The threatening impacts of climate change are driving a global revolution towards cleaner sources of energy. In South Africa, strategies for energy security and emissions reduction are focusing on renewables, wind energy being one of the most promising ones. The construction of wind energy projects has attached limitations in the identification of suitable areas that respect the environment and are technically feasible. Herein, site selection criteria has been grouped into the Site Identification group (SIG), and the Resource & Energy Generation group (R&E). The SIG incorporates technical, environmental and restricted criteria within a spatial frame; while R&E accounts for the wind resource, estimated energy generation and fitting to energy demand profiles under a spatial-temporal frame. The average wind resource is usually found to be analysed together within the technical factors to determine the feasibility of a site; however for this study, a different and independent treatment of the wind resource and its energy generation profile was undertaken. It consists of evaluating the unique hourly wind power profile of each site against the energy consumption profile for the same period. The need is for selecting places with the smallest variation between the electricity produced and the electricity demanded. The Production to Demand Difference (PDD) has been chosen as the indicator of such variations. Therefore, the new purpose is to identify spots where the combination of the PDD and the results from the SIG become smaller with time. The Mean Difference (MD) is also taken into account to obtain further information regarding the trends of the differences. Geoprocessing, overlays and mathematical combinations of datasets are all performed under a GIS environment. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Chemical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted

Orientador: Celso Luiz da Silva / Banca: Jorge Hamada / Banca: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Resumo: Neste trabalho realizou-se o levantamento de informações dos resíduos gerados em uma indústria alimentícia, suas formas e custo de tratamento, e o potencial energético que esses resíduos representam. O diagnóstico de todos os resíduos gerados por cada área desta indústria foi feito através do levantamento de aspectos e impactos ambientais, ferramenta esta utilizada por empresas que apresentam um sistema de gestão ambiental. Constatou-se que 97,6% dos resíduos produzidos nesta indústria do segmento alimentício é classificado como não perigoso podendo ter formas de tratamento como aterro sanitário, compostagem e reciclagem. Para resíduos perigosos, 2,4%, foram verificadas outras formas de tratamento, tecnicamente adequadas, que garantissem o mínimo impacto ao meio ambiente como a reciclagem e a incineração. No entanto, sendo perigosos ou não, e em função dos seus sistemas de tratamento pode-se estimar o potencial energético dos resíduos. / Abstract: This research had diagnostic the quantity of waste that is produced in a candy industry, the kind and costs for treatments, and the energy potential insert. First, it was done the research of the waste that it is produced in which area by the aspects and impacts document. After, a study about the kinds of treatment was done to indicate the better one. As a result, non-hazardous waste were the mainly products (97,6%) that a food industry can produce and the treatments can be landfill, composting and recycle. For the hazardous waste (2,4%) other kinds of treatments were evaluated to sure the minimum impact to the environment as recycle and thermal treatment. Althout, being hazardous or non-hazardous, it can be estimate the waste potential energy by the kind of the treatment. / Mestre

Turkey wants to encourage renewable electricity generation to reduce dependence on imported natural gas and meet its highly growing power demand. The government’s objective is to increase the share of renewable resources in electricity generation to at least 30 percent by 2023, and the specific target for the installed wind energy capacity is 20 GW by that date. Fortunately, Turkey has an enormous wind energy potential to exploit for electricity generation. When from “good” to “outstanding” wind clusters are taken into account, the overall technical wind power generation capacity in Turkey is calculated to be nearly 48 GW. In this context, this thesis investigates whether policy instruments in the Turkish regulatory frame contribute to economic viability for wind power projects or not. The financial results point out that an electricity price of 7.3 USD cent/kWh, which is the guaranteed price for wind power generation by current regulations, does not make a typical onshore wind power plant located in a “good” windy resource economically viable. However, when locally produced wing blades and turbine towers are used in the project, the purchase price increases to 8.7 USD cent/kWh, and the project becomes economically viable. As a result, the local content element introduced in recent regulations promotes wind energy investments and helps government to reach its renewable target for 2023. / text

Submitted by M?rden L?les (marden.inacio@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-07-14T23:36:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) LARYSSA FERNANDA DA SILVA GON?ALVES.pdf: 1160314 bytes, checksum: ad7dceab053713b61a467e3c536ff459 (MD5) / Rejected by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br), reason: Inserir t?tulo em ingl?s Renomear arquivo em caixa baixa e _ on 2016-07-18T15:02:43Z (GMT) / Submitted by M?rden L?les (marden.inacio@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-07-19T20:37:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Laryssa Fernanda da Silva Gon?alves.pdf: 1160314 bytes, checksum: ad7dceab053713b61a467e3c536ff459 (MD5) / Rejected by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br), reason: renomear arquivo on 2016-07-21T16:57:43Z (GMT) / Submitted by M?rden L?les (marden.inacio@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-07-21T17:37:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Laryssa_Fernanda_ da_ Silva_Gon?alves.pdf: 1160314 bytes, checksum: ad7dceab053713b61a467e3c536ff459 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-07-22T15:34:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Laryssa_Fernanda_ da_ Silva_Gon?alves.pdf: 1160314 bytes, checksum: ad7dceab053713b61a467e3c536ff459 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T15:34:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Laryssa_Fernanda_ da_ Silva_Gon?alves.pdf: 1160314 bytes, checksum: ad7dceab053713b61a467e3c536ff459 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / RESUMO Gon?alves, L. F. S. Estudo da composi??o do bioss?lido para avalia??o do potencial energ?tico. 2015, 57 p. Disserta??o (Mestrado em Qu?mica). Faculdade de Ci?ncias Exatas e Tecnol?gicas ? Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Diamantina, 2015. O crescimento desordenado da popula??o faz com que se tornem necess?rios novos estudos a respeito de diferentes fontes de combust?veis renov?veis. Uma dessas fontes ? o bioss?lido de esgoto, representado pelo ac?mulo de s?lidos suspensos e pela prolifera??o de micro-organismos. No presente trabalho foi realizada a caracteriza??o f?sico-qu?mica do bioss?lido, avaliando seu teor de umidade, cinzas e material vol?til. Essas an?lises foram feitas de acordo com m?todos ASTM. Tamb?m foi feita a an?lise elementar do bioss?lido e a extra??o do bio-?leo. A caracteriza??o do bio-?leo foi realizada atrav?s da espectroscopia de infravermelho. Assim os dados obtidos foram usados na classifica??o por An?lise das Componentes Principais e An?lise Hier?rquica por Agrupamento, onde foi poss?vel diferenciar as amostras de cada local coletado. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Qu?mica, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015. / ?rea de Concentra??o: Qu?mica Anal?tica. / ABSTRACT Gon?alves, L. F. S. Study of biosolids composition to assess the energy potential. 2015, 57 p. Dissertation Stricto Sensu Post-Graduate Program in Chemistry. Faculdade de Ci?ncias Exatas e Tecnol?gicas ? Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Diamantina, 2015. The uncontrolled growth of the population makes necessary as new studies on different sources of renewable fuels. One such source is the sewage sludge, suspended solids represented by accumulation and the proliferation of microorganisms. In the present work was carried out physico-chemical characterization of sludge, evaluating its moisture, ash, volatile material. These analyzes were made according to ASTM methods. Also elemental analysis was made of sludge and extraction of bio-oil. The characterization of the bio-oil was accomplished by infrared spectroscopy. Thus the data obtained were used in the rating analysis of Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering, where it was possible to differentiate the samples collected at each location.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lanca_ro_me_bauru.pdf: 595448 bytes, checksum: f49853b75fd24c2b1bd968ca3401ce67 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho realizou-se o levantamento de informações dos resíduos gerados em uma indústria alimentícia, suas formas e custo de tratamento, e o potencial energético que esses resíduos representam. O diagnóstico de todos os resíduos gerados por cada área desta indústria foi feito através do levantamento de aspectos e impactos ambientais, ferramenta esta utilizada por empresas que apresentam um sistema de gestão ambiental. Constatou-se que 97,6% dos resíduos produzidos nesta indústria do segmento alimentício é classificado como não perigoso podendo ter formas de tratamento como aterro sanitário, compostagem e reciclagem. Para resíduos perigosos, 2,4%, foram verificadas outras formas de tratamento, tecnicamente adequadas, que garantissem o mínimo impacto ao meio ambiente como a reciclagem e a incineração. No entanto, sendo perigosos ou não, e em função dos seus sistemas de tratamento pode-se estimar o potencial energético dos resíduos. / This research had diagnostic the quantity of waste that is produced in a candy industry, the kind and costs for treatments, and the energy potential insert. First, it was done the research of the waste that it is produced in which area by the aspects and impacts document. After, a study about the kinds of treatment was done to indicate the better one. As a result, non-hazardous waste were the mainly products (97,6%) that a food industry can produce and the treatments can be landfill, composting and recycle. For the hazardous waste (2,4%) other kinds of treatments were evaluated to sure the minimum impact to the environment as recycle and thermal treatment. Althout, being hazardous or non-hazardous, it can be estimate the waste potential energy by the kind of the treatment.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-07-05T18:14:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexander_Tanabe_2017.pdf: 1789014 bytes, checksum: 6ed1fad852623b39f1541e63a64b33ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-05T18:14:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexander_Tanabe_2017.pdf: 1789014 bytes, checksum: 6ed1fad852623b39f1541e63a64b33ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-01 / The diversity to develop new technological resources aims to replace fossil fuels into new energy efficiency by other sustainable energy demands being provided for us by the nature from biomass and research incentives. Agricultural waste has a great potential for storage and they are destined to the use of this energy through the biomass in agro-industries, making possible the in natura use, like bioenergy. Elephant grass is very common for bovine nutrition, and it can be used in the direct procurement of renewable energy. This energy collaborates with the renewal and reuse of the raw materials, making the absorption of CO2 by plants like this grassy. This research has as a goal to analyze the cost benefit, the combustion capacity for energy source and a previous comparison with the biomass of Eucalyptus. Some analyzes were characterized: (Gray, Humidity and Volatile), Fixed Carbon and Calorific Power in three collection points with the leaf and the stem, in different plant maturation (new and old). The used methodology was obtained by cutting of the oldest and the youngest plants, later both the stem and the leaves were ground in the blender and dried in natura, in the shade, until the moment that the material was inserted in the oven and muffle. Thus, through the analyzes, it was verified that Elephant grass is a good source of economically viable energy in relation to Eucalyptus due to its maturation. The maturation cycle of Eucalyptus is higher than the Elephant grass. In relation to these issues, it was observed that Elephant Grass is easy to handle when it is transformed into briquet, increasing its energy capacity. / A diversidade em desenvolver novos recursos tecnológicos, visam substituir combustíveis fósseis por uma nova eficiência energética, por demandas energéticas sustentáveis em que a natureza nos disponibiliza através da biomassa. Os resíduos agrícolas possuem um grande potencial de armazenagem energética, disponibilizam o aproveitamento dessa energia através da biomassa, nas agroindústrias, possibilitando a utilização in natura, como a bioenergia. O Capim elefante, muito comum para a nutrição bovina, pode ser utilizado na obtenção direta de energia renovável. Esta energia colabora com a renovação e reutilização das matérias prima, realizando a absorção de CO2, pelas plantas como esta gramínea. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar o custo benefício, a capacidade de combustão para fonte energética e uma prévia comparação com a biomassa proveniente do Eucalipto. Foi caracterizado análises imediatas como: Teor de Cinza, Teor de umidade, Teor de Voláteis, Carbono Fixo e Poder Calorífico. Foram realizadas em três pontos de coleta das partes da folha e do colmo, em diferente tempo de maturação da planta (nova e velha). A metodologia utilizada foi realizada pelo corte das plantas mais velhas e as mais novas, posteriormente o colmo e as folhas foram trituradas no liquidificador e secadas in natura, na sombra. Após a desidratação do capim elefante, uma amostra foi inserida na estufa e mufla. Assim através das análises verificou se que o capim elefante é uma ótima fonte de energia economicamente viável e em relação ao Eucalipto. O ciclo de maturação do Eucalipto é maior em relação ao do capim elefante. Dentro dessas questões observou-se que o Capim Elefante é de fácil manuseio quando transformado em briquet potencializando ainda mais sua capacidade energética.

The diploma thesis called Energy Potential of Central Asia aims to assess the potential of this region as a supplier of resources of energy. In the first part the basic trends in the area of consumption and production of energy resources are summarized. In the second part the countries of Central Asia region disposing of extensive oil and gas reserves are briefly introduced. The third part describes in detail the oil and gas reserves, firstly considering the whole world and secondly for each of the countries independently. The fourth part describes the options of transport of the energy supplies from Central Asia to consumers' markets in Western Europe, China and India. The last part deals shortly with characterization of approach of the major world and regional powers to this area.

Gotland is a pilot area for Sweden to achieve carbon neutrality, which means that achieve a 100% sustainable energy supply is significant for Gotland energy development. Gotland has good sunshine conditions and solar radiation, but the development of solar energy is relatively slow. In order to prove that Visby, the largest city in Gotland, has good solar energy potential, this paper aims to investigate the PV potential for non-residential buildings in Visby by modelling the installation of roof solar panels on representative non- residential buildings (Visby Galleria, surrounding buildings in Stenhuggarvägen) through quantitative research methods. From the final result of the modelling, the solar energy potential per square meter of Visby's non-residential buildings is 121kWh, and the total solar electricity generation potential is 708 GWh. The research results show that Visby's non-residential buildings have high solar power potential, and it can be used as one of the methods to achieve a 100% sustainable energy supply.

Saudi Arabia has been trying to change its long tradition of relying on fossil fuels and seek renewable energy sources such as wind power. In this thesis, I firstly provide a comprehensive assessment of wind energy resources and associated spatio-temporal patterns over Saudi Arabia in both current and future climate conditions, based on a Regional Climate Model output. A high wind energy potential exists and is likely to persist at least until 2050 over a vast area ofWestern Saudi Arabia, particularly in the region between Medina and the Red Sea coast and during Summer months. Since an accurate assessment of wind extremes is crucial for risk management purposes, I then present the first high-resolution risk assessment of wind extremes over Saudi Arabia. Under the Bayesian framework, I measure the uncertainty of return levels and produce risk maps of wind extremes, which show that locations in the South of Saudi Arabia and near the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf are at very high risk of disruption of wind turbine operations. In order to perform spatial predictions of the bivariate wind random field for efficient turbine control, I propose parametric variogram matrix (function) models for cokriging, which have the advantage of allowing for a smooth transition between a joint second-order and intrinsically stationary vector random field. Under Gaussianity, the covariance function is central to spatio-temporal modeling, which is useful to understand the dynamics of winds in space and time. I review the various space-time covariance structures and models, some of which are visualized with animations, and associated tests. I also discuss inference issues and a case study based on a high-resolution wind-speed dataset. The Gaussian assumption commonly made in statistics needs to be validated, and I show that tests for independently and identically distributed data cannot be used directly for spatial data. I then propose a new multivariate test for spatial data by accounting for the spatial dependence. The new test is easy to compute, has a chi-square null distribution, and has a good control of the type I error and a high empirical power.

Online stability assessment is an important problem that has not been solved completely yet. The purpose of this research is to tackle online transient stability assessment. Currently, most utility companies use step-by-step integration in order to set protective equipment so that they effectively work for critical contingencies. However, there are times an unforeseen contingency may occur which may cause the system to transit and the protective equipment to misoperate and does not isolate the disturbed part of the system. This research introduces a method that automatically determines a group of generators that participate in system separation and hence transient instability. The method consists of four phases: modeling and simulation, critical machines identification, online transient stability assessment, and critical clearing time calculation. In the modeling and simulation phase, the power system is built and the generators’ rotor angles and speeds are captured. In the critical machines identification phase, the average instantaneous rotor accelerating powers, coherency measures, the during-fault rotor angles and speeds characteristics, and the pre- and post-fault rotor angles are used to identify the Severely Disturbed Group (SDG) of machines. The results of this phase are used to calculate the kinetic energy of the SDG and potential energy of another (or possibly the same) group of generators. Utilization and success of the proposed method will be documented using results from the IEEE 39-Bus test system. Each step of each phase will be demonstrated as needed. The proposed method is compared to step-by-step integration and two direct methods. The suitability of the proposed method for operation will be shown in cases where the Y-Bus matrix and rotor angles and speeds are given. The proof of concept of the proposed method was used in simulating the test system and encouraging results of the simulation were published in ‎[1] and ‎[2]. The proof of concept is the foundation of the method proposed in this dissertation to determine transient stability of large-scale power systems.