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A study of bias and random error distributions for atmospheric structure and quasi-Lagrangian budget statisticsPeterson, Robert Edwin. January 1982 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-195).
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Seasonal variability in the intermediate water of the eastern North Atlantic /Bray, Nancy Amanda. January 1980 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1980. / Vita. Contract no.: N00014-76-C-0197, NR 083-400. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-158).
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Seasonal variability in the intermediate water of the eastern North Atlantic /Bray, Nancy Amanda. January 1980 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1980. / Supervised by Nicholas P. Fofonoff. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-158).
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Relative efficiency of surface energy budgets over different land coversJanuary 2012 (has links)
abstract: The partitioning of available solar energy into different fluxes at the Earth's surface is important in determining different physical processes, such as turbulent transport, subsurface hydrology, land-atmospheric interactions, etc. Direct measurements of these turbulent fluxes were carried out using eddy-covariance (EC) towers. However, the distribution of EC towers is sparse due to relatively high cost and practical difficulties in logistics and deployment. As a result, data is temporally and spatially limited and is inadequate to be used for researches at large scales, such as regional and global climate modeling. Besides field measurements, an alternative way is to estimate turbulent fluxes based on the intrinsic relations between surface energy budget components, largely through thermodynamic equilibrium. These relations, referred as relative efficiency, have been included in several models to estimate the magnitude of turbulent fluxes in surface energy budgets such as latent heat and sensible heat. In this study, three theoretical models based on the lumped heat transfer model, the linear stability analysis and the maximum entropy principle respectively, were investigated. Model predictions of relative efficiencies were compared with turbulent flux data over different land covers, viz. lake, grassland and suburban surfaces. Similar results were observed over lake and suburban surface but significant deviation is found over vegetation surface. The relative efficiency of outgoing longwave radiation is found to be orders of magnitude deviated from theoretic predictions. Meanwhile, results show that energy partitioning process is influenced by the surface water availability to a great extent. The study provides insight into what property is determining energy partitioning process over different land covers and gives suggestion for future models. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012
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Stream temperature dynamics following riparian wildfire : effects of stream-subsurface interactions and standing dead treesLeach, Jason A. 11 1900 (has links)
The primary objectives of this study were to address how stream temperature is influenced by (1) spatial variability in energy exchanges, (2) reach-scale stream-subsurface water interactions and (3) the net radiation dynamics associated with standing dead riparian vegetation. Stream temperature, riparian microclimate, and hydrology were characterized for a 1.5 km reach of Fishtrap Creek, located north of Kamloops, British Columbia. Within-reach air temperature and humidity variability was small, while wind speed, net radiation and surface-subsurface interactions exhibited considerable spatially variability. The field data were used to drive a deterministic energy budget model to predict stream temperature. The model was evaluated against measured stream temperature and performed well. The model indicated that the spatially complex hydrology was a significant control on the observed stream temperature patterns. A modelling exercise using three canopy cover scenarios revealed that post-disturbance standing dead trees reduce daytime net radiation reaching the stream surface by one third compared to complete vegetation removal. However, standing dead trees doubled daytime net radiation reaching the stream compared to pre-wildfire conditions. The results of this study have highlighted the need to account for the spatial variability of energy exchange processes, specifically net radiation and surface-subsurface water interactions, when understanding and predicting stream thermal regimes. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate
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CO2-level Dependent Effects of Ocean Acidification on Squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, Early Life HistoryZakroff, Casey J. 12 1900 (has links)
Ocean acidification is predicted to lead to global oceanic decreases in pH of up to
0.3 units within the next 100 years. However, those levels are already being reached
currently in coastal regions due to natural CO2 variability. Squid are a vital component of
the pelagic ecosystem, holding a unique niche as a highly active predatory invertebrate
and major prey stock for upper trophic levels. This study examined the effects of a range
of ocean acidification regimes on the early life history of a coastal squid species, the
Atlantic longfin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii. Eggs were raised in a flow-through ocean
acidification system at CO2 levels ranging from ambient (400ppm) to 2200ppm. Time to
hatching, hatching efficiency, and hatchling mantle lengths, yolk sac sizes, and statoliths
were all examined to elucidate stress effects. Delays in hatching time of at least a day
were seen at exposures above 1300ppm in all trials under controlled conditions. Mantle
lengths were significantly reduced at exposures above 1300 ppm. Yolk sac sizes varied
between CO2 treatments, but no distinct pattern emerged. Statoliths were increasingly
porous and malformed as CO2 exposures increased, and were significantly reduced in
surface area at exposures above 1300ppm. Doryteuthis pealeii appears to be able to
withstand acidosis stress without major effects up to 1300ppm, but is strongly impacted
past that threshold. Since yolk consumption did not vary among treatments, it appears
that during its early life stages, D. pealeii reallocates its available energy budget away
from somatic growth and system development in order to mitigate the stress of acidosis.
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The partitioning of energy between geostrophic and ageostrophic modes in a simple modelErrico, Ronald Mark January 1980 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology, 1980. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaves 156-158. / by Ronald Mark Errico. / Ph.D.
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Vertically propagating waves in a numerical stratospheric modelKirkish, Michael Henry January 1979 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology, 1979. / Bibliography : leaves 40-42. / by Michael Henry Kirkish. / M.S.
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On determination of the reference state for computation of the available potential energy in a moist atmosphereGuivens, Norman Roy January 1979 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Meteorology; and, (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mathematics, 1979. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Thesis (B.S.)--M.I.T., Dept. of Mathematics, 1979. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Norman R. Guivens, Jr. / M.S.
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An Evaporation Model for High Latitude Upland Lichen SurfacesStewart, Robert Bruce 05 1900 (has links)
<p> Energy-budget calculations and equilibrium model estimates of evaporation from a lichen-dominated upland site in the Hudson Bay low-lands are presented. The energy budget calculations reveal that the lichen surface is relatively resistant to evaporation with an average of only 54 percent of the daily net radiation being utilized in the evaporative process. Equilibrium estimates of evaporation consistently overestimate actual evaporation by 5 and 8 percent for hourly values and daily totals respectively. A simple model, a function of the equilibrium model, is derived from a comparison of actual and equilibrium evaporation. The
only inputs required for the model are net radiation, soil heat flow and screen temperatures. Tests of the model indicate that it will predict actual evaporation within 5 percent and that it can probably be applied to any high latitude surface which exhibits a relatively large resistance to evaporation.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
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