Background: Health care professionals are at risk of developing burnout due to the inherently stressful nature of their work. Burnout has been found to compromise the wellbeing of health care professionals and their ability to provide optimal patient care. Job engagement is proposed to be the antipode of burnout and is concerned with occupational well-being. It is hoped that through a better understanding of factors related to job engagement and burnout, occupational well-being of health care professionals and their ability to care for patients can be improved. Systematic review: A systematic review of the literature on burnout and job engagement in physicians and nurses since 2002 identified seven studies. Findings suggest that burnout and job engagement are independent constructs, albeit negatively related. These findings contribute to the current knowledge about the relationships between burnout and engagement dimensions and provide a framework for interventions aimed at increasing occupational well-being among front line medical professionals. Aims: A study was conducted to assess levels of job engagement and burnout and their relationship with turnover intentions and job satisfaction and stress in the entire workforce of a Cancer Centre in the United Kingdom. Participants and procedure: 150 cancer care workers completed a cross-sectional questionnaire entailing the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Engagement Indicator, measures of job satisfaction, stress, turnover intentions and demographics. Results: Mean scores of emotional exhaustion did not differ from normative data, while lower levels of depersonalisation and lack of accomplishment were found. Furthermore, engagement scores were significantly higher than in the normative sample and the majority reported high levels of job satisfaction and indicated no turnover intentions. Path analysis provided preliminary support for an exploratory model indicating that engagement mediates the relationship between job stress, burnout and job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Implications: It is important that, despite increasing pressure to reduce costs, service planning is mindful of the continuous and long-term process required to maintain and facilitate engagement and job satisfaction, which appear important to the long term retention of staff. Conclusions: Work overload and a perception of being poorly managed and resourced appear to be risk factors for burnout. However, engaged employees with high levels of personal accomplishment may experience job satisfaction and desire to stay in their jobs despite high levels of occupational stress. Further research is required to identify factors predictive of personal accomplishment and job engagement in oncology services.

En 2015, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé a mis en oeuvre des nouvelles lignes directrices sur la prévention de la transmission de la mère à l'enfant (PTME) du VIH recommandant à toutes les femmes enceintes et allaitantes séropositives, d'initier la trithérapie antirétrovirale à titre de traitement à vie (option B+). Cependant, il existe de plus en plus d'inquiétudes quant à l'efficacité de cette stratégie pour réduire réellement la transmission verticale du VIH à la lumière des défis programmatiques de sa mise en oeuvre ; on observe en particulier des niveaux sous-optimaux de suivi dans les soins chez le couple mère/enfant en Afrique sub-Saharienne. Notre thèse vise à évaluer, d’un point de vue de santé publique, l’engagement dans les soins du couple mère/enfant en prenant l’exemple du Mozambique, pays connu pour avoir l'une des prévalences du VIH les plus élevées au monde. Nous analysons, plus particulièrement trois aspects importants de l’engagement dans les soins : la cascade de soins prénatale, la rétention des femmes enceintes séropositives initiant la trithérapie antirétrovirale et la couverture dudépistage du VIH chez l’enfant exposé.Nous observons dans ce contexte mozambicain une couverture élevée du dépistage du VIH, une amélioration significative de la couverture du traitement antirétroviral au cours du temps et une meilleure acceptation du traitement chez les femmes enceintes séropositives. Cependant,la rétention dans les soins à la fin de la première année du traitement antirétroviral chez les femmes enceintes VIH+ et la couverture du dépistage du VIH chez les nourrissons exposés restent sous-optimales. Nous concluons que les interventions visant à améliorer l’engagementdans les soins du couple mère-enfant doivent être systématiquement encouragées. Enfin, nous soulignons la grande hétérogénéité des définitions des indicateurs utilisées dans les différents programmes de PTME.Ce travail met en évidence les lacunes dans l'engagement du couple mère-enfant dans les soins pour la PTME et ses conséquences sur l'élimination virtuelle de la transmission vertical du VIH. Nous soulignons également l’importance d’une approche consensuelle pour mesurer les indicateurs clés afin de permettre des comparaisons à l’échelle nationale et internationale. Les efforts visant à suivre les femmes sous traitement tout au long de leur vie, en veillant à ce que leurs nourrissons exposés au VIH reçoivent les soins attendus jusqu'à ce que leur statut VIH définitif soit déterminé, constituent la pierre angulaire de l’obtention d'une génération sans Sida pédiatrique d'ici 2030. / In 2015, the World Health Organization published new guidelines for the prevention of motherto- child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV and recommended that all seropositive pregnant and breastfeeding women be provided with lifelong anti-retroviral therapy (ART) (option B+).However, there are rising concerns about the effectiveness of the strategy in truly reducing the number of vertical HIV transmissions; there are indeed programmatic challenges related to its implementation; in particular, the sub-optimal levels of engagement in care of mother/infantpairs observed mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the present thesis was to discuss, from a public health perspective, the programmatic challenges of engagement in care under option B+ strategy, with the example of Mozambique, a country known to have one of the highest HIVprevalence figures in the world. More specifically, we focused on three important aspects of engagement in care: the antenatal cascade of care, the maternal ART retention and the HIV exposed infant (HEI) testing coverage.We observed a high uptake of HIV testing, significant improvement in ART coverage over time and a better acceptance of ART at initiation in HIV+ pregnant women. Retention in care by the end of the first year of ART in HIV+ pregnant women and HIV testing coverage in HEI remainsub-optimal. Therefore, interventions to improve the mother-infant pair’s engagement in care should be systematically promoted. Finally, we underscore the considerable heterogeneity of definitions of outcomes used across various PMTCT programs.This work has highlighted the gaps in optimal engagement care of the mother-infant pair and its consequences on achieving virtual elimination of MTCT of HIV. We also highlighted the importance of having a consensus approach to measure PMTCT programme outcomes to allow national and international comparisons. Efforts to retain women under lifelong ART, ensuring their HIV-exposed infants receive the expected PMTCT services at the right moments along the continuum until final HIV status is determined, is the cornerstone of achieving an AIDS free generation by 2030.

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