Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T11:03:52Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T11:03:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T11:03:52Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T11:03:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O maior desafio desse século tem como tema central a sustentabilidade, devido ao crescimento da população mundial e consequentemente ao aumento da demanda por recursos, como água, alimento e energia. A principal dificuldade quando se debate a questão do Desenvolvimento Sustentável está na metodologia de avaliação. Daí a necessidade de criar um instrumento de mensuração que aborde estes recursos de uma maneira holística e que seja capaz de traduzir dados em um resultado passível de interpretação. Existem ferramentas validadas para esse objetivo como DashBoard of Sustainability e outras em desenvolvimento como a Metodologia CLEW pela Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica IAEA. Este estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver um novo modelo de análise de correlação entre as variáveis, energia, água, uso do solo e clima, utilizando Inteligência Artificial, através da Lógica Fuzzy, tendo como base de dados, indicadores que representem um ou mais recursos, considerando uma distribuição temporal relativa e necessária para a investigação de resultados e comportamentos. O resultado será um índice final gerado através do mapeamento destes dados de entrada. Os resultados apresentados utilizando essa metodologia são de indicadores do Brasil, porém pode ser aplicada a qualquer outro país, permitindo uma análise de comparação do comportamento dos índices entre regiões. A contribuição desse projeto será a disponibilidade de uma ferramenta, com recurso computacional poderoso, destinada aos tomadores de decisão para auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estratégias e políticas de desenvolvimento. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Today's world needs increasing amounts of energy for satisfaction of all human needs and wants. The fundamental problem is enormous disproportion among the areas with the largest energy consumption and places with the greatest energy reserves. This thesis set out to analyze the economic vulnerability of the biggest players in the world in terms of energy self-(in)sufficiency. The main focus of this thesis is to evaluate the status and future potential on the issue of fossil fuels, especially oil, natural gas and coal in the three world centers, the U.S., the EU and China. The thesis contains information about the alternative "clean" energy sources as well. Future energy development in these countries will affect their position in the world economy and mutual relations and also impact the current balance of power of these players.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of accumulation of electricity produced by renewable sources. The first part focuses on the description of possible ways of accumulation, especially with focus on those methods, that are suitable for renewable energy sources. The next part deals with the design of the accumulation energy in the compressed air for the selected photovoltaic power plant. The necessity of designing a particular method of energy storage, is also its technical and economic analysis, which is the content of the last part of the thesis.

This master thesis summarizes history of electric vehicles from its inception to present. Vehicles are divided into three groups according to the type of drive, special attention is paid to electric vehicles. Furthermore, typical ways of electric energy storage are presented, especially in the form of electrochemical cells, which are used in electric vehicles. The thesis also describes the situation of electromobility in the Czech Republic, namely government support, distribution companies tariffs, charging infrastructure and available electric vehicles. Finally, the concept of connecting electric vehicles to renewable energy source is described, with financial calculations for three profiled drivers.

[pt] O aumento significativo de pequenas usinas de geração, impulsionado pela privatização do mercado de oferta de energia elétrica e avanços tecnológicos, apresenta desafios no acesso desses empreendimentos ao sistema de transmissão. Em algumas regiões, o aumento da implantação de usinas cria filas para acesso à rede elétrica, potencialmente resultando em uma escassez de margem de transmissão. Isso é caracterizado pela saturação de escoamento de potência em áreas geográficas com elevado potencial para fontes renováveis (como eólica e solar), impactando negativamente o planejamento e operação do sistema de transmissão. Esta Dissertação de Mestrado propõe uma abordagem de avaliação probabilística dos riscos associados à entrada de novos geradores, com destaque para fontes eólicas e fotovoltaicas. A utilização do fluxo de potência probabilístico, por meio da simulação de Monte Carlo, estende as capacidades do método determinístico, proporcionando uma melhor representação da intermitência inerente das fontes renováveis variáveis e possíveis contingências de equipamentos. Os estudos realizados no sistema teste IEEE RTS 79 - 24 barras, considerando a incorporação de usinas renováveis, permitem compreender a importância do método probabilístico no fornecimento de informações mais representativas aos tomadores de decisão. A proposta de reformulação do processo de acesso, adaptando métodos de cálculo para refletir a complexidade do cenário atual de geração de energia, emerge como um caminho promissor à utilização eficiente do sistema de transmissão, especialmente diante da crescente presença de fontes renováveis. / [en] The significant increase in small generation plants, driven by the privatization of the electricity supply market and technological advances, presents challenges in terms of their access to the transmission system. In some regions, the increasing deployment of power plants creates queues for access to the grid, potentially resulting in a transmission margin shortage. This is characterized by the saturation of power flow in geographical areas with high potential for renewable sources (such as wind and solar), negatively impacting the planning and operation of the transmission system. This Master s Thesis proposes a probabilistic approach to assessing the risks associated with the entry of new generators, especially wind and photovoltaic sources. The use of probabilistic power flow, through Monte Carlo simulation, extends the capabilities of the deterministic method, providing a better representation of the inherent intermittency of variable renewable sources and possible equipment contingencies. The studies carried out on the IEEE RTS 79 - 24-bus test system, considering the incorporation of renewable power plants, allow us to understand the importance of the probabilistic method in providing decision-makers with more representative information. The proposal to reformulate the access process, adapting calculation methods to reflect the complexity of the current energy generation scenario, emerges as a promising way of making efficient use of the transmission system, especially given the growing presence of renewable sources.

The thesis deals with the principle functions of low-temperature fuel cells with proton exchange membrane (PEMFC), photovoltaic sources (PVPP) and wind energy sources (WPP), along with solving their detailed mathematical expressions. In this work, the individual sources and their simulated models are analyzed in depth. The actual simulation is preceded by familiarization with important historical milestones in the development of fuel cells. Furthermore there is a basic classification of fuel cells and the characteristics of the cells used in the energy sectors. The text also provides information on projects that address the implementation of PEMFC as a primary or supplementary source of energy. Along with outlining the options for PEMFC as a perspective hydrogen technologies in the near future, the basic methods of hydrogen production and storage options are presented for the complexity. The work is exclusively focused on improving PEMFC mathematical models that under the hybrid system cooperate with renewable energy sources (RES). Part of the theses contains a short review of run or modeled concepts of hybrid systems in the energy sector. Using these models the main deficiencies of the models or of the whole PEMFC system can be identify. Specifications of the deficiencies lead to the creation of a new advanced dynamic PEMFC model that allows an analysis of the development of electrical and non-electrical quantities using long term tests. Furthermore, the thesis presents results of the experiments of thermal and dynamic behavior PEMFC, which were obtained from the additionally extended model with a reformer and the DC/DC converter. In this text there is a model of a photovoltaic module created, which is based on the nominal values parameterization. The model is subjected to basic experiments in which measured hydrometeorological data are used. If the hybrid system utilizes renewable energy sources, it is good to know the evolution of atmospheric conditions in the installation of these resources. Specifically for PVPP, publicly available databases containing information about solar radiation levels can be used for the selected location. Public databases are often used for initial design and manufacturing options for PVPP. An evaluation of the relevancy of public databases is performed based on a long-term observation of real measured data. Furthermore, these data are used for experiments on the photovoltaic module. Partially the text addresses the issue of the wind energy sources, however, it is simulated only on a simplified model of WPP. Created models of subsystems can be generally implemented as partial inputs hybrid systems in the future work. The thesis was developed at Centre for Research and Utilization of Renewable Energy (CVVOZE) with the financial support of the National Programme for Sustainability and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic under the project no. LO1210 - Energy for Sustainable Development and the project no. FEKT-S-14-2520 - New Technologies for Sustainable Development of Electrical Power Systems. The thesis was also generated under the project no. TA03020523 - Dynamic model of distribution network with the financial support of Technology Agency of the Czech Republic.

Cette thèse a pour but de découvrir la faisabilité et le potentiel de la récupération d'énergie à partir de rafales atmosphériques pour les micro et mini véhicules aériens sans pilote. L'atmosphère sert de grande source d'énergie pouvant être récoltée afin d'accroître la performance des petits UAV sous la forme d'une autonomie et d'une autonomie étendues. Il est bien connu que de nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux utilisent diverses techniques de vol pour obtenir des performances de vol étonnantes. Compte tenu du fait que les véhicules susmentionnés partagent la taille et la vitesse de vol avec des dépliants naturels, cette thèse peut être considérée comme une application des techniques de vol bio-inspirées pour les véhicules construits par l’homme. Cette étude de trois ans visait à établir une dérivation théorique des équations qui décrivent la dynamique de vol d'un aéronef en présence d'un environnement en rafales. La première réalisation a été la démonstration du mécanisme de récupération d'énergie et des paramètres d'influence à travers des simulations décrivant le vol en modèle de masse ponctuelle d'aéronef avec un contrôle optimisé de l'ascenseur en présence d'un profil de vent sinusoïdal et stochastique. La réalisation suivante est liée à un système sensoriel inspiré par la biologie qui utilise des mesures de pression des ailes pour estimer l’angle d’attaque local. Ce système particulier a été utilisé dans l’estimation du champ de vent, en tant que mécanisme décisif et protection contre le décrochage. Enfin, les dernières contributions sont liées à l’expérience et aux résultats obtenus lors d’essais en vol visant à prouver l’augmentation de l’état énergétique de l’avion lors des manœuvres de récupération d’énergie. La première campagne d'essais en vol a été réalisée avec un mini-UAV disponible dans le commerce équipé de sondes à trous multiples et d'un contrôleur conçu sur mesure. Cette campagne a démontré l’augmentation de l’état d’énergie dans un fort gradient de vent horizontal. La deuxième campagne d'essais en vol a été réalisée avec une aile volante équipée d'un système de détection de pression pour l'estimation du champ de vent. Cette campagne a également impliqué des économies supplémentaires sur la consommation d'énergie électrique lors des vols de récupération d'énergie. / This thesis aims at discovering the feasibility and potential of energy-harvesting from atmospheric gusts for micro and mini unmanned aerial vehicles. The atmosphere serves as a great source of energy that can be harvested in order to increase performance of small UAVs in form of extended endurance and range. It is well known that many bird species use various flight techniques for achieving astonishing flight performances. Considering the fact that aforementioned vehicles share size and flight speed with natural flyers, this thesis can be considered as an application of bioinspired flight techniques for man made vehicles. This three-year study set out to establish a theoretical derivation of equations that describe flight dynamics of an aircraft in presence of gusty environment. The first achievement was demonstration of energy harvesting mechanism and influencing parameters through simulations that describe aircraft point mass model flight with optimized control of elevator in presence of sinusoidal and stochastic wind profile. The next achievement is related to a biologically inspired sensory system that uses wing pressure measurements for local angle of attack estimation. That particular system found purpose in wind field estimation, as decisive mechanism and stall protection. Finally, last contributions are related to experience and results gained from flight tests which aimed to prove increase in energy state of the aircraft while performing energy harvesting maneuvers. The first flight test campaign was performed with commercially available mini UAV equipped with multi-hole probes and custom designed controller. This campaign demonstrated the raise in energy state within strong horizontal wind gradient. The second flight test campaign was done with a flying wing equipped with pressure sensing system for wind field estimation. This campaign also involved additional insight savings in electrical power consumption during energy harvesting flights.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AureaPMS_DISSERT.pdf: 2426110 bytes, checksum: 8679cb89ec2b1a9d200750245aa86d51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present study aimed to characterize the thermal profile of wood fired oven used by the red ceramic industry in Parelhas, in the Serid? region/RN, aiming to propose structural interventions that can contribute to increasing productivity and product quality, optimize wood consumption and mitigate existing losses during the burning process. The study was conducted at Cer?mica Esperan?a in the city of Parelhas -RN, Brazil, during the period from August 2012 to September 2013. Four treatments were performed with three replicates, ie, with, a total of 12 experimental units (burnings). In the first stage 4 treatments were performed with three replicates, totaling 12 experimental units (firings). In the second stage 2 treatments were performed with three replications, totaling 6 experimental units (firings). The physical characteristics of the wood were analyzed using standard NBR 11941 and NBR 7190 for basic density and moisture, respectively. The clay was used as a reference parameter for distinguishing treatments. For both the analysis and characterization was carried out using techniques of fluorescence X (XRF) rays, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, particle size analysis (FA). In the first and second stages were monitored: the time during the firing process, the amount of wood used at each firing, the number of parts enfornadas for subsequent determination of the percentages of losses, but also product quality. To characterize the thermal profile of the oven, we measured the temperature at 15 points scored in the surface charge put into the oven. Measurements were taken every 30 minutes from preheat until the end of burning, using a pyrometer laser sight sighting from preheating until the end of burning. In the second step 12 metal cylinders distributed on the oven walls, and the cylinder end walls 8 of the furnace 2 and rollers on each side walls are installed equidistant to 17 cm from the soil and the surface 30 of the wall are installed. The cylinders distributed on the front were placed 50 cm above the furnace, and the base of the oven 20 cm distant from the ground. 10 also thermocouples were installed, and five thermocouples distributed 1.77 cm above the combustion chambers, and one thermocouple on each side, and three thermocouples in front of the oven. We carried out the measurements of the temperatures every 1 hour during the burning two hours in cooling the cylinders with a pyrometer and thermocouples for dattaloger. These were fixed with depth of 30 cm from the wall. After statistical analysis it was found that: the thermal profile of the furnace surface and at different heights was heterogeneous; and the ranges of density and moisture content of wood are within recommended for use as an energy source standards. We conclude that even at low temperatures reached during firing there was a significant production of good quality products, this is due to high concentrations of iron oxide and potassium oxide found in clay, which lowers the melting point of the piece. The average burn time for each step varied 650-2100 minutes wood consumption was on average 20 m3, product quality was on average 16% of first quality, 70% second, third and 5% to 10% loss . The distance between the wire and the surface of the oven was a significant parameter for all treatments, but with different variations, meaning that the wire should not be so generic and unique form, used as a criterion for completion of the burn process. The central part of the furnace was the area that reached higher temperature, and in a unified manner, with the highest concentration of top quality products. The ideal temperature curve, which provided the highest quality of ceramic products was achieved in the central part of the furnace / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral caracterizar o perfil t?rmico de fornos tipo caipira utilizados pelo setor de cer?mica vermelha em Parelhas, na regi?o do Serid?/RN, visando propor interven??es que possam colaborar para aumentar a produtividade, a qualidade dos produtos, otimizar o consumo de madeira e mitigar as perdas existentes durante o processo de queima. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, entre agosto de 2012 e setembro de 2013, na Cer?mica Esperan?a localizada na cidade de Parelhas-RN, Brasil. Na primeira etapa foram realizados 4 tratamentos, com tr?s repeti??es, totalizando 12 unidades experimentais (queimas). Na segunda etapa foram realizados 2 tratamentos, com tr?s repeti??es, totalizando 6 unidades experimentais (queimas). Foram analisadas as caracter?sticas f?sicas da madeira utilizando-se norma NBR 11941 E NBR 7190 para densidade b?sica e umidade, respectivamente. O lote de argila foi o par?metro utilizado como refer?ncia para distinguir os tratamentos nas duas etapas. Para tanto a an?lise e caracteriza??o foi realizada a partir de t?cnicas de fluoresc?ncia por raios X (FRX), difra??o por raios X (DRX), an?lise granulom?trica (AG). Na primeira e segunda etapas foram monitorados: o tempo de queima durante todo o processo, a quantidade de madeira utilizada em cada queima, o n?mero de pe?as enfornadas para posterior determina??o das porcentagens de perdas, como tamb?m qualidade dos produtos. Para caracteriza??o do perfil t?rmico dos fornos na primeira etapa foram aferidas temperaturas em 15 pontos marcados na superf?cie da carga enfornada. Para avaliar a correla??o existente entre a dist?ncia da superf?cie da carga enfornada e o fio utilizado como par?metro de controle do processo, foram realizadas medi??es utilizando-se trena e, paralelamente, realizou-se as aferi??es das temperaturas a cada 30 minutos com pir?metro de mira laser a partir do pr?-aquecimento, at? o final da queima. Na segunda etapa foram instalados 12 cilindros met?licos distribu?dos nas paredes do forno, sendo 8 cilindros nas paredes frontais do forno e 2 cilindros em cada paredes laterais, foram instalados equidistantes, com 17 cm de dist?ncia do solo e 30 da parede da superf?cie. Os cilindros distribu?dos na parte frontal foram colocados a 50 cm da superf?cie do forno, e na base do forno distantes 20 cm do solo. Foram instalados tamb?m 10 termopares, sendo 5 termopares distribu?dos 1,77cm acima das c?maras de combust?o, e 1 termopar em cada lateral, e 3 termopares na parte frontal do forno. Realizou-se as aferi??es das temperaturas a cada 1 hora no per?odo de queima 2 horas no resfriamento com um pir?metro nos cilindros e um dattaloger para os termopares. Esses foram fixados com profundidade de 30 cm da parede. Ap?s an?lise estat?stica verificou-se que: o perfil t?rmico dos fornos na superf?cie e nas diferentes alturas foi heterog?neo; e as faixas de densidade e umidade da madeira est?o dentro dos padr?es recomendados para utiliza??o como fonte de energia. Conclui-se que mesmo com baixas temperaturas alcan?adas durante a queima houve uma produ??o significativa de produtos de boa qualidade, isso se deve a grande concentra??o de oxido de ferro e oxido de pot?ssio encontradas na argila, que baixa o ponto de fus?o das pe?as. O tempo m?dio de queima em cada etapa variou de 650 a 2100 minutos, consumo de madeira foi em m?dia 20 m3, qualidade dos produtos foi em m?dia 16 % de primeira qualidade,70% de segunda, 5 % de terceira e 10 % de perdas. A dist?ncia entre o fio e a superf?cie do forno foi um par?metro significativo para todos os tratamentos, mas com oscila??es diferenciadas, significando que o fio n?o deve ser o modo de forma gen?rico e exclusivo, utilizado como crit?rio para finaliza??o do processo de queimas. A parte central do forno foi ? ?rea que atingiu maior temperatura, e de maneira mais homog?nea, com maior concentra??o de produtos de primeira qualidade. A curva de temperatura ideal, que proporcionou a melhor qualidade dos produtos cer?micos foi atingida na parte central do forno

The diploma thesis is dealing with possible approaches to control distributed energy resources and storage systems. One of these approaches is a virtual power plant and its concept is described in the first part of the thesis. The virtual power plant is a controlled system of distributed energy resources, storage systems and controllable loads interconnected via communication network, that can act as a conventional power plant. The theoretical part contains a survey of control system's topologies, a brief summary of available communication infrastructures and standards. The second part of the thesis is focused on the description of operation and control of hybrid system that represents an inseparable component of virtual power plant. A Matlab Simulink model was created for this purpose. A simulation of hybrid inverter's step response is realised to test the operation of the hybrid system and it is compared with the real measurements in the laboratory. A comparison of control approaches of hybrid system implemented on the basis of measurements is also included in this thesis and was published in the scientific paper attached in the appendix.