte accumulation, and persistence of cystoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs) during lactation. In addition, the expression of the milk protein, WAP, was found to be constantly suppressed in ET-1 mammary glands although the activity of STAT5, which is known to be a regulator of the expression of milk proteins and alveolar expansion, was found to be normal. Furthermore, as a consequence of the secretory defect, ET-1 transgenic mammary glands exhibited focal precocious involution during early stages of lactation along with an increased activity of STAT3. Consistently, the known activator of STAT3, LIF, was strongly upregulated during lactation and pregnancy. Besides the secretory defect of ET-1 transgenic mammary glands, histological analysis revealed a local lactational hyperplasia during the middle of lactation. Alternatively to the classical G protein-coupled receptors GPCR signalling pathways, endothelin receptors are able to communicate with tyrosine kinase receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) for which the term receptor transactivation was coined. Mammary glands of ET-1 transgenic animals exhibited an increased activity of the EGFR and ERK1/2, which could contribute to the observed hyperplastic phenotype. In support of the potential tumourigenicity of ET-1, one of the EGFR ligands, amphiregulin, was found significantly upregulated in ET-1 transgenic mammary glands, both during pregnancy and lactation periods. In summary, high levels of ET-1 affect the secretion and the milk let down process. Consequently the normal support of milk for the suckling neonates is severely impaired during the first half of the lactation period. In addition, ET-1 caused lactational hyperplasia in the mammary glands due to the induction of the EGFR axis. This suggests an important role for ET-1 in mammary gland physiology.

Einige Patienten mit Raynaud-Syndrom, Urtikaria, koronarer Herzkrankheit, Angina pectoris, oder Pulmonaler Hypertonie haben funktionelle Autoantikörper gegen die Thrombin-Rezeptoren PAR1/2 und/oder gegen den Endothelin-Rezeptor ET(A). In dieser Arbeit wurde die Wirkung solcher Patienten-IgG-Präparate auf Funktionen von Ventrikel-Kardiomyozyten neonataler Ratten; humanen, glatten Muskelzellen aus Coronararterien (hCASMC), frisch isolierten, humanen Thrombozyten sowie von Monozyten untersucht. Zum Vergleich wurden die PAR-Agonisten Thrombin und das stimulierende Peptid SFLLRN sowie Endothelin-1 verwendet. Während aufgereinigte ET(A)-Autoantikörper ERK1/2 in Kardiomyozyten nicht aktivierten, bewirkten IgG-Präparate mit PAR-Autoantikörpern hier eine ähnliche Aktivierung wie das Peptid SFLLRN. Überraschenderweise bewirkte Kontroll-IgG eine starke Aktivierung von ERK1/2. Die Coinkubation der Kardiomyozyten mit Antikörper-Präparaten und IL-1beta erhöhte die Phosphorylierung von ERK1/2 in allen Fällen. In hCASMCs bewirkten IgG-Präparate mit PAR-Autoantikörpern und Kontroll-IgGs eine Aktivierung von ERK1/2, ET(A)-Autoantikörper nicht. Die Ergebnisse der Thrombozytenaktivierung durch Patienten-IgG waren unterschiedlich. Versuche mit vorstimulierten Thrombozyten zeigten, dass ein stimulierender Einfluss der Autoantikörper auf präaktivierte Thrombozyten nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann. Ohne Vorstimulation jedoch schien Patienten-IgG eher einen hemmenden Einfluss auf die Thrombozytenfunktion zu haben. Eine Vorinkubation von Monozyten mit Patienten-IgG hatte keinen Einfluss auf die PMA-induzierte Produktion von Superoxidanion im Vergleich zu Kontroll-IgG. Nur bei zwei von fünf Patienten-IgGs konnte eine stimulierende Wirkung anhand der monozytären ERK1/2-Phosphorylierung gefunden werden. Die Schlussfolgerung aus dieser Arbeit liegt darin, dass PAR1/2- und ET(A)-Autoantikörper keine allgemeine Wirkung auf die Funktion von glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen, Thrombozyten und Monozyten zeigten. Die Unterscheidung von Autoantikörper-positiven und -negativen IgG-Präparaten war nur über die Bestimmung der Pulsationsrate von Kardiomyozyten möglich. / Some patients with Raynaud’s syndrome, urticaria, coronary artery disease, Angina or pulmonary hypertension have functional autoantibodies against thrombin receptors PAR1/2 and/or against endothelin receptor ET(A). In this work the effects of such patients’ IgG preparations on functions of ventricular cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats, human smooth muscle cells from coronary arteries (hCASMC); freshly isolated, human platelets as well as monocytes were investigated. For comparison, the PAR agonists thrombin and the stimulating peptide SFLLRN as well as endothelin-1 were used. While purified autoantibodies against ET(A) did not activate ERK1/2 in cardiomyocytes, IgG preparations with autoantibodies against PAR1/2 resulted in a similar activation as the peptide SFLLRN. Surprisingly, control IgG also caused a strong activation of ERK1/2. Coincubation of cardiomyocytes with antibody preparations and IL-1beta increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in all cases. In hCASMCs, IgG preparations with PAR-autoantibodies and control IgGs caused activation of ERK1/2, whereas ET(A)-autoantibodies did not. The results of platelet activation with patients’ IgG were varying. Tests with prestimulated platelets showed, that a stimulating effect of the autoantibodies on preactivated platelets can not be excluded. However, without prestimulation patients’ IgG rather seemed to have an inhibiting effect on platelet function. Preincubation of monocytes with patients’ IgG had no influence on PMA-induced production of superoxide anion compared with control IgG. Only two of five patients’ IgGs showed a stimulating effect on monocytic ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, PAR1/2- and ET(A)-autoantibodies showed no common effects on the function of vascular smooth muscle cells, platelets and monocytes. The differentiation of autoantibody-positive and -negative preparations of IgG only was possible by determining the beating rate of cardiomyocytes.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser. Även tryckt utgåva.

Master of Science / Department of Chemistry / Duy H. Hua / (+)-myriceric acid A is known as a non-peptide ETA receptor antagonist. It is isolated from the natural plant Myrica cerfera with 0.01% yield which is very low. The total synthesis of (+)-myriceric acid A is being pursued in Hua’s lab. (+)-myriceric acid A specifically blocks the vasoconstriction caused by endothelin-1 (ET-1). Because some derivatives of (+)-myriceric acid A were shown to have ET-1 receptor antagonistic effect, the tetracyclic terpenoid intermediates toward the total synthesis of (+)-myriceric acid A are postulated to have the similar antagonistic activities. The objective of this project is to study the release of vasoconstriction of these synthetic intermediates and compare their antagonistic potency. The ET-1 receptor antagonistic bioactivity of six (+)-myriceric acid A intermediates as well as (+)-myriceric acid A were evaluated by the in vitro spiral modiolar artery (SMA) bioassay. The synthetic intermediates which have not been reported in the literature were previously synthesized in Hua’s laboratory by Dr. Angelo Aguilar and Dr. Aibin Shi. Their synthesis was described in Dr. Aguilar’s PhD thesis. All the antagonistic effect evaluations were based on the SMA’s diameter changes. SMA’s diameter changes were induced by the superfusion of different extracellular solutions. The dose-response curves and straight lines were plotted to compare the antagonistic potency of these compounds. Based on the EC50 value of (+)-myriceric acid A intermediates (0.090 µM ~ 0.582 µM for the curves and 0.095 µM ~ 0.385 µM for the straight lines), all of the compounds have ET-1 receptor antagonistic activity, therefore the synthesis and screening of (+)-myriceric acid A intermediates is probably a promising route to develop new non-peptide ETA receptor antagonists.

Introdução: A disfunção erétil (DE) é definida como a incapacidade de alcançar ou manter a ereção do pênis para um desempenho sexual satisfatório, contribuindo significativamente para a baixa qualidade de vida e morbidade psicossocial masculina. A endotelina-1 (ET-1), um potente peptídeo vasoconstritor que promove contração lenta e sustentada em células de músculo liso vascular, possui grande importância na fisiopatologia da DE. Diversos estudos mostram que o aumento da expressão de mediadores inflamatórios está intimamente ligado ao desenvolvimento da DE. O inflamassoma é um complexo multiprotéico do sistema imune inato que atua através da ativação da caspase-1 e resulta na maturação de citocinas pró- inflamatórias, tais como interleucina- IL (IL-l?). O receptor NLRP3 faz parte do inflamassoma e sua ativação leva a clivagem de caspase-1 e consequente secreção de IL-1?. A ET-1, também possui papel importante na inflamação crônica vascular, mediando a liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. No entanto, ainda é desconhecido se a ação pró- inflamatória da ET-1 em células de músculo liso é mediada pela ativação da via do inflamassoma. Hipótese: A ET-1 ativa o NLRP3 em células do músculo liso do corpo cavernoso (CMLCC), promovendo alterações na reatividade do corpo cavernoso (CC). Objetivo: Avaliar o papel da endotelina-1 na ativação do NLRP3 em CMLCC de camundongos. Métodos: CMLCC de camundongos C578BL/6 (WT) e NLRP3-/- foram cultivadas em meio de cultura DMEM acrescido de soro fetal bovino (SFB), 10%, foram pré- incubadas com endotelina-1 nas concentrações de 10-9, 10-8 e 10-7 M, em presença de LPS ou veículo. Avaliamos o efeito da deleção do NLRP3 sobre a reatividade do CC (contratilidade e relaxamento mediante estímulos por campo elétrico e/ou farmacológico). Após, avaliamos o efeito da ET-1 na ativação do NLRP3, nas alterações sobre a reatividade do CC de camundongos WT, e se estas persistiriam nos camundongos NLRP3-/- e caspase1/11-/- . Resultados: As células apresentaram-se fluorescentes para marcação para ?-actina e não para Von Willebrand, caracterizando assim que não houve contaminação com células endoteliais. A incubação com a ET-1 10-7 M por 24 h na presença de LPS ou veículo aumentou a atividade da caspase-1 em CMLCC de camundongos WT e este efeito não ocorreu nas CMLCC de camundongos NLRP3-/-. Não se observou diferença com relação à massa corporal ou massa dos órgãos entre os animais WT e NLRP3-/-. O CC de animais NLRP3-/- apresenta prejuízo para o relaxamento mediado por nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS) quando comparado com as tiras de CC de camundongos WT. A incubação com ET-1 10-7 M por 4 horas promove aumento na contração para fenilefrina (PE) e prejuízo no relaxamento induzido por nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS), e o mesmo efeito não é observado nas tiras de CC de camundongos NLRP3-/- e caspase1/11-/-. Conclusão: O NLRP3 contribui para o aumento na contração e prejuízo no relaxamento produzido pela ET-1 em CC de camundongos, possivelmente através da ativação da caspase-1 / Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain penile erection to perform sexual intercourse, it contributes significantly to the low quality of life and male psychosocial morbidity. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that promotes slow and sustained contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells, has great importance in the pathophysiology of ED. Several studies show that increased expression of inflammatory mediators is closely linked to the development of ED. The inflammasome is a multiproteic complex of the innate immune system that acts through activation of caspase-1, which leads to maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-l?). The activation of NLRP3 receptor, part of the inflammasome, leads to caspase-1 cleavage and subsequent secretion of IL-1?. ET-1 also plays an important role in chronic vascular inflammation by mediating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, it is still unknown whether pro-inflammatory actions of ET-1 on smooth muscle cells is mediated by the activation of the inflammasome. Hypothesis: ET-1 activates NLRP3 in smooth muscle cells of the corpora cavernosa (SMCCC), promoting changes in corpus cavernosum (CC) reactivity. Objective: To evaluate the role of endothelin-1 in the activation of the NLRP3 in SMCCC of mice. Methods: SMCCC of C57BL/6 (WT) and NLRP3-/- mice were grown in DMEM culture medium supplemented with bovine fetal serum (FBS) 10%, pre-incubated with endothelin-1 at concentrations of 10-9, 10- 8 and 10-7M, in the presence of LPS or vehicle. We evaluated the effect of the NLRP3 deletion on the reactivity of the CC (contractility and relaxation by electric field and/or pharmacological stimulation). After that, we evaluated the ET-1 effect on activation NLRP3, changes on the reactivity of the CC of WT, and if these alterations would persist NLRP3-/- and caspase1/11-/- mice. Results: The cells presented fluorescent labeling to ?-actin, but not for Von Willebrand factor, characterizing absence of endothelial cells contamination. The incubation with 10-7 M ET-1 for 24 h in the presence of LPS or vehicle increased caspase-1 activity in SMCCC from WT, but not from NLRP3-/- mice. No difference was observed in body mass or weight of the organs between WT and NLRP3-/- animals. The CC from NLRP3-/- animals displayed impaired relaxation mediated by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) when compared to WT CC. The incubation with ET-1 10-7 M for 4 hours promoted an increase in the contraction to phenylephrine (PE) and reduced relaxation induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The same effect was not observed in CC strips from NLRP3-/- and caspase1/11-/- mice. Conclusion: NLRP3 contributes to the increase in contraction and impaired relaxation produced by ET-1 in mice CC, possibly by activation of caspase-1

A endotelina-1 (ET-1) é um peptídeo vasoconstritor que exerce um papel importante no controle do tônus do corpo cavernoso. No entanto, tem sido demonstrado que esse peptídeo também está envolvido na disfunção erétil (DE) associada ao diabetes mellitus e hipertensão. O consumo de etanol aumenta os níveis plasmáticos de ET-1 e a resposta contrátil a esse peptídeo em tecidos vasculares. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram o de estudar as consequências funcionais e celulares do consumo crônico de etanol sobre o sistema endotelinérgico no corpo cavernoso e identificar os mediadores envolvidos nessa resposta. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos, os quais receberam água (controle) ou solução de etanol a 20% (vol./vol.) por seis semanas. Nossos resultados mostram que em tiras de tecido cavernoso, não houve alteração da resposta de relaxamento induzida pela adrenomedulina e nitroprussiato de sódio após tratamento com etanol. Com relação à acetilcolina, o consumo crônico de etanol reduziu o relaxamento induzido pelo referido agonista. Além disso, observou-se redução dos níveis plasmáticos e teciduais de nitrato no grupo etanol. Em conjunto, esses resultados sugerem que o tratamento crônico com etanol reduz a síntese/liberação do NO tecidual sem prejuízo em sua via de sinalização. O tratamento com etanol aumentou os níveis plasmáticos de ET-1 e a resposta contrátil induzida por esse peptídeo em corpo cavernoso de ratos. A contração induzida pela fenilefrina ou KCl 120 mmol/L não foi afetada pelo tratamento com etanol, sugerindo que os efeitos do tratamento sobre a reatividade do corpo cavernoso não são inespecíficos. O antagonista dos receptores ETB, o BQ788, não alterou a resposta de contração induzida pela ET-1 em corpo cavernoso de animais do grupo controle ou etanol. Não houve alteração da resposta de relaxamento induzida pelo IRL1620, um agonista seletivo dos receptores ETB. O tratamento com etanol não alterou os níveis de RNAm assim como a expressão protéica dos receptores ETB. Esses resultados mostram que o aumento da contração induzida pela ET-1 após tratamento com etanol não está relacionado à redução do relaxamento mediado pelos receptores ETB. Em nosso estudo o BQ123, antagonista seletivo dos receptores ETA, deslocou a curva cumulativa para ET-1 para direita em músculo cavernoso de ratos do grupo controle com consequente redução do valor de pD2. O mesmo não foi observado no tecido de animais do grupo etanol, indicando que a resposta mediada pelos receptores ETA está favorecida após o tratamento. O consumo de etanol não afetou os níveis de RNAm dos componentes do sistema endotelinérgico (ET-1, ECE-1, receptores ETA e ETB) e das isoformas da enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) (eNOS, nNOS e iNOS), porém aumentou a expressão protéica do receptor ETA, da ET-1 e da iNOS no músculo cavernoso. O tratamento com etanol induziu aumento do estresse oxidativo sistêmico assim como dos níveis de ânions superóxido (O2-) no corpo cavernoso. As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), os metabólitos derivados da NOS e da ciclooxigenase (COX) modulam negativamente a contração induzida por ET-1 e mostraram-se importantes no aumento da contração à ET-1 observada no corpo cavernoso de animais tratados com etanol. O Y27632, um inibidor da Rho-cinase, reduziu a resposta contrátil da ET-1 em corpo cavernoso de animais de ambos os grupos. Portanto, os resultados mostram que o tratamento com etanol aumenta a resposta contrátil da ET-1 por mecanismos que envolvem o aumento da expressão dos receptores ETA e das ERO e a via da Rho-cinase. / Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoconstrictor peptide that plays an important role in controlling the tone of the cavernosal smooth muscle (CSM). ET-1 is also involved in erectile dysfunction (ED) associated with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Ethanol consumption increases plasma levels of ET-1 and the contractile response to this peptide in vascular tissues. This study aimed to investigate the cellular and functional consequences of chronic ethanol consumption on the endothelinergic system in CSM as well as the mediators involved in this response. Male Wistar rats were treated with ethanol 20% (vol./vol.) for 6 weeks. Reactivity experiments were performed on isolated CSM. Our findings show that adrenomedullin and sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation was not altered after treatment with ethanol. On the other hand, acetylcholine-induced relaxation was reduced in CSM from ethanol-treated rats. Moreover, chronic ethanol consumption reduced plasma and CSM nitrate levels. These observations suggest that chronic ethanol consumption reduces NO synthesis/release but does not alter NO signaling pathway. Ethanol consumption increases plasma levels of ET-1 and the contractile response to this peptide in isolated CSM. Chronic ethanol consumption did not alter the contraction induced by phenylephrine or KCl 120mmol/L in isolated CSM strips. These observations suggest that the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the CSM reactivity are nonspecific. BQ788, a selective ETB receptor antagonist, did not alter ET-1-induced contraction in CSM from both control and ethanol-treated rats. The relaxation induced by IRL1620, a selective ETB receptors agonist, was not affected by ethanol consumption. mRNA levels and protein expression for ETB receptor were not affected by ethanol consumption. We concluded that CSM hyper-reactivity to ET-1 is not related to reduction of ETB receptor-mediated relaxation. BQ123, a selective ETA receptor antagonist, shifted the concentration-response curve for ET-1 to the right in CSM from control rats. However, this response was not observed in CSM from ethanol group, indicating that the response mediated by the ETA receptor is favored after ethanol treatment. It was found that chronic ethanol consumption did not alter mRNA levels for the components of the endothelinergic system (ET-1, ECE-1, ETA and ETB receptors) and the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (eNOS, nNOS and iNOS), but increased protein expression for ETA receptor, ET-1 and iNOS. Ethanol induced systemic and cavernosal oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites derived from cyclooxygenase (COX) and NOS, modulate negatively ET-1-induced contraction and appear to be important mediators of ethanol-induced ET-1 hyper-reactivity in the isolated CSM. Y27632, a Rho-kinase inhibitor, reduced ET-1-induced contraction in CSM from both control and ethanol-treated rats. Our results show that chronic ethanol consumption increases ET-1 induced contraction in isolated CSM and that this response is mediated by the Rho-kinase pathway and an increase in ROS generation and ETA receptor expression.